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![The space-time evolution of heavy-ion collision. The figure is taken from [28].](publication/267567608/figure/fig1/AS:1086777729265705@1636119410999/The-space-time-evolution-of-heavy-ion-collision-The-figure-is-taken-from-28.jpg)
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Aspects and implications of the balance functions (BF) in high-energy physics are reviewed. The various calculations and measurements depending on different quantities, for example, system size, collisions centrality, and beam energy, are discussed. First, the different definitions including advantages and even short-comings are highlighted. It is...
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Cluster Expansion Model (CEM), representing a relativistic extension of Mayer's cluster expansion, is constructed to study baryon number fluctuations in QCD. The temperature dependent first two coefficients, corresponding to the partial pressures in the baryon number $B = 1$ and $B = 2$ sectors, are the only model input, which we fix by recent latt...
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We study the baryonic fluctuations from second to eighth order involving electric charge, baryon number and strangeness below the quark-gluon plasma crossover and numerically known from lattice QCD calculations. By considering a particular realization of the Hadron Resonance Gas model, we provide evidence on the dominant role of quark-diquark degre...
The QCD baryon number density can formally be expanded into a Laurent series in fugacity, which is a relativistic generalization of Mayer’s cluster expansion. We determine properties of the cluster expansion in a model with a phase transition and a critical point at finite baryon density, in which the Fourier coefficients of the expansion can be de...
In this paper we obtain holographic formulas for the transport coefficients κ and τπ present in the second-order derivative expansion of relativistic hydrodynamics in curved spacetime associated with a non-conformal strongly coupled plasma described holographically by an Einstein+Scalar action in the bulk. We compute these coefficients as functions...
We study the baryonic fluctuations from second to eighth order involving electric charge, baryon number and strangeness below the quark-gluon plasma crossover and numerically known from lattice QCD calculations. By considering a particular realization of the Hadron Resonance Gas model, we provide evidence on the dominant role of quark-diquark degre...
Citations
... Rölativistik ağır iyon çarpışmalarında oluşan ortamın dinamiği Şekil 1'de gösterilmiştir [7].Yüksek enerjilerde iki çekirdek çarpıştığında başlangıçta çarpışma bölgesinde bulunan nükleonlar etkileşime girerler. Bu etkileşim sonucu yüksek momentumlu parçacıklar üretilir. ...
... Yüksek enerjili çekirdek-çekirdek çarpışmalarının uzay(z)-zaman(t) gelişimi [7]. ...
Baryonik rezonanslar üç kuarktan oluşan uyarılmış durumlardır. Kütle, rezonans genişliği ve ürün bolluğu gibi karakteristik özellikleri ortam tarafından etkilenebilir, böylece bu parçacıkların ölçümleri ile rölativistik ağır iyon çarpışmaları sonucu oluşan sistemin dinamiği araştırılabilir. Çok kısa ortalama ömre(τ ~ 10-23s) sahip olan baryonik rezonanslar, yüksek enerjili çarpışmalarda oluşan ortamın kimyasal donma noktası ile kinetik donma noktası arasında (i) bozunabilir, (ii) yeniden saçılabilir ve (iii) yeniden üretilebilirler. Bu sebeple bu parçacıkların karakteristik özelliklerinin incelenmesi çarpışmalarda oluşan ve maddenin yeni hali olarak tanımlanan Kuark Gluon Plazma (KGP) ve onu takip eden hadronizasyon safhaları hakkında bilgi verebilir. Ayrıca bu rezonansların farklı yüksek enerjili çarpışma sistemlerinde incelenmesi oluşan ortam boyutlarının rezonans üretimi üzerine etkisini açıklayabilir. Bu çalışmada baryonik rezonanslardan biri ve protonun uyarılmış hali olan Δ(1232)++ rezonansları DPMJET-III olay üreticisi ile 5.02 TeV enerjili proton kurşun (p-Pb) çarpışmaları için incelenmiştir. Ayrıca elde edilen değerler deneysel sonuçlar ile karşılaştırılmıştır. Farklı rölativistik çarpışma sistemlerinde oluşan ortamın bu parçacık üzerine etkisi değerlendirilmiştir.
... In principle, the fluctuations can be estimated from statistical approaches as variance, covariance or higherorder moment [21]. The dependence of mean transverse momentum and balance fluctuations on momentum is an essential tool to measure the fluctuations [22]. Any possible difference between the calculations and the measurements can be attributed to certain novel dynamics. ...
The dynamical net-charge fluctuations (
ν
d
y
n
) in different particle ratios
K
/
π
,
K
/
p
, and
p
/
π
are calculated from the hadron resonance gas (HRG) model and compared with STAR central Au+Au collisions at
s
N
N
=
7.7
–
200
GeV and NA49 central Pb+Pb collisions at
s
N
N
=
6.3
–
17.3
GeV. The three charged particle ratios (
K
/
π
,
K
/
p
, and
p
/
π
) are determined as total and average of opposite and average of the same charges. We find an excellent agreement between the HRG calculations and the experimental measurements, especially from STAR beam energy scan (BES) program, while the strange particles in the NA49 experiment at lower Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS) energies are not reproduced by the HRG approach. We conclude that the utilized HRG version seems to take into consideration various types of correlations including strong interactions through the heavy resonances and their decays especially at BES energies.
... The earlier could provide a dependence of T HU on the baryon chemical potential, while the angular momentum pattern of the radiation allows a centrality-dependence of T HU and eventually the elliptic flow [4]. Femtoscopy and balance function are powerful tools for the temporal evolution of QCD hadronization [18]. ...
The proposed analogy between hadron production in high-energy collisions and
Hawking-Unruh radiation process in the black holes shall be extended. This
mechanism provides a theoretical basis for the freeze-out parameters, the
temperature ($T$) and the baryon chemical potential ($\mu$), characterizing the
final state of particle production. The results from charged black holes, in
which the electric charge is related to $\mu$, are found comparable with the
phenomenologically deduced parameters from the ratios of various particle
species and the higher-order moments of net-proton multiplicity in thermal
statistical models and Polyakov linear-sigma model. Furthermore, the resulting
freeze-out condition $\langle E\rangle/\langle N\rangle\simeq 1~$GeV for
average energy per particle is in good agreement with the hadronization process
in the high-energy experiments. For the entropy density ($s$), the freeze-out
condition $s/T^3\simeq7$ remains valid for $\mu\lesssim 0.3~$GeV. Then, due to
the dependence of $T$ on $\mu$, the values of $s/T^3$ increase with increasing
$\mu$. In accordance with this observation, we found that the entropy density
remains constant with increasing $\mu$. Thus, we conclude that almost no
information is going lost through Hawking-Unruh radiation from charged black
holes. It is worthwhile to highlight that the freeze-out temperature from
charged black holes is determined independent on both freeze-out conditions
Data from the Large Hadron Collider on the charge balance function in
Pb+Pb collisions at center-of-mass energy 2.76~TeV per nucleon pair are
analyzed and interpreted within the framework of the \hydjet++ model.
This model allows us to reproduce the experimentally observed centrality
dependence of the balance function widths at the relatively low
transverse momentum intervals qualitatively due to the different charge
creation mechanisms in soft and hard processes. However, the fully
adequate description of the balance function in these intervals implies
the essential model modification by including the exact charge
conservation in terms of the canonical ensemble instead of the grand
canonical one.
A procedure is proposed for introducing charge correlations into the
thermal model without changing other model parameters.
With increasing transverse momenta, the default model results describe
experimental data much better because the contribution from the soft
component of the model is significantly reduced in these transverse
momentum intervals. In practice, there is a transition to a single
source of charge correlations, namely, charge correlations in jets for
which the exact charge conservation takes place at each stage.
In high energy physics experiments data quality plays a significant role for particle identification. Methods used in particle analysis are mainly based on high level knowledge and complex computation skills of human experts and require long time for data quality assurance. Artificial intelligence (AI) applications in various fields are getting important to improve the speed, accuracy and efficiency of human efforts. For this purpose, artificial intelligence-based machine learning approach can be used in particle physics analysis. Dielectrons (e-e+) are electromagnetic probes that provide information about evolution of the medium formed in high energy collisions due to lack of final state interactions. A high purity sample of e-e+ pairs can be obtained by traditional cut-based methods resulting in low efficiency. In this contribution, application of machine learning approaches in dielectron analysis is discussed.
The strong interaction between the elementary constituents of the hadronic matter (quarks and gluons) is described by the Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) field theory. The QCD theory predicts a transition of the strongly interacting matter under extreme conditions of high temperature and energy density from the hadronic phase to a colour-deconfined medium, called Quark–Gluon Plasma (QGP) [1, 2, 3, 4]. This state of the nuclear matter is created and studied in the laboratory via ultra-relativistic heavy ion collisions. In this Chapter, a brief introduction to the high-energy nuclear physics, and a selection of the main experimental results obtained in this field and their interpretation are presented.
To extract more information from limited measurable quantities in experiments, the pseudorapidity distribution of charged particles produced in central deuteron–gold (d–Au) collisions at center-of-mass energy (Formula presented.) GeV is analyzed in the framework of a multisource thermal model. Some parameter values are extracted from the analysis to describe other distributions such as the distributions of rapidities in different directions. Different distributions contributed by regions of different sources are given. At the same time, these parameter values are used to describe spatial structure pictures of interacting systems at the stage of kinetic freeze-out in the rapidity, momentum, and velocity (coordinate) spaces. To check the implementation of Tsallis statistics, the sources in the model are described by Tsallis statistics, instead of the traditional Boltzmann–Gibbs statistics.
