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In this study, the role of water infiltration on a rainfall-induced landslide in mudstone is investigated. Finite element analysis (FEA) and discrete element analysis (DEA) were employed to explore the driving mechanism in the prefailure regime and the dynamic runout process in the postfailure regime, respectively. The driving mechanism was reveale...
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... Consequently, the well-being, safety, sustainability, and economies of MSrich regions depend on the proper implementation of countermeasures to deal with the undesirable hydromechanical behaviors of MS. Furthermore, a catastrophic landslide that claimed three lives was recently reported in a region with MS [37,46]. This disastrous landslide stirred public awareness of the dangers in MS regions. ...
... The MS samples were collected from the Yanchao District of Kaohsiung City, Taiwan, where the tragic 2016 Yanchao mudstone landslide occurred [37,46]. The geotechnical characteristics and chemical composition of MS are presented in Tables 2 and 3, respectively. ...
Mudstone soils (MS) are widely distributed in southern Taiwan and have an inherent proclivity to geological damages and failures. However, the use of traditional and non-traditional techniques to treat MS remains a challenge and is an area relatively unexplored due to the soils' distinct and sophisticated features. This study examined the hydromechanical performance of reconstituted MS treated with colloidal nanosilica (CN), fiber (f), and combinations thereof (CN-f) via a series of laboratory tests, including the unconfined compressive strength tests, 3D volumetric shrinkage tests, free swell tests, 1D consolidation tests, and filter paper tests. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were also used to inspect the geochemical composition and microstructure of the untreated and treated MS. Results suggest that CN-f treatment can significantly improve the peak and postpeak strengths and ductility of MS while achieving satisfactory improvements in swelling control, shrinkage limits, and volumetric strains. Following treatment with 15% CN and 1% f for 28 days, the MS showed an optimal 527% improvement in Unconfined compressive strength (UCS) and satisfactory residual strain. Finally, the FTIR and SEM images revealed enhanced interlocking between the MS particles and the formation of marginal C-S-H and viscous gels, supporting the improved performance in MS. This study provides comprehensive analyses that offer insights into the synergistic effects of CN-f on the hydromechanical performance of MS. The findings will be valuable to engineers exploring innovative and ecofriendly alternatives for treating MS with a robust design.
... Its fluid-particle interaction forces are calculated by updating the fluid element parameters [21][22][23][24]. The latter is first used to calculate the flow field in FLAC, and then imported into PFC for seepage force simulation [25][26][27][28]. (2) Simplify the rainfall process. ...
Rainfall infiltration is the primary factor that induces landslides. In this paper, discrete element software (PFC 3D) was used to establish a novel rainfall infiltration model, which integrates water transfer, intensity decay and seepage force into the calculation of the moisture field. By applying this model to the rainfall infiltration analysis of a road slope in Nanping City, Fujian Province , China, the distribution law of water content, the functional relationship between shear strength and water content, and the calculation of permeability at different times can be obtained. The model was verified by comparing simulated results of water content with field monitoring data. The simulation error of water content is lower than 10%. Furthermore, this model application was validated by reproducing the pressure variation of the retaining wall on 12 May 2022. To obtain the accuracy of this model application, it was compared with saturated water content model and seepage force model. The comparison results of the three models showed that the simulation results of this model are best matching with the observation data. Moreover, the verification and validation indicate that our proposed model can be used to effectively analyze the rainfall infiltration of road slope.
... This method makes it easier for users because it does not take into account economic factors and other physical factors that are likely to affect the suitability of plants [20]. Land cover, rainfall, slope, lithology, and soil type variables are commonly used variables in assessing landslide vulnerability [21][22][23][24][25][26]. Source: Modified from [19,27] Nearest Neighbor Interpolation (NNI) method to generate interpolation maps based on landslide events at each resulting Landscape Index value. ...
Landslides have a record of deadliest impact in Indonesia during 2015 – 2017. Landslide may be caused by human activities which deteriorate the environment condition such as by reconstructing the landscapes that may reduce the ecological functions. Therefore, mapping the landslide-prone area is necessary as one of the efforts to mitigate the disaster that could be following. The methods used in this study are the landscape metrics with FRAGSTATS 4.2. and Index Storie. Landscape metrics is useful to map the landscape pattern while the Index Storie can be used to map the landslide-prone area, both Indexes then being used for further analysis to determine the relationship between landscape patterns and landslide-prone areas in the study area. Deforestation in the study area is indicated by the values of PD, LPI, and IJI, the Index Storie shows that areas of moderate landslide-prone areas dominate the study area and have specific characteristics that trigger the landslides. A combination of landscape metrics and Index Storie show that the relationship between landscape patterns and landslide-prone areas can be one of the priorities determining tools used for monitoring and planning land cover as an effort to mitigate landslides.
... Hung et al. [51] studied the complex coseismic process of the Aso Bridge landslide during the main earthquake of the Kumamoto earthquake in 2016 through finite and discrete element analysis of the vertical seismic acceleration (VSA). Hung et al. [52] used finite element (FEA) and discrete element (DEA) methods to discuss the driving mechanism before landslide failure and the dynamic jump process after landslide failure from the three aspects of pore water pressure, saturation and displacement of the sliding zone. This shows that the coupling of FEA and DEA can be used to study the impact of rainfall infiltration on landslides and provide useful insights. ...
In this paper, the formation mechanism of a slightly inclined bedding mudstone landslide in the overlying mountain of the coal mining subsidence area of the Tanshan Coal Mine in Ningxia, China, is studied. By means of geotechnical investigation, indoor geotechnical tests, theoretical analysis and other technical means, we find the geological environment background of the study area and obtain the physical and mechanical property indexes of the mining landslide in the Tanshan Coal Mine. By combining the numerical simulation of discrete elements and finite elements, the macro deformation and failure law of the mining mudstone landslide and the displacement and stress nephogram of the failure process are discussed. The results show that the slightly inclined bedding mudstone landslide in the Tanshan Coal Mine is 850 m long from east to west, 500 m wide from north to south and 10,875,000 m3 in volume. It is composed of Jurassic mudstone and is a traction landslide caused by the coal mining subsidence area. The formation of the landslide is affected by internal factors and inducing factors. The internal factors are mainly geotechnical types and engineering geological properties, and the inducing factors are mainly coal mining activities and rainfall. By analyzing and summarizing the calculation process of the slope model prior to the landslide in 2D-Block and GeoStudio numerical simulation software, the sliding process of the slightly inclined bedding mudstone landslide in the Tanshan Coal Mine is divided into four stages: slope creep, slope deformation, landslide movement and landslide accumulation. GeoStudio software is used to calculate the stability of the Tanshan Coal Mine landslide under natural and rainfall conditions. The landslide is in a stable state under natural conditions and is basically stable under rainfall conditions. By comparing the calculation results of the limit equilibrium method and the finite element limit equilibrium method, we find that the calculated stability coefficient is more accurate when the appropriate constitutive model is selected. The research results have important reference significance for the prevention and control of the gently inclined bedding mudstone landslide of the overlying mountain in the coal mining subsidence area of the Loess Plateau.
... In recent years, advanced computational algorithms have been developed to overcome mesh distortion during the process of solving large deformation problems. For example, mesh-free methods such as the smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) method (Bui et al., 2008;Chen and Qiu, 2012;Huang and Dai, 2014;Nonoyama et al., 2015;Li et al., 2019;Zhang et al., 2019b;Dai et al., 2020;Mori et al., 2020;Yuan et al., 2020;Zhang et al., 2020;, the material point method (MPM) (Andersen and Andersen, 2010;Li et al., 2016b;Llano-Serna et al., 2016;Wang et al., 2016;Yerro et al., 2016Yerro et al., , 2019Shi et al., 2018Shi et al., , 2019Shi et al., , 2020Conte et al., 2019;Xu et al., 2019;Conte et al., 2020;Li et al., 2021;Troncone et al., 2019Troncone et al., , 2020Troncone et al., , 2022Nguyen et al., 2021;Ying et al., 2021, the discrete element method (DEM) (Li et al., 2012;Lu et al., 2014;Hung et al., 2018;Peng et al., 2019;Weng et al., 2019;Chen et al., 2020), and discontinuous deformation analysis (DDA) (Chen and Wu, 2018;Nian et al., 2020) have been applied to analyze landslides in post-failure stages. Soga et al. (2016) and Qin et al. (2022) reviewed and discussed the advantages and disadvantages of these numerical methods and reported that the MPM is one of the most favorable meshfree techniques for modeling large deformation problems in geotechnical engineering. ...
This paper presents a comprehensive and well-documented landslide case study involving detailed site investigation , field tests, seismic signal analyses, and advanced numerical analyses using the material point method (MPM) to investigate the post-failure process and kinematic behavior of two landslides. The slope failures were triggered by Typhoon Jangmi in September 2008 and had impacts on the downslope residential areas. The background information of two landslides, including geological and hydrological conditions obtained from the detailed site investigation and field tests, was first introduced. The MPM analyses were then conducted and validated by comparing measured and predicted results for the final landslide profiles and duration. The numerical results, including variations in deviatoric strain, volumetric strain, and excess pore water pressure with time, were further examined to determine the post-failure mechanism of the landslides. The effects of soil drainage conditions during landslides on the final landslide profile were also compared and discussed. This study demonstrated that MPM analyses could accurately predict the runout distance of both landslides. The numerical results indicate that the landslides occurred through a complex process of soil failure that involved the stages of shearing, translational movement, compression, and deposition. When the soil was subjected to different loading conditions in different stages, the corresponding post-failure mechanisms are also different. High positive excess porewater pressure could develop near the sliding surface and has a significant influence on landslide kinematics and final landslide profiles. Compared with undrained analysis, fully coupled analysis, which permitted pore-water pressure dissipation during a landslide event, produced more accurate predictions of landslide kinematics.
... In mudstone-rich areas, these can have destructive effects on infrastructure, human life, and the environment. For example, the catastrophic 2016 Yanchao landslide, which occurred in a region composed primarily of mudstone, claimed three lives and quickly raised public awareness regarding slope failures in mudstone areas [4,5]. Additionally, over the past few decades, expressway networks have gradually been constructed in Taiwan across these mudstone regions. ...
In this study, the effects of hydrophilic (HPI) and hydrophobic (HPO) nanosilicas (NS) on the hydromechanical properties of mudstone soil were investigated in a laboratory. Mudstone soil samples treated with different contents (0.3%, 0.6%, 0.9%, and 1.2%) of both types of NS were prepared and rigorously examined through standard Proctor compaction, unconfined compression, three-dimensional volumetric shrinkage, and one-dimensional consolidation tests. In addition to the hydromechanical tests, nondestructive tests, including X-ray diffraction, X-ray fluorescence, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, were employed to inspect the geochemical and mineral composition of treated and untreated samples. Finally, scanning electron microscopy was used to monitor the packing state of the specimens. The experimental results reveal that the shrinkage and compressibility characteristics of mudstone soils can be significantly improved through NS treatment. In particular, the results demonstrate that the mudstone soils treated with 0.3% NS, regardless of type, had the highest compressive strength. Our results provide insight into the contribution of NS to the hydromechanical properties of mudstone soils and suggest that NS-HPI may be a better treatment than NS-HPO due to its improved ability to strengthen mudstone soils.
... Similarly, the soil in the slopes has typical geotechnical properties that play a vital role in landslide initiation (Bhandari & Dhakal, 2020b;Yalcin, 2011;Yalcin, 2011;Tofani et al., 2017;Bicocchi et al., 2019). Continuous rainfall on adverse topography and geology leads to the landslide process in the mountainous areas of the Himalayan region (Weidinger, 1998;Borga et al., 2002;Fernandes et al., 2004;Zhang et al., 2012;Ching et al., 2018;Hennrich and Crozier, 2004;Talebi et al., 2008;Kayastha et al., 2013). ...
The landslide is a common problem in the Siwalik zone of Nepal Himalaya during the monsoon period. The heterogeneity of lithology comprising of thickly bedded sandstone and mudstone, weakly cemented conglom-erate beds, and permeable quaternary deposits on moderate to steep slopes are primarily responsible for the landslide in this zone. In this study, a multidisciplinary approach is used for the landslide characterization. The polygon-based landslide inventory map was prepared by using Sentinel-2, Landsat-8, and Google Earth imageries. The draft inventory map was verified and updated by several field visits. The final inventory map was overlaid with topographical, geological, and hydrological maps in Q-GIS and explored the landslide characteristics. Landslide distribution to geological units, thrust zone, slope, aspect, and rainfall amount along with the geotechnical properties are manifested and the relation between each selected factor is discussed. The study shows that a multidisciplinary technique provides the better option for landslide characterization.
... Similarly, the soil in the slopes has typical geotechnical properties that play a vital role in landslide initiation (Bhandari & Dhakal, 2020b;Yalcin, 2011;Yalcin, 2011;Tofani et al., 2017;Bicocchi et al., 2019). Continuous rainfall on adverse topography and geology leads to the landslide process in the mountainous areas of the Himalayan region (Weidinger, 1998;Borga et al., 2002;Fernandes et al., 2004;Zhang et al., 2012;Ching et al., 2018;Hennrich and Crozier, 2004;Talebi et al., 2008;Kayastha et al., 2013). ...
The landslide is a common problem in the Siwalik zone of Nepal Himalaya during the monsoon period. The heterogeneity of lithology comprising of thickly bedded sandstone and mudstone, weakly cemented conglomerate beds, and permeable quaternary deposits on moderate to steep slopes are primarily responsible for the landslide in this zone. In this study, a multidisciplinary approach is used for the landslide characterization. The polygon-based landslide inventory map was prepared by using Sentinel-2, Landsat-8, and Google Earth imageries. The draft inventory map was verified and updated by several field visits. The final inventory map was overlaid with topographical, geological, and hydrological maps in Q-GIS and explored the landslide characteristics. Landslide distribution to geological units, thrust zone, slope, aspect, and rainfall amount along with the geotechnical properties are manifested and the relation between each selected factor is discussed. The study shows that a multidisciplinary technique provides the better option for landslide characterization.
... Landslides have a direct impact on human society which can cause economic losses, casualties. The cause of landslides is when the slopes are disturbed by precipitation, earthquakes, erosion, alternation of hydrogeologic regimes, or a combination of these factors (Keefer 1984;Xu et al. 2013;Hung et al. 2018Hung et al. , 2019. Among these factors, earthquakes have been indicated as important in triggering the landslides by a large number of investigations. ...
... Acknowledging finite element analysis as a practical and effective method to investigate earthquake-induced response (e.g., earthquake-induced displacement) (Hung et al. , 2018Lin et al. 2017), in-depth numerical analyses were conducted to investigate the relationship between Arias Intensity and earthquake-induced displacement. The area that occurred Tsaoling landslide, which is the largest landslide, the most well-known, and best-documented landslide among several large landslides triggering by the 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake, is selected as a study area. ...
A rainfall-induced debris flow disaster occurred in Shelong Gully on the 22th June, 2019. More than 26,300 m² of farmland and 14 houses were buried and transportation and power supply broke down in the worst catastrophe in the history of Shelong area. To investigate this disaster, a detailed interpretation was carried out using (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) UAV-based images. Analysis of disaster characteristics based on images and field survey revealed that the disaster could be identified as a consequence of compound mountain hazards including mass movements and mountain torrent in Shelong Gully. Moreover, the dynamic process of debris flow was analysed by using the finite difference method. Its dynamic characteristics indicated that the structure of debris materials changed during the movement process of debris flow. The results reveal that the loose materials, steep terrain condition and abundant rainfall are the main causal factors of this disaster event. This research on the analysis of hazard formation conditions and dynamic process for debris flows is of guiding significance to the formulation of disaster risk assessment and disaster mitigation plans.
... Landslides have a direct impact on human society which can cause economic losses, casualties. The cause of landslides is when the slopes are disturbed by precipitation, earthquakes, erosion, alternation of hydrogeologic regimes, or a combination of these factors (Keefer 1984;Xu et al. 2013;Hung et al. 2018Hung et al. , 2019. Among these factors, earthquakes have been indicated as important in triggering the landslides by a large number of investigations. ...
... Acknowledging finite element analysis as a practical and effective method to investigate earthquake-induced response (e.g., earthquake-induced displacement) (Hung et al. , 2018Lin et al. 2017), in-depth numerical analyses were conducted to investigate the relationship between Arias Intensity and earthquake-induced displacement. The area that occurred Tsaoling landslide, which is the largest landslide, the most well-known, and best-documented landslide among several large landslides triggering by the 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake, is selected as a study area. ...
Disasters Risks, generated by the interaction of complex human and natural systems, are more significant, more complicated, and more difficult to foresee. Silk Road spans Asia, Europe, and Africa, involving more than 140 countries and nearly 66% of the world population. Relevant studies show that the countries along the Silk Road area suffered from the most frequent natural hazards and the most severe losses in the world. In order to promote social and economic development in Silk Road areas, it is urgent to carry out comprehensive research on disaster risk and disaster reduction. This compels new conceptual and analytical approaches to improve understanding of disaster risk at different scales. This paper presents the Silk Road disaster risk assessment at four scales, which could serve a different purpose. It is a robust response to one of the prioritized areas of Sendai Framework on Disaster Risk Reduction for people to understand disaster risk better.
