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The soft palate. (a) A transverse section through the soft palate observed at low-power magnification. Observe that on the ventral side of the soft palate, a squamous epithelium (ep) lies on a smooth connective tissue that forms the propria-submucosa, and it is frequently infiltrated by lymphocytes (asterisk). Note skeletal muscle fibres of the palatine muscle (pm) coursing parallel to the surface; (b) A low-magnification view of the soft palate: observe the lymphatic nodules well defined, showing germinal centres (gc) just beneath the epithelium and also diffused lymphoid tissue (asterisk). This lymphoid accumulation is a very common finding in the connective tissue of this region; another frequent findings are the Paccini mechanoreceptors (m) that can be observed on (c) and can be found close to the epithelium but also deep buried in the connective tissue close to salivary glands (sg) or close to the palatine muscle as observed on (e). Haematoxylin and eosin staining. Scale bar: (a) 380 μm, (b) 389 μm, (c) 280 μm, (d) 223 μm, (e) 240 μm.
Source publication
Peccaries are characterized by a prominent skin gland, known as scent gland, which is located in the middle of the rump. These animals are able to survive in a great variety of habitats, from humid tropical forests to semi-arid areas. They are omnivorous animals, and their diet includes fibrous material, vegetables, fruits, small vertebrates and in...
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Context 1
... soft palate showed a mucous membrane covered by a parakeratinised stratified squamous epithelium rest- ing on a layer of loose connective tissue, where diffuse lymphoid tissue (Fig. 3a) as well as lymphatic nodules could be found (Fig. 3b). Just underneath the propria- submucosa, a dense layer of skeletal-striated muscle formed the palatine muscle (Fig. 3a). Pacinian corpuscles were frequently observed distributed along the propria- submucosa, and they were found in the lamina propria underneath the lining epithelium ...
Context 2
... soft palate showed a mucous membrane covered by a parakeratinised stratified squamous epithelium rest- ing on a layer of loose connective tissue, where diffuse lymphoid tissue (Fig. 3a) as well as lymphatic nodules could be found (Fig. 3b). Just underneath the propria- submucosa, a dense layer of skeletal-striated muscle formed the palatine muscle (Fig. 3a). Pacinian corpuscles were frequently observed distributed along the propria- submucosa, and they were found in the lamina propria underneath the lining epithelium (Fig. 3c), among the salivary glands and muscle ...
Context 3
... palate showed a mucous membrane covered by a parakeratinised stratified squamous epithelium rest- ing on a layer of loose connective tissue, where diffuse lymphoid tissue (Fig. 3a) as well as lymphatic nodules could be found (Fig. 3b). Just underneath the propria- submucosa, a dense layer of skeletal-striated muscle formed the palatine muscle (Fig. 3a). Pacinian corpuscles were frequently observed distributed along the propria- submucosa, and they were found in the lamina propria underneath the lining epithelium (Fig. 3c), among the salivary glands and muscle bundles (Fig. ...
Context 4
... (Fig. 3a) as well as lymphatic nodules could be found (Fig. 3b). Just underneath the propria- submucosa, a dense layer of skeletal-striated muscle formed the palatine muscle (Fig. 3a). Pacinian corpuscles were frequently observed distributed along the propria- submucosa, and they were found in the lamina propria underneath the lining epithelium (Fig. 3c), among the salivary glands and muscle bundles (Fig. ...
Context 5
... (Fig. 3b). Just underneath the propria- submucosa, a dense layer of skeletal-striated muscle formed the palatine muscle (Fig. 3a). Pacinian corpuscles were frequently observed distributed along the propria- submucosa, and they were found in the lamina propria underneath the lining epithelium (Fig. 3c), among the salivary glands and muscle bundles (Fig. ...
Context 6
... by a dense capsule-like structure formed by a connective tissue projecting septa into the palatine tonsil and was frequently infiltrated by leucocytes as neutrophils and eosinophils. Several mucous glands with wide ducts were observed outside this capsule. The palatine tonsil also presented plasma cells and macro- phages in the lymphoid tissue (Fig. 3d). Several dilated venules and high endothelial venules (HEV) were also found (Fig. 4e) in the parafollicular ...
Citations
... The crypt epithelium was infiltrated by lymphocytes. This modified epithelium is called lymphoepithelium or follicle-associated epithelium (Te ofilo et al., 2014). This modification has an important role in several immunological functions (Brandtzaeg, 2015). ...
The present study was carried out to study the morphology of the goat's soft palate and palatine tonsil by gross anatomy, morphometry, light and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Twelve heads of normal adult (18–24 months) apparently healthy goats of both sexes were collected from local commercial slaughterhouses in Qena Governorate, Egypt. The oral cavity was dissected, and samples were collected for both light and SEM. The soft palate of the goat formed the caudal continuation of the hard palate. It was relatively short, it extended from the level of the caudal border of the last upper molar tooth to terminate caudally against the base of the epiglottis. The oral mucous membrane of the soft palate was covered by non‐keratinized stratified squamous epithelium. The lamina propria and submucosa contained connective tissue fibers, diffuse and nodular lymphatic tissue, striated muscle fibers, and a large number of mucous and serous palatine glands. By SEM, the ventral surface had several rounded openings occupied by flower‐like structures. These openings represented the entrances to the palatine glands. The palatine tonsil was large and protruded from a fossa in the lateral wall of the oropharynx. It had 2–3 elongated irregular openings that lead to the underlying crypts. These crypts were well‐developed and lined by non‐keratinized stratified squamous epithelium. The epithelium of the tonsillar crypts directly covered lymphoid tissue and was infiltrated by lymphocytes. Tonsillar glands of pure mucous type were demonstrated. In conclusion, the study provides the basic morphological features of soft palate, as well as the palatine tonsil of the goat by gross observation, light and SEM. The palatine tonsils of goat were well‐developed with extensive crypt system, suggesting their essential role in the immunological response against antigens that enter through the oral cavity. The current findings may be useful to understand the role of the palatine tonsil in immunity and disease pathogenesis.
Research Highlights
The study reported the basic morphological features of soft palate and palatine tonsil of goat.
The ventral surface of the soft palate had several rounded openings occupied by flower‐like structures.
The palatine tonsils of goat were well‐developed with extensive crypt system.
The findings might help to understand the role of the palatine tonsil in immunity and disease pathogenesis.
... Accordingly, we suggest that baleen can only be directly inferred for fossil mysticetes that are recovered phylogenetically within crown Mysticeti. Certainly, the discovery of soft tissue preservation in stem mysticetes would better test for presence of baleen; at best, lateral palatal foramina in edentulous mysticetes may represent gingival structures similar to the rugose soft palates observed in extant artiodactyls 39 . Unlike the link between ulnar quill knobs and feathers, it is unlikely that a one-to-one link between baleen and any osteological structure exists because the zwischensubstanz is separated from the bone of the palate by gingival tissue. ...
Today’s mysticetes filter-feed using baleen, a novel integumentary structure with no apparent homolog in any living mammal. The origins of filter-feeding and baleen can be informed by the fossil record, including rare instances of soft tissue preservation of baleen and also by potential osteological correlates of baleen. Lateral palatal foramina on the roof of the mouth have been proposed as potential osteological correlates of baleen and their presence in some tooth-bearing stem mysticetes has led to the hypothesis that these early mysticetes possessed both teeth and incipient baleen. Here, we test this hypothesis by examining lateral palatal foramina in both filter-feeding and non-filter-feeding cetaceans, including crown and stem odontocetes and in stem cetaceans (or archaeocetes). We also confirm the presence of lateral palatal foramina in 61 species of terrestrial artiodactyls. CT scanning demonstrates consistent internal morphology across all observed taxa, suggesting that the lateral palatal foramina observed in extant mysticetes are homologous to those of terrestrial artiodactyls. The presence of lateral palatal foramina in terrestrial artiodactyls and non-filter-feeding whales (odontocetes and archaeocetes) suggests that these structures are not unique predictors for the presence of baleen in fossil whales; instead, these structures are more probably associated with gingiva or other oral tissue.
... Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of the hard palate revealed the presence of transverse rugae; incisive papilla, which was caudolaterally situated in a C-shaped groove; microplicae; and hexagonal epithelium cells (Asikainen et al., 2015;Mahdy et al., 2018). Histologically, the hard palate consists of layers of stratified squamous epithelium cornified and submucosa, which contains adipose tissue, venous plexuses, and cavernous tissue, which are supported by bundles of collagenous fibers that run in various directions (Te ofilo et al., 2014). ...
... Although the histomorphology of the hard palate has been investigated previously in a variety of species (Igado et al., 2015;Maala, 2007;Mahdy et al., 2018;Sreeranjini, Rajani, & Ashok, 2010;Te ofilo et al., 2014), no previous studies have reported the detailed morphometrical and histological structure of the hard palate Rahmani sheep (Ovis aries). The aim of the current study was to provide a detailed information on the morphometrical, histological, and scanning electron microscopic structure of the hard palate of Rahmani sheep (Ovis aries). ...
The present study investigated the hard palate of Rahmani sheep (Ovis aries). Samples from nine healthy adult male sheep were investigated using morphometrical, histological and scanning electron microscopic (SEM) examination. Morphologically, the hard palate was elongated, narrow rostrally and wide caudally. The incisive papilla was heart-shaped, flanked on both sides by a groove on which the nasopalatine duct opened. The palatine raphe was in the form of a groove that contained a ridge caudally. On both sides of the raphe, 13-15 pairs of palatine ridges were present and mainly occupying the narrow part. The wide part had a rough part that contains few ridges rostrally and a smooth part caudally. Histologically, the incisive papilla and palatine ridges were lined by a keratinized stratified squamous epithelium resting on a dense layer of lamina propria. The incisive papilla characterized by the presence of seromucoid salivary glands and hyaline cartilage fragments in the lamina propria. The salivary glands became abundant and well-developed in the wide part till the end of hard palate. All palatine salivary glands were AB-PAS positive. By SEM, Numerous gland openings were scattered on the surface of the palatine ridges. In conclusion, the hard palate of Rahmani sheep presented characteristic features which may be related to the species differences, feeding behavior and possible functional adaptations. This is the first study to report the presence of cartilaginous segments and salivary glands in the incisive papilla and provide detailed descriptions of the Rahmani sheep hard palate.
... Under light microscopic, stratified squamous keratinized epithelium is present throughout the palate and it is similar to other mammals (Teófilo et al., 2014;Mahdy et al., 2018;Ari & Uslu, 2019). The lamina propria shows interdigitating in the hard palate as in dog, pig, rat, rabbit, guinea pig, sheep, buffalo (Sa et al., 2016), Egyptian goat (Mahdy et al., 2018), rocky cavy (Aro et al., 2019), and Anatolian bobcat (Ari & Uslu, 2019). ...
The palate is a fundamental region in food swallowing and presents different adaptations in species. This research aimed to describe structural and ultrastructural characteristics of the palatine epithelium and the connective tissue cores (CTCs) of ten red-rumped agoutis (Dasyprocta leporina—Linnaeus, 1758) using macroscopic, light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. We found nine palatine ridges in the diastema and hard palate, and a smooth surface in the soft palate. Stratified squamous keratinized epithelium with projections of lamina propria and soft palate had gland clusters. Epithelial removal revealed CTCs with a conical shape with high density in the hard palate and the sides of the soft palate. Near the CTCs were nerve fibers in the hard palate, and the soft palate had muscular tissue below the gland clusters. The structural and ultrastructural characteristics enable stability of the hard palate and fixation to the soft palate sides, while the soft palate center has greater mobility thus assisting in food swallowing. We concluded that structural characteristics are similar to other mammals, although the morphology of agouti's palate differs in the amount and disposition of palatine ridges, and the conical CTC's morphology.
... The collared peccary's lip, therefore, is not only used for food apprehension, but also functions as sensitive structure providing a tactile input to the central nervous system. In another study, Teófilo et al. (2014) also verified the presence of these receptors on the palate of this species therefore prompted us to study the morphology of the tongue and to compare it with that observed in other mammals, aiming of providing a description of tongue and their sensory receptors. ...
... The layers of lamellas of connective tissue are either apposed or separated as we can found in snakes (Nishida et al., 2000). Several lamellate mechanoreceptors can be found in the lip, gingiva, cheek, tongue, soft and hard palate mucosa in mammals (Halata et al., 1999;Watanabe, 2004;Teófilo et al., 2007;Teófilo et al., 2014). The tongue of the Cynamolgus monkey exhibits several proprioceptors including tendon ending, corpuscles of Ruffini, corpuscle of Vater-Pacini, pacciniforms (Fitzgerald and Sachithanandan, 1979) interestingly lamellar corpuscle are absent in human tongue (Trulsson and Essick, 1997). ...
Collared peccaries are omnivorous mammalians well known for presenting a prominent skin gland, known as scent gland. We’ve previously described the histological organization of the palate and lip of this peccary and found several small and large lamellar corpuscles (Vater-Pacini corpuscle) mostly grouped in small aggregates distributed along its lamina propria-submucosa. Here, we described the anatomic structure and histological organization of the tongue of the collared peccary by means of light microscopy. The main features were the presence of a prominent rostral anterior salivary gland and the widespread presence of lamellar corpuscles that could contribute to the tactile function of the tongue.
The aim of the research was to investigate the morphological and histological structure of the Anatolian bobcat (Lynx lynx) hard palate using light and scanning electron microscopy, in addition to gross examination. The Republic of Turkey Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry Work (Sivas Branch) provided three female Anatolian bobcat cadavers. The Anatolian bobcat hard palate consists of a narrow, rough part in the rostral region (including the incisive papilla, palatine ridges, and palatine raphe) and a wide, smooth part in the caudal part region. The gross examination revealed that the incisive papilla is small and shaped like a carboy icon, the primary and secondary palatine ridges have a serrated appearance, and the palatine raphe forms a single longitudinal row of conical papillae and a single transverse row of conical papillae (in the transverse groove that separates the two palatine ridges). In addition, the microscopy examination revealed microplicae in the epithelium, as well as abundant connective‐tissue bundles running in various directions in the lamina propria and submucosa layer. These adaptations of the hard palate structures may increase efficiency during ingestion and help direct food backwards. This is the first study to provide detailed morphological and histological descriptions of the Anatolian bobcat hard palate.
