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Assessing forest changes is the baseline requirement for successful forest management. Measurement, Reporting, and Verification (MRV) are three essential components for achieving such assessments. Community participation in resource monitoring and management is increasingly seen as a scientifically efficient, cost-effective, and equitable way to em...
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... social science study focused on measurement (M-of MRV) at the village level and the other two components to a lesser extent. We learned from past and existing local reporting (R) experience within and between villages, government institutions, as well as from the private sector. The verification (V) part of the study was in collaboration with the GIS/RS team for participatory mapping and ground checks. Figure 2 illustrates how the social science team conducted its investigations in each local context. The same set of questions, indicators, variables, and methods were used in each of the study ...
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Payments for ecosystem services are often presented as a tool developed to support the green economy. This new paradigm attempts to reduce environmental damage through economic arguments and instruments. One of these, REDD (Reduction of Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation), has been much discussed at the international level. The suc...
Managing forests sustainably in light of expanding threats from climate change, deforestation, and others is of the utmost importance, whether for biodiversity conservation, livelihood security, or climate change mitigation. Accurately assessing forest changes resulting from these threats is the baseline requirement for successful forest management...
The ‘Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation with the added goals of Conserving and Enhancing Forest Carbon Stocks, and Sustainably Managing Forests’ (REDD+) is part of the mix of solutions to the global climate change crises. The United Nations Collaborative Programme on Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degrada...
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... It was designed as a mechanism in which developed countries financially support developing countries in reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions linked to forestry [4]. However, the manners in which these objectives can be reach varies among projects around the world [1][2][3][4][5][6][7]. The variations cover the ecosystem service (ES) and measurement methodology, the activities and areas that should be considered in the framework of the mechanism, the levels of project governance, the arrangements for monitoring results, the financing models, and the forms of participation and involvement of local communities [3]. ...
... In Brazil, these projects are referred to as REDD+ offset, in reference to REDD+ cap-and-trade projects, or voluntary REDD+, but typically refer to private projects that are not state-driven. Finally, issues related to safeguards and benefit sharing, although included in one category, are cross-cutting aspects for REDD+ projects and programs, and concern aspects of equity related to transparency, social sharing, and decision-making, sharing benefits both between countries and between entrepreneurs, governments, and communities [6] and will be further discussed in the next section. ...
This article delves into the evolution of Brazil’s REDD+ architecture. We explore how, despite initial challenges like the lack of a global consensus and the complexities of multi-level negotiations, Brazil has transformed REDD+ into a “boundary object”—a concept that bridges diverse institutions. Consequently, a rich tapestry of institutional arrangements has emerged for Brazilian REDD+ projects. The study, drawing on interviews, literature reviews, and action research, sheds light on a critical aspect: the reliance on auditing firms for project reports. This dependence, the research finds, can introduce inconsistencies, making it difficult to accurately assess project compliance with established standards. By tracing REDD+ from its international negotiation roots to its current operationalization in Brazil, this article aims to illuminate key insights into the mechanism itself.
... The selection of different study sites in management regimes (communities living near a forest reserve and those living away from a forest reserve) enabled the researchers to compare forest use and dependency between a purely open access regime and that falling close to a forest reserve under formalised management regimes. The selection criteria encompass the main components that reveal the existing interactions between local community members (human capital) with differing socio-economic status (demographic and economic pressure) and the environment (natural forest) [55]. ...
Forests are important ecosystems offering extensive material and immaterial benefits to people and the environment. If not well monitored and sustainably managed, forest resource use can lead to degradation, which has global environmental and socio-economic implications. There is currently limited information on the factors that lead to forest use in the Cryptosepalum forests of Zambia, and how these factors potentially influence forest integrity. This study aimed at establishing the socio-economic aspects that determine resource utilisation and forest loss in the Cryptosepalum forest of Manyinga and Zambezi Districts of North-western Zambia. Using a semi-structured questionnaire 207 randomly selected households were interviewed in 7 villages surrounding the Cryptosepalum forest (4 in Manyinga and 3 in Zambezi district). Additionally, three focus Group Discussions were conducted to triangulate interview data. Descriptive statistics, Pearson's Chi-square test of independence and binary logistic regression were used to analyse the data. The study established 14 forest products used by local communities in the study sites. Socio-economic factors, namely; gender, level of education, household size, wealth, and residence status significantly influenced use of 9 of the 14 forest products. Further, significant relationships (p < 0.5) were established between: (1) gender and use of construction poles, wood fibre, fruits, and honey production (2) level of education and utilisation of timber, tubers, caterpillars, mushrooms, and thatching grass; (3) household size and use of construction poles, wild vegetables, tubers, caterpillars, fruits and thatching grass; (4) wealth status and use of timber, construction poles, wild vegetables, wood fibre, and fruits; and (5) residence status and use of construction poles, tubers and thatching grass. Timber harvesting, agricultural expansion, and population increase were established as key drivers of forest cover loss in the Cryptosepalum forest. The study recommends that policies and strategies aimed at conserving this forest focus on strict law enforcement (monitoring and control) of timber harvesting activities; and provision of agricultural inputs and/or community sensitisation on conservation agriculture interventions to curb shifting cultivation practices. The study adds to the body of knowledge on the importance of forests to rural livelihoods in Sub-saharan Africa, and the influence of socio-economic factors on forest cover and resource use.
... There is a high investment for the installation of monitoring systems that measure the carbon emissions avoided (McGregor et al. 2014), resulting in the difficulty of REDD+ beneficiary countries to demonstrate their carbon use or storage results (Jagger et al. 2014). Brazil has one of the best monitoring systems (May et al. 2016), while Indonesia is still far from as efficient (Boissière et al. 2014). ...
REDD+ is a payments mechanism through environmental services that proposes the reduction of greenhouse gas emission caused by change in use of tropical forest lands. The present study aimed to identify the REDD+ dimensions in tropical forests in the world, approaching a broader discussion about themes by focusing on Brazil and Indonesia. A systematic review of scientific literature relating to Brazil and Indonesia was used as an analysis method. A total of 102 scientific articles with themes related to REDD+ development were selected. Through analysis of the selected articles, REDD+ dimensions with frequent mentions in the scientific literature were identified, such as governance, implementation, beneficiaries, land use, monitoring, biodiversity, financing, forest management, deforestation, conservation, safeguard, and opportunity cost. The analysis identified the existence of political barriers the implementation of REDD+ and recommends dialogue in order to maintain the balance of beneficiaries and the environment. Both beneficiary countries and payers should invest in longer-term and more efficient REDD+ practices, such as long-term programs and more defined criteria for project evaluation.
... Therefore, many REDD+ projects now focus on secondary forests (Chan et al. 2016;Borah et al. 2018). Consequently, it is becoming increasingly important to accurately quantify carbon accumulation in regenerating forests, in order to calculate payments under REDD+ -related projects (Boissière et al. 2014;Krause and Nielsen 2019). ...
As tropical deforestation and forest degradation accelerate, carbon-credit trading could provide a financial incentive to preserve and regenerate forests. Since carbon trading relies on the accurate quantification of carbon stocks, allometric equations are urgently needed to derive above-ground dry biomass (AGB) from easily measured variables. Few allometric equations have been published for regenerating secondary forests in Southeast Asia. This study established new allometric equations, to determine AGB and carbon in regenerating secondary forests on shifting cultivation fallows in northern Thailand. To develop the equations, data were collected from 78 trees (136 felled individual stems, including coppices) ranging in size from 1 to 32.9 cm diameter at breast height (D). The dependent variable was AGB. The independent variables were D, tree height (H) and wood density (WD). Wood density varied significantly among species (p < 0.05). Consequently, including WD in the function D2H × WD predicted AGB most accurately, compared with other functions that excluded it. Mean carbon concentration in stems, branches, and leaves was 44.84% ± 1.63 of dry mass, but it varied significantly among tree species (p < 0.05). The new allometric equation revealed that tree ABG was highest in secondary forest, followed by the 7-year-fallow and the 4-year-fallow: 105.3, 38.3 and 10.3 Mg ha−1, respectively, while above-ground carbon was 47.7, 17.4, and 4.6 Mg C ha−1, respectively. Natural regeneration accumulated carbon slower than reported for active restoration, suggesting that managed restoration is preferable to passive regeneration on fallows in northern Thailand. The allometric equations, derived from this study, can be used to accurately determine tree ABG and carbon storage in regenerating secondary forest, with higher precision than has hitherto been possible, thus satisfying the monitoring requirements of REDD+ and other carbon-trading schemes.
... Community-based monitoring in REDD+ MRV is necessary to sustain forest monitoring activities, and can potentially reduce monitoring costs without compromising data quality (Pratihast et al. 2013;Boissière et al. 2014Boissière et al. , 2017bHawthorne et al. 2016). Engaging local experts (e.g. ...
This Occasional Paper is a review of the development of Ethiopia’s REDD+ MRV system, its national architecture and policies, progress made so far, and plans for the future. It is not a technical review of the current MRV system. We use published and unpublished literature on Ethiopia’s REDD+ program, combined with in-depth interviews, and consultations of key MRV stakeholders (in the form of a workshop) from government, non-government and international organizations in Ethiopia. This paper is part of the Global Comparative Study (GCS-REDD+) conducted by CIFOR with funding from multiple donors.
Ethiopia has been implementing REDD+ readiness activities since 2012. Since then, Ethiopia has made significant progress in establishing a National Forest Monitoring System for the Measurement, and Reporting and Verification (MRV) of REDD+. Several milestones were achieved, including the acceptance of the Forest Reference Level by UNFCCC, and the completion of the National Forest Inventory. To ensure the credibility of MRV results, it is crucial that various reporting streams are consistent and linked with each other. Nevertheless, Ethiopia has yet to link REDD+ MRV with other GHG measuring systems. The country also needs to address the high turnover of trained experts and continued demand for additional capacity. Improving the participation of local communities and civil society in MRV is paramount in ensuring sustainability and accountability.
... Infrastructure is in place for data registration, storage and processing to scale up to a national monitoring system. 37. There are standard procedures for monitoring processes to be consistent and transparent to scale up to a national monitoring system. ...
Forest landscape restoration (FLR) requires a long-term commitment from a range of stakeholders to plan the restoration initiative collaboratively and see it through successfully. This is only possible when the people involved – whether they are landholders, indigenous groups, government entities, non-governmental organizations
or other crucial actors – come together to define common goals and monitor progress toward those goals. Collaborative monitoring can play a crucial role in these processes by providing a structured way to include diverse stakeholders in FLR, generate local buy-in and catalyze social learning. However, collaborative monitoring is new to many FLR planners and, while they may be interested in implementing collaborative monitoring, they may not know where to start. This diagnostic provides a systematic way for FLR planners to assess their FLR initiatives against a checklist of success factors. The diagnostic helps practitioners to: (1) determine whether they are ready for collaborative monitoring; (2) identify what elements need to be strengthened; and (3) assess whether existing monitoring systems are on the right track. The diagnostic can be applied on at least two scales: it includes factors to be used at a specific FLR site and it outlines the factors that are intrinsic to a multilevel collaborative monitoring system. It consists of a core matrix of 42 success factors, plus suggestions for performing the assessment.
... The selection of the sites also provided an opportunity to compare between human dominated landscapes and the protected forest reserves falling under formalised management regimes. It is our view that this selection criteria covers key components that depict interaction between the environment (natural forest), human capital (demographic pressure), and economic pressure (presence of local small farmers) (see Boissiere et al., 2014). ...
... Community-based monitoring in REDD+ MRV is necessary to sustain forest monitoring activities, and can potentially reduce monitoring costs without compromising data quality (Pratihast et al. 2013;Boissière et al. 2014Boissière et al. , 2017bHawthorne et al. 2016). Engaging local experts (e.g. ...
... Community-based monitoring in REDD+ MRV is necessary to sustain forest monitoring activities, and can potentially reduce monitoring costs without compromising data quality (Pratihast et al. 2013;Boissière et al. 2014Boissière et al. , 2017bHawthorne et al. 2016). Engaging local experts (e.g. ...
... In the context of REDD+, community participation on forest monitoring is increasingly seen as scientifically efficient and cost-effective with greater local acceptance (Shrestha et al. 2014;Boissière et al. 2014;Junttila et al. 2015;Boissière et al. 2017). Such involvement could bring a sense of ownership to the communities and increases the likelihood of success of REDD+ measures (Junttila et al. 2015). ...
... Since, deforestation is easy to measure by applying number of tools and techniques, including remote sensing and geographic information system (RS and GIS), but measuring forest degradation by using RS and GIS is complicated (Danielsen et al. 2011), and expensive too. Our study therefore recommends that mobilizing forest users group and local level REDD+ cadre in MRV reduces the cost and time, as also suggested by previous studies (Burgess et al. 2010;Shrestha et al. 2014;Boissière et al. 2014;Junttila et al. 2015;Boissière et al. 2017). In addition to cost reduction, the engagement of local people in monitoring help to produce robust and scientifically valid datasets, and improve institutional capacity at sub-national level (Fry, 2011). ...
How REDD+ (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation) can be institutionalised in already decentralised forestry governance remains a critical question across the developing countries. Lessons of pilot projects carried out at local or sub-national level have been crucial to draw insights into REDD+ decentralization. Taking Nepal's REDD+ Himalaya Project as a case study, this paper illustrates how REDD+ can be institutionalised at sub-national level by stimulating the existing enablers and addressing associated issues hand in hand. While doing so, the study adopted number of approaches, including document reviews; key informant interview and small group meetings with the stakeholders of the project at national and sub-national level. We found that the project has contributed to decentralising Nepal's REDD+ process, albeit at a token scale, through adopting number of approaches, including but not limited to, capacitating sub-national level REDD+ institutions and REDD+ actors and encouraging interactive decision-making process. In addition, recognition and redress of livelihood and social problem is other key intervention that acted as an accelerator. The project, however, faced some institutional, programmatic and practical issues which need to be resolved for better REDD+ results in the days to come.
