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... these bands do not have the same bandwidth, one expect that the resonance shift will not be the same and hence allowing different bit combination to be assigned to ranges of temperatures. Figure 3 illustrates the principle of temperature threshold coding. Different bit combinations are assigned to represent the desired temperature threshold. ...
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This paper proposed a novel antenna for ultra-high frequency (UHF) radio frequency identification (RFID) near-field applications with uniform distribution of the electric field along the x-axis (Ex), and the y-axis (Ey). The proposed antenna adopted a spiral structure to achieve broadband and multi-polarization. The novel antenna achieved good impe...
![The calibration clock schematic in [18]. a The ring oscillator. b The...](publication/334637096/figure/fig3/AS:962216476033026@1606421693426/The-calibration-clock-schematic-in-18-a-The-ring-oscillator-b-The-control-circuit_Q320.jpg)
![The diagram of the clock recovery circuit in [19]](publication/334637096/figure/fig4/AS:962216476041230@1606421693586/The-diagram-of-the-clock-recovery-circuit-in-19_Q320.jpg)
A low power clock generator with self-calibration for UHF RFID tags compatible with the EPCglobal Class-1 Gen-2 (EPC Gen2) standard is presented. By utilizing the timing information of the reader to tag (R \(\Rightarrow\) T) link symbols, the frequency accuracy of the calibrated clock can meet the stringent requirement of the standard. Designed in...
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... Together with the tracking ID function, the chipless RFID sensor can provide an additional sensing capability with benefits in terms of cost, compactness, robustness and lower radiated power. Examples of chipless RFID sensors are already been reported in several domains [19], such as temperature [20], humidity [21,22], pH [23] and strain and gas sensing [24], and the use of a suitable smart sensing material [23] is often the key for their competitive performance. ...
... The slow and incomplete recovery of the baseline shown in Figure 9 was previously observed in a similar device [20]. This behavior can be explained by the presence of reaction sites where target gas molecules may strongly bind at room temperature, inhibiting the complete desorption in the time scale of a sensing cycle. ...
NO2 is an important environmental pollutant and is harmful to human health even at very low concentrations. In this paper, we propose a novel chipless RFID sensor able to work at room temperature and to detect sub-ppm concentration of NO2 in the environment. The sensor is made of a metallic resonator covered with NO2-sensitive tin oxide and works by monitoring both the frequency and the intensity of the output signal. The experimental measurements show a fast response (a few minutes) but a very slow recovery. The sensor could therefore be used for non-continuous threshold monitoring. However, we also demonstrated that the recovery can be strongly accelerated upon exposure to a UV source. This opens the way to the reuse of the sensor, which can be easily regenerated after prolonged exposure and recycled several times.
... The built-in sensing characteristics are achieved by utilizing a smart material as a substrate in chipless tag designing. In the literature, several chipless RFID based sensors are reported, i.e., humidity [8], temperature [9], crack [10], gas [11], and displacement sensors [12]. Each of this research utilized a smart material for parameter sensing without using any electronic component over the chipless tag. ...
... In our case, the substrate height is very less than the dimensions of the radiation patch, therefore ε r ≈ ε eff [20]. Simplifying the relation between permittivity of the temperature-sensitive substrate (ε r (T)), thermal coefficient of ε r (k), and temperature (T), a linear relation ε eff (T) = ε o + kT is deduced [9]. As the detuning of frequency resonances δf r has a linear proportional relationship to the temperature fluctuations δT (7) [9], [20], the substrate shows a clear sensitivity towards temperature variations in terms of resonance shifting. ...
... Simplifying the relation between permittivity of the temperature-sensitive substrate (ε r (T)), thermal coefficient of ε r (k), and temperature (T), a linear relation ε eff (T) = ε o + kT is deduced [9]. As the detuning of frequency resonances δf r has a linear proportional relationship to the temperature fluctuations δT (7) [9], [20], the substrate shows a clear sensitivity towards temperature variations in terms of resonance shifting. This relation is demonstrated in (4), where l is the length of the resonator, and c is the speed of light. ...
Nowadays, structural health monitoring and thermal contemplation of remote places are of serious significance. In this scenario, chipless RFID sensors are the vital enablers to monitor remote circumstances in the low-cost pervasive network. This paper presents a compact 7-bit chipless RFID multi-parameter sensor designed on smart Rogers RT/Duroid 6010.2LM material. The material alters its dielectric properties concerning temperature fluctuations. Six inverted U and L shaped resonators are designed with specific length and width to resonate within the desired frequency band of 2-8 GHz. A circular microstrip patch antenna (CMPA) is used for the characterization of the crack. The measurements are performed outside the anechoic chamber in an electromagnetically quiet environment. The realized novel smart sensor can be attached to monitor any crack in the metal surface, where temperature monitoring is also crucial. The proposed state-of-the-art robust multi-sensor is suitable for long-term applications.
... Delay line [19] 100 × 136.5 130 • C −0.91 dB/ • C S-parameters (S11) Phenanthrene [21] 6 × 6 85 • C Threshold S-parameters (S21) Ethylene Tetrafluoroethylene (ETFE) [23] NA 23-80 • C 4.07 MHz/ • C S-parameters (S11) Silicon nanowires [35] 12 × 15 19 • C 1.625 MHz/ • C Radar cross section (RCS) Graphene oxide [47] 10 × 10 40 • C −7.69 KHz/ • C maximum real part of theimpedance Permittivity [48] 46 × 20 100 • C NA S-parameters (S11) Q factor [49] 25 × 25 0-20 • C Threshold S-parameters (S11) Cold to hot state transition [50] 83.5 × 78.4 NA Threshold Amplitude (dB) Polyethylene terephthalate [51] NA NA 498 MHz/ • C S-parameters (S21) Kapton substrate [52] 9 × 23.4 NA 9 dBsm RCS Barium Strontium Titanate (BST) [53] 120 × 120 20-85 • C 3.1 MHz/ • C S-parameters (S21) Oscillator/integrated sensors [54] NA 25-60 • C −6 dBm f Piezoelectric substrate/SAW [55] NA 25-150 • C 0.3 MHz/ • C S-parameters (S11) Surface acoustic wave (SAW) [56] NA 0-40 • C −6983 • / • C Phase delay difference Gallium Nitride/ Silicon (GaN/Si) [45] N A 23-150 • C 0.3 MHz/ • C S-parameters (S11) Passive split ring resonator [57] 36 × 26 0.15-0.25 m 1-2/unit S-parameters (S11) Microfluidic biosensor using a complementary split-ring resonator [58] NA 0-5 (mg/mL) 0.5 dB S-parameters (S11) Micro-displacement sensor [59] NA 0-600 m 410 kHz/50m S-parameters (S11) This work: thin-film composite polyamide (TFC) 50 × 15 22-60 • C 0.742 MHz/ • C S-parameters (S21) Fig. 19. Chipless RFID tag measurement platform. ...
A chipless radio frequency identification (RFID) sensor commonly consists of a tag ID and smart sensing materials. The electrical properties of these materials vary with the sensing physical parameters, such as temperature, humidity, and pressure. Novel and compact temperature sensor integrated with a chipless RFID tag without either increasing the tag size or decreasing the tag capacity is presented. For sensing purposes, a new microstrip coupled line resonator is suggested to support four state ID data and extra sensing information simultaneously. The resonator consists of a coupled line section and three lines with different-length elements (arms). The longest arm, connected at all times, is particularly designed for temperature sensing, and has resonance frequency f1′. The other two arms are used for encoding four different codes. The resonator can be structured for any of the following possible states — 100, 101, 110, and 111 — demonstrating resonance at f1′, resonance at f1′ and f2, resonance at f1′ and f1, and resonance at f1′, f1, and f2, respectively. The change in f1′ can be directly converted object temperature. A multi-resonator structure with six resonators was designed and implemented for RFID sensor applications. Two of these resonators were designed based on the suggested structure, to include temperature sensing and reference frequency. Experimental tests were performed within the temperature range 22 °C to 60 °C. The sensor exhibits a sensitivity of 742 KHz/°C. Experimental and simulation results confirmed the proposed sensing RFID integration concept.
... For instance, they are very helpful to prevent structural failure due to high temperatures, or for high-temperature monitoring of heat resistant materials, or again for high-temperature testing in engines or qualification testing of disc brakes. Chipless sensors, having no electronics in the tag, have the potentialities to address most of these challenges [68,69]. Temperature sensors are needed also for environmental monitoring, and wireless low-cost ubiquitous temperature sensors are desperately needed for the future IoT. ...
Radio-frequency identification (RFID) sensors are one of the fundamental components of the internet of things that aims at connecting every physical object to the cloud for the exchange of information. In this framework, chipless RFIDs are a breakthrough technology because they remove the cost associated with the chip, being at the same time printable, passive, low-power and suitable for harsh environments. After the important results achieved with multibit chipless tags, there is a clear motivation and interest to extend the chipless sensing functionality to physical, chemical, structural and environmental parameters. These potentialities triggered a strong interest in the scientific and industrial community towards this type of application. Temperature and humidity sensors, as well as localization, proximity, and structural health prototypes, have already been demonstrated, and many other sensing applications are foreseen soon. In this review, both the different architectural approaches available for this technology and the requirements related to the materials employed for sensing are summarized. Then, the state-of-the-art of categories of sensors and their applications are reported and discussed. Finally, an analysis of the current limitations and possible solution strategies for this technology are given, together with an overview of expected future developments.
... The group delay tag outlined in the works of Elmatbouly et al. [180] also have temperature sensing capabilities. The work does not use sensitive coating however, but instead relies on the temperature-dependent permittivity of the PCB material for sensing purposes. ...
Chipless Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) has been used in a variety of remote sensing applications and is currently a hot research topic. To date, there have been a large number of chipless RFID tags developed in both academia and in industry that boast a large variation in design characteristics. This review paper sets out to discuss the various design aspects needed in a chipless RFID sensor. Such aspects include: (1) Addressing strategies to allow for unique identification of the tag, (2) Sensing mechanisms used to allow for impedance-based response signal modulation and (3) Sensing materials to introduce the desired impedance change when under the influence of the target stimulus. From the tabular comparison of the various sensing and addressing techniques, it is concluded that although many sensors provide adequate performance characteristics, more work is needed to ensure that this technology is capable/robust enough to operate in many of the applications it has been earmarked for.
... The incorporation of sensing materials with chipless tags have accelerated their widespread usage. Chipless tags are being used as temperature [8], humidity [9], gas [10] and crack [11] sensors. The sensing functionality of a chipless RFID tag can be achieved by using a substrate or a combination of substrates accompanied with other sensing materials like carbon nanotubes, silicon nanowires and Kapton HN heat resistant sheets. ...
This paper presents a conformable 9-bit chipless radio frequency identification (RFID) humidity sensor, with an overall diameter of 12.4 mm. The semicircle shaped tag is operating within a frequency band of 6-16 GHz. The tag structure is based on Taconic TLX-0 (substrate), copper (radiator) and a thin Kapton HN sheet (superstrate). The Kapton HN sheet is deployed over the innermost slot to obtain the sensing response from the respective resonant slot. A comparative analysis is derived by analyzing the tag design for Rogers RT/5880, Taconic TLX-0 and FR4 substrates, to observe the quality of resonant dips. Linearly polarized plane waves are used for excitation of the tag. A simple tag composition enables easy printability feature without requiring highly precise printing devices. This proposed tag can be utilized in many areas including pharmaceutical industries, beverage items, agriculture and in various low-cost RFID sensing applications.
... In fact, although several conductive fabrics are available on the market [1][2][3] and different low-cost fabrication techniques have been proposed in literature [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15], the wearability of smart clothes and their robustness in operations such as washing, drying and ironing are still strongly limited by the use of chips and ICs requiring tin soldering [5,6]. This problem is overcome by chipless devices, such as chipless Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) tags [16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34]. ...
... More recently, the chipless RFID technology has also been exploited for the fabrication of sensors [16,18,23,[25][26][27][28]. In this regard, numerous chipless sensors have been proposed in the literature, but for the majority of these devices, reliability and reproducibility are still critical issues [18]. ...
In this paper, a frequency-signature Radio-Frequency Identification (RFID) chipless tag for wearable applications is presented. The results achieved for a fully-textile solution guaranteeing a seamless integration in clothes are reported and discussed. The proposed tag consists of two planar monopole antennas and a 50 Ω microstrip line loaded with multiple resonators. In order to achieve a compact size, the resonators are slotted on the ground plane of the microstrip line. As for the antennas, the same geometry was exploited for both the TX and the RX tag antenna. In particular, it consists of a proximity fed planar monopole on a ground plane. The selected geometry guarantees easy integration with the multi-resonator structure. Numerical and experimental data referring to a 2-bit implementation are presented and discussed. For fabricating all the prototypes, a layer of pile was used as a substrate, while an adhesive non-woven conductive fabric was exploited for the fabrication of the conductive parts. Experimental tests demonstrate that although the performance of the final device strongly depends on the properties of the used materials and on the imperfections of the fabrication process, the proposed frequency-signature RFID chipless tag is suitable for wearable applications, such as anti-counterfeiting systems and laundry labels.
Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) sensors have received increasing attention in recent years due their wireless battery-free operation, low-profile, simplicity, low-cost, and multimodality sensitivity. They have found their way to everyday applications including smart packaging for food quality assurance, early noxious gas detection, smart bandages for chronic wound assessment, and structural health monitoring. This work aims to provide a review of chip-based and chipless RFID sensor technology and to depict a transition from the former to the later one. This is conducted by highlighting existing challenges for implementation of chipless RFIDs, possible solutions to overcome these problems, and recent development introduced in the literature. Then, it has been demonstrated how RFID sensors in conjunction with artificial intelligence and machine learning can be applied for enhancing RFID tag sensitivity and selectivity to a high degree of accuracy. The focus of this paper is on chipless RFID sensors, and at the end the authors present a direction for future research work.
