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The snowfields of the mountain are classified as semi-permanent, due to their discontinuous presence during the summer season. For instance, we may consider the situation of this snowfield in (a) summer 2010 as from Google Earth™ satellite images, and its evolution at (b) the end of the 2014 ablation period (PLEIADES satellite imagery).
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This paper presents a geomorphological map of Mount Ararat/Agri Dagi in Eastern Anatolia (Turkey). Mount Ararat/Agri Dagi is a volcanic complex covered by a unique ice cap in the Near East. The massif is the result of multiple volcanic phases, and present day landforms are the result of subsequent and overlapping glacial, periglacial, and slope pro...
Context in source publication
Context 1
... occurrence and persistence during the ablation season mostly depends on snowfall intensity and summer air temp- erature. The analysis of several satellite images also revealed the presence of snow fields in the warmest months, so suggesting their classification as semi-per- manent ( Figure 6). ...
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Citations
... The traces of glaciations occurred during the cold periods in the Late Pleistocene in Anatolia were studied by several Turkish and foreign researchers for more than a hundred years (e.g. Altınay et al., 2020;Azzoni et al., 2017Azzoni et al., , 2020Bayrakdar, 2018;Bayrakdar et al., 2020;Bilgin, 1972;Birman, 1968;Çılğın, 2020;Çiner, 2004;Doğu, 2019;Doğu et al., 1993;Erinç, 1944Erinç, , 1952Erinç, , 1953Krenek, 1932;Kurter, 1991;Oliva et al., 2020Oliva et al., , 2018Palgrave, 1872;Sarıkaya, 2012;Sarıkaya & Çiner, 2015Sarıkaya & Çiner, , 2019Schweizer, 1975;Yavaşlı et al., 2015;Yeşilyurt et al., 2018). In these studies, it was also determined that periglacial landforms developed around the glaciated regions (Altın, 2006;Beret, 1956;Bilgin, 1969a;Dede et al., 2015;Erinç, 1949;Kahraman, 2015;Planhol & Bilgin, 1961;Sarıkaya & Tekeli, 2014;Spreitzer, 1958;Türkeş & Öztürk, 2011). ...
The aim of the study is to reveal geomorphological characteristics and
evolution of the periglacial landforms occurred on the summit of the
Kaz Dağı (in Turkish) characterised with a specific mountain environment developed under the dry summer subtropical Mediterranean climate. To reach this aim, morphoclimatic processes-characteristics and soil development of the Kaz Dağı district have been evaluated.
Kaz Dağı (1774 m a.s.l.), which had been called as the Mount Ida in Greek Mythology, forms a physical geographic border between Çanakkale and Balıkesir provinces. Periglacial landforms consisting of the nonsorted circles including mud circles and stony earth circles, non-sorted steps and cryoturbation terraces and block currents, are found in subalpine vegetation zone at upper boundary of Mount Ida. According to morphogenetic process analysis, on the summit of the Kaz Dağı, the dominant processes are freezing + freezing-thawing in the December-March period, freezing-thawing + weathering in the November and April months, and weathering in which frost is not effective in the April-November period.
As for pedological processes and mineralogical
characteristics of soils formed under the same climatic conditions
but on different parent materials of various periglacial landforms,
taxonomy of these soils was classified at the Entisol ordo described
as young soils.
... The identification of both linear and areal features was further supported by using convexity images derived from the DEM. The identification of volcanic landforms followed the methods, such as the identification of linear features and homogeneous areas, presented by other authors (e.g., Norini et al., 2004;Ventura et al., 2005;Tripodo et al., 2012;Di Traglia et al., 2013;Alcalá Reygosa et al., 2016;Azzoni et al., 2017;Gabrielli et al., 2020). ...
Geomorphological mapping is essential for identifying landforms, determining erosion, and reconstructing the morphological evolution over time. The relative chronology between features can be established, supporting the study of the potential hazard and associated risks in volcanic terrains. Geomorphological analysis, performed on a 12.5 m ALOS PALSAR DEM, along with fieldwork and new K–Ar geochronological data, help to clarify the overall evolution of the Cerro Bravo volcano. The observed north-south arrangement of the craters, the stratigraphic relationships, and the new K–Ar ages reveal that the volcanic activity migrated towards the north, with the younger activity concentrated north of the volcanic area. This evolution, which occurred from the Middle Pleistocene to the Holocene, is evidenced by four consecutive semicircular crater-like structures associated with
four building stages. Effusive and explosive activity was observed in all recorded volcanic activity stages, indicating a consistent volcanological behavior of this volcano over time, characterized by a bimodal effusive-explosive eruption style. The effusive activity involved lava domes and lava flows, while the explosive activity
included dome collapses and Plinian eruptions. This morphological study can help assess the geological risk and potential hazards of inaccessible areas.
... Geomorphological mapping of semi-arid and arid regions can be performed through a consolidated methodology that combines Earth observation tech niques and field works (Azzoni et al., 2017(Azzoni et al., , 2022Cost anzo et al., 2021;Forti et al., 2021;Hüneburg et al., 2019;Perego et al., 2011;Zerboni et al., 2015Zerboni et al., , 2020, and has been applied to the study area. Different datasets were retrieved and analyzed through remote sen sing; all data has been reprojected to WGS 84 -UTM Zone 38N reference system within QGIS 3.16 and 3.20 software (QGIS Development Team, 2021). ...
We present the result of the geomorphological mapping of the central sector of the Kurdistan Region of Iraq. Therein, landscape evolution was mostly overseen by the regional geodynamic, related to the Arabia-Eurasia convergence, and in the Quaternary, regional climate fluctuations contributed to shaping landforms. The combination of such processes affected the distribution, types, and evolution of landforms (related to structural, hillslope, fluvial, and karst processes), with a noteworthy influence on the development of the local drainage network, which belongs to Tigris River catchment. The Great Zab and Little Zab Rivers-the main left tributaries of Tigris River-progressively cut anticline ridges growing in the area. Our analyses suggest that the structural deformation of the Zagros also controlled the evolution of the low-order channels of the hydrographic network. Since the Holocene, landforms dynamic was altered by intense human exploitation of the landscape and increased fluctuations between arid and humid conditions.
... The mountains run parallel to the coastline in the north and south and are perpendicular to it in the west. The Anatolian Peninsula is home to a vast array of geomorphological formations from the uppermost limit, Agri Mountain (Mouth Ararat, 5165 m) (Azzoni et al. 2017), down to the coastlines. The country is divided across 4 Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) zones; it starts within the eastward extent of UTM zone 35 N, followed by the complete extents of zones 36 N and 37 N, and ends within the westward extent of zone 38 N. Thus, it is situated between latitudes 36 N À 42 N and longitudes 26 E À 45 E: A single zone cannot be used as a basis for defining the coordinate system of the entire study area. ...
There is little information on the improvement achieved across all versions of ASTER GDEM in terms of vertical accuracy. This study assessed the vertical accuracies of all three versions in Turkey and Nigeria based on the mean error, root mean square error, mean absolute error, average relative error, residual dispersal patterns and combined error performance rankings. Although the improvements from GDEM v1 onward were obvious, they were rather marginal from GDEM v2 to GDEM v3 when five elevation classes were considered from coastal to high mountain. In the coastal, lowland and upland classes in Turkey, and lowland and upland classes in Nigeria, version 2 was superior to version 1. Compared to SRTM version 3.0, the last version produced relatively similar results, but no version outperformed it at any of the test sites. The same was also true in Nigeria. These results showed that a comprehensive vertical accuracy improvement was only partially realized through the successive development phases of the ASTER GDEM.
... Geomorphology studies on the whole mountain haven't been conducted because of the reasons such as the height of Mount Ararat, the area it occupies, transportation and security. However, the glaciers on Mount Ararat have attracted the attention of many researchers for a long time and there are many types of research about glaciers (Arkel, 1973;Blumenthal, 1956Blumenthal, , 1958Çiner, 2003;Erinç, 1953;Imhof, 1956;Sarıkaya, 2012;Azzoni et al., 2017). According to the title of the article prepared by Azzoni et al., (2017) it is thought that the geomorphology of Mount Ararat is investigated. ...
... However, the glaciers on Mount Ararat have attracted the attention of many researchers for a long time and there are many types of research about glaciers (Arkel, 1973;Blumenthal, 1956Blumenthal, , 1958Çiner, 2003;Erinç, 1953;Imhof, 1956;Sarıkaya, 2012;Azzoni et al., 2017). According to the title of the article prepared by Azzoni et al., (2017) it is thought that the geomorphology of Mount Ararat is investigated. However, by the content of the article it is understood that the glaciers on the mount are studied using satellite images. ...
In this study, the morphometric characteristics of Mount Ararat which is a strato-volcano are analyzed. Türkiye’s highest Mountain, Mount Ararat, is located in Eastern Anatolia. The Mountain takes the shape of two major volcanic cones after 2500 m height; these volcanic cones are named Greater Mount Ararat (5137 m) and Little Mount Ararat (3896 m). In this study, relief morphometry, basin morphometry, and drainage characteristics are morphometrically analyzed with Geographic Information Systems (GIS) using 10x10 m resolution Digital Elevation Model (DEM). According to the analysis
results, there is an increase in the elevation on the high and steep slopes of the main cone and the slope values increase up to 56° in some locations towards the summit. On the other hand, according to the aspect analyses, 19.9% of slope faces are north-east direction, 14.7% of the slopes are north-direction, 9.4% are northwest, 9.8% are west, 10.7% are southeast, and 16.4% of the slopes are east direction.
These results support the fact that Mount Ararat extends in NW-SE direction and is formed on the basis of a fault line in this direction. According to the grouping made by the altitude ranges analysis, the
decrease in the rate of elevation belts starting from the slopes of the mountain towards the top confirms
the structure of volcanic cone. Elevation differences in relative relief analyses range between 0 and 1141
m and this value increases to 1141 m on the slopes surrounding the summit. The cone structure of Mount
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... One of the most interesting and poorly investigated recently deglaciated sectors of the Mediterranean domain is the Cilo Mountain range, located in southeast Turkey. Herein, 29 ice bodies are present, covering 3.82 km 2 , making this region the second-most glacierized area of Turkey after the Mount Ağrı Dağı/Ararat district (Azzoni et al., 2017Sarikaya & Tekeli, 2014). ...
We present a geomorphological map of the Cilo Mountain range located in southeast Turkey that illustrates the recent evolution of the second-most glacierized area of Turkey. The map was produced by the manual delineating of landforms from highresolution satellite imagery (Pleiades and Google EarthTM images). Cilo Mountain glaciation played a crucial role in the evolution of the local physical landscape and even today glaciers are significant features. After the termination of Little Ice Age, deglaciation promoted the onset of multiple and intense surface processes; widespread slope instabilities, due to permafrost melting and frost weathering processes, are still the most active processes. Such processes are further promoted by the scarcity of vegetation. The occurrence of several proglacial lakes significantly contributes to the reduction of sediment output from glaciated watersheds, influencing the evolution of proglacial plains and resulting in a variety of landforms that we identified and described in this work.
... The greater Ararat has 5137 m in height on the west cone and the little Ararat has 3896 m in height on the east cone. Also, Ararat mountain is located within a complex sinistral pull-apart basin developed along a zone of extension, created between two fault segments (Dogubeyazıt-Gurbulak fault and the Igdır fault) of a sinistral strike-slip fault system (Dewey et al., 1986;Azzoni et al., 2017). ...
This study aims to explore the crustal seismic properties across the East Anatolian volcanic belt. Teleseismic receiver functions obtained through deconvolution in the time domain are used to estimate crustal discontinuities and Moho interface. Further, slant stacked method, employed for the first time in the study region, is applied to identify the arrival times of P to S conversion and reverberations (Ps and PpPms) that give Vp/Vs ratio beneath each station. For slant stacking method, radial receiver functions are calculated using deconvolution based on frequency domain. Inversion results indicate that Moho depth varies from at most ∼40 km near the Bitlis-Zagros thrust zone to 45 km in the northeastward of Quaternary volcanic centers. The southwest of study region is characterized overall by a low average crustal Vp/Vs ratio (less than 1.71), implying a felsic crustal composition. A high average crustal Vp/Vs ratio of 1.82–1.87 is found near volcanic centers, characterized by predominantly a mafic crustal composition. The prominent crustal low-velocity zones especially around the Nemrut and Ararat volcanoes are identified below ∼20 km depth and likely imply the presence of partial melt zones or active magma chambers in the region. As a result, the findings of this study provide useful new constraints to the crustal thickness and composition in the study region.
... The description of landforms has the value of providing general information on the spatial variability of processes [19]. If this can be combined with contemporary process rates [20], it will provide the basis for improved interpretations and predictions of geomorphological scenarios in different morphoclimatic and morphogenetic environments [21][22][23][24][25]. ...
In the framework of geosite management, specific targeted symbols for geomorphological legends are still lacking. Concerning geosites of geomorphological interest, geomorphological mapping requires targeted symbols in relation to goals and applications, either concerning geomorphic hazards and risk detection or the enhancement of resources, in particular those related to cultural
heritage and, hence, geoheritage. A new methodology for mapping geo(morpho)heritage on geomorphological maps is presented in this paper. Nine iconic examples from the Italian landscape, selected in different morphogenetic and morphoclimatic contexts, are proposed to test the methodology in relation to point, polyline and polygon features. Moreover, guidelines for mapping are suggested according to the importance of the site and to the complexity of processes characterizing each case study.
... In this study, Mount Ararat National Park will be examined in order to determine the recreation potential of it. Mount Ararat, a stratovolcano (5137 m), is an important source of outdoor recreation and tourism activities due to its geomorphology (Azzoni et al. 2017) and its varying climate conditions at different elevations. Mount Ararat, which is located at a geopolitically, geo-strategically, and geo-economically significant area, on the border of Iran, Armenia, and Azerbaijan (Naxçivan), was declared as a National Park area in 2004 because it had an important landscape and natural life sources. ...
... In this study, Mount Ararat National Park will be examined in order to determine the recreation potential of it. Mount Ararat, a stratovolcano (5137 m), is an important source of outdoor recreation and tourism activities due to its geomorphology (Azzoni et al. 2017) and its varying climate conditions at different elevations. Mount Ararat, which is located at a geopolitically, geo-strategically, and geo-economically significant area, on the border of Iran, Armenia, and Azerbaijan (Naxçivan), was declared as a National Park area in 2004 because it had an important landscape and natural life sources. ...
