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Cerebral coenurosis is caused by Coenurus cerebralis, the larval stage of Taenia multiceps. The metacestode causes severe lesions in the brain and spinal cord of the intermediate host, so-called "gid" or "stagger" disease. Whereas, the non-cerebral coenurosis caused by Coenurus gaigeri, the larval stage of Taenia gaigeri, particularly affects goats...
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... length of the adult T. multiceps is up to 100 cm. The scolex has four cup shaped suckers and bears a rostellum which has two rows of hooks (Fig. 6). The number of hooks in each scolex is variable, ranging from 22 to 32 (Fig. 7). The length of the large hooks has been recorded from 180 to 198 µm and the length of the small hooks ranges 108 to 126 µm (Soulsby, 1982;Desouky et al., 2011). Although T. gaigeri is morphologically similar to T. multiceps but its scolex has one rostellum ...
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Coenurosis caused by Coenurus cerebralis, the larval stage of Taenia multiceps, particularly affects sheep and goats. In this case report, two coenurus cysts were detected under the lumbar spinal cord (outside the CNS) in a goat. We first described cysts in the macro- and micro-morphological examination. The cysts were identified as C. cerebralis o...
Citations
... The definitive hosts are dogs and wild carnivores (Avcioglu et al, 2012). The two intermediate stages of T. multiceps are Coenurus cerebralis and Coenurus gaigeri, causing cerebral and non-cerebral infection in small ruminants, respectively (Oryan et al, 2014). This infection occurs in either solitary or generalised cystic forms (Patro et al, 1997). ...
... The cyst is filled with 400-500 invaginated protoscoleces organised into 1-23 clusters visible as white dots connected to the membrane. The life cycle completes in 40-60 days when the definitive hosts ingest the fertile coenurus with mature protoscoleces (5,6). ...
... The diagnosis of coenurosis is challenging and can be mistaken for other similar diseases and conditions like listeriosis, bovine spongiform encephalopathy, rabies, vitamin B1 deficiency, brain abscess and cerebral echinococcosis. For the correct diagnosis, the veterinarian must consider the age of the animal, clinical signs, and the results of diagnostic imaging and post-mortem examinations (1,6). In our case, the diagnosis was based on the clinical signs typical for coenurosis and the postmortem finding of the cyst in the cerebrum. ...
Coenurosis is a cystic parasitic disease affecting ruminants and other mammals worldwide. The disease is caused by Coenurus cerebralis , the larval stage of the tapeworm Taenia multiceps. Sheep and goats are frequently infected, while cases in cattle are rare. Here we describe the first recorded case of bovine coenurosis in North Macedonia. The diagnosis was based on the neurological clinical signs and the postmortem findings of a 1-year-old bull with symptoms typical for coenurosis, i.e. ataxia, circling movements, mild depression and impaired vision. Postmortem, a cyst was found in the left cerebral hemisphere and was confirmed as fertile Coenurus cerebralis by parasitological analysis. These findings suggest that coenurosis should be considered part of the differential diagnosis in cattle with neurological symptoms. This highlights the need for routine surveillance of this disease in livestock and proactive tracking of the parasite in the final hosts to enhance disease management.
... The cyst is filled with 400-500 invaginated protoscoleces organised into 1-23 clusters visible as white dots connected to the membrane. The life cycle completes in 40-60 days when the definitive hosts ingest the fertile coenurus with mature protoscoleces (5,6). ...
... The diagnosis of coenurosis is challenging and can be mistaken for other similar diseases and conditions v like listeriosis, bovine spongiform encephalopathy, rabies, vitamin B1 deficiency, brain abscess and cerebral echinococcosis. For the correct diagnosis, the veterinarian must consider the age of the animal, clinical signs, and the results of diagnostic imaging and post-mortem examinations (1,6). In our case, the diagnosis was based on the clinical signs typical for coenurosis and the postmortem finding of the cyst in the cerebrum. ...
Coenurosis is a cystic parasitic disease affecting ruminants and other mammals worldwide. The disease is caused by Coenurus cerebralis, the larval stage of the tapeworm Taenia multiceps. Sheep and goats are frequently infected, while cases in cattle are rare. Here we describe the first recorded case of bovine coenurosis in North Macedonia. The diagnosis was based on the neurological clinical signs and the postmortem findings of a 1-year-old bull with symptoms typical for coenurosis, i.e. ataxia, circling movements, mild depression and impaired vision. Postmortem, a cyst was found in the left cerebral hemisphere and was confirmed as fertile Coenurus cerebralis by parasitological analysis. These findings suggest that coenurosis should be considered part of the differential diagnosis in cattle with neurological symptoms. This highlights the need for routine surveillance of this disease in livestock and proactive tracking of the parasite in the final hosts to enhance disease management.
... High temperature, restlessness, high respiration, appetite loss and unable to stand were also observed as described by (Shiferaw & Abdela, 2016). Other neurological symptoms which were observed include blindness of either left/ right or both eyes as observed by (Oryan et al., 2014) . In chronic condition paralysis also observed as by (Al-Riyami et al., 2016) In the present study, CSF was collected from suspected goats for cytological examination. ...
Coenurosis, which is also known as gid is a stage, which causes infection especially in goats, sheeps and sometimes also in human. This is the intermediate stage of the tapeworm of carnivores, known as Taenia multiceps. Blood, CSF, brain and cyst samples of total 30 (N=30) were obtained from the affected goats.CBC, serum biochemistry, PCR, cytology and histopathology was performed. The data about owner, management and conditions were recorded. Chi-square test and Independent t-test was used for analysis.Statistical analysis was performed on Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (IBM SPSS version 25) software. This study done yield data about the status of acute and chronic form of Coenurosis cerebralis in goats population of district Lahore and its cytological effects and histopathological lesion,as well as, its hematological effects and molecular characterization.The study findings helped in designing some strict measures for minimizing economic losses in livestock industry of Pakistan.
... Albendazole drug (25 mg/kg) was used to treat the affected lambs based on the recommendations (Oryan et al., 2014;Varcasia et al., 2022). The administration of this drug was not effective in the treatment of the patients, although it seemed that starvation and weakness due to blindness were the cause of death of the affected lambs. ...
Six 100‐day‐old mixed‐breed lambs were examined in a farm with a semi‐intensive system due to neurologic signs. Cachexia, bilateral blindness, stupor, severe drowsiness and lethargy with left and right movements of the head and neck were recorded after awakening and stimulation. Lambs died 10 days after the onset of the clinical signs. The lambs were necropsied, and after routine parasitology, bacteriology and histopathology, the occurrence of acute coenurosis was confirmed due to finding multiple cystic structures in the brain tissue. All lambs of the herd were treated with albendazole (orally, 25 mg/kg, two doses with an interval of 14 days). All shepherd dogs were treated with popantel (orally, one tablet/10 kg, two doses with an interval of 14 days). The affected lambs died despite this treatment. No new case of the disease was observed after the initiation of control measures. The present study shows the importance of preventive measure against coenurosis in a semi‐intensive sheep farming system that includes implementing consistent parasite control programme in dogs being in contact with sheep.
... In addition, a large number of scolices (400-500) appearing as white clusters are attached to the internal layer of the cyst wall. The cysts may be found in brain, spinal cord, and to a lesser extent in intramuscular and subcutaneous tissues [33][34][35] . Coenurosis (infection with C. cerebralis) is a fatal parasitic disease of the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) of domestic and wild ruminants, pigs, horses and humans 36 . ...
Comparative electric behavior of Cysticercus tenuicollis, Hydatid cyst and Coenurus cerebralis at the Very Low Frequency (VLF) region has been studied in detail. This investigation could be significant, because of the economic and public health importance of these parasitic infections in domestic animals. In this report, a single cell signal recording technique has been adopted for comparison using a stainless steel (type: 316, diameter: ~ 300 µm, height: 2.00 cm) two identical electrode system, implanted on the surface of the tested cysts with inter electrode distance of 0.50 cm at a ~ 6.0 giga ohm (GΩ) sealed condition (based on the situation of the implanted electrode system). This process was achieved based on applying electrical interaction between the cysts and the VLF electrical signal. Relative to the measured time domain signal (Current–time diagram), the frequency domain (Current-frequency diagram) was estimated via applying a “Discrete Fast Fourier Transform” (DFFT) algorithm at a fixed time interval (5.0 min). Factors, having important influence on the sensitivity of the detection system including the type (waveform) of different alternating-current (AC) triggering stimulus signals (such as direct current, square wave, triangular, sin (t), etc.), the amplitude, as well as the frequency were optimized automatically through a written “Visual Basic 6” program by one-factor-at-a-time method. Direct applying this AC triggering VLF voltage to the cysts resulted in tracing an AC electrical current vs. time that considered as the time domain wave. However, this electrical current was decayed rapidly versus time during maximum 30.0 s time scale. Applying the DFFT algorithm to the measured time domain, resulted in accessing to the frequency domain at the selected frequency range between 2 and 5 kHz that was considered as the selected frequency for the selective differentiation of C. tenuicollis, Hydatid cyst and C. cerebralis. The related probable mechanism of this process may be attributed to the correlation between the triggering potential and the cyst’s electrical surface charge (Zeta potential) as the current source under similar conditions. The results of this study may help to introduce a new detection system for in vivo recognition of the cysts in future.
... The intermediate hosts become infected after consuming food or water contaminated with the eggs that hatch in the intestine, and the oncospheres migrate via the bloodstream to all of the body. The oncospheres that reach the central nervous system (CNS) (1-3 weeks post infection) can continue development (Oryan et al., 2014). Around 6-8 months later, fully grown fluid-filled coenuri are formed (Varcasia et al., 2022). ...
... Around 6-8 months later, fully grown fluid-filled coenuri are formed (Varcasia et al., 2022). The coenuri can also be developed, particularly in goats, outside the CNS in various locations including intramuscular fascia, subcutaneous tissues, peritoneal cavity and various organs (Oryan et al., 2014). ...
... However, the published data are rather fragmentary and the link between the occurrence of the disease in definitive and intermediate hosts in most countries is missing, leaving a large gap in the epidemiology of this parasite and underlines the need for further analyses. Several narrative reviews that lack statistical analysis have been published to evaluate T. multiceps infections worldwide (Sharma and Chauhan, 2006;Oryan et al., 2014;Varcasia et al., 2022). ...
In the present study, all published data on the epidemiology and molecular characters of Taenia multiceps were systematically collected from relevant databases (e.g. PubMed, Scopus, National Center for Biotechnology Information), and combined in various statistical and genetic analyses as a contribution to a better understanding of the epidemiology of this ubiquitous taeniid worldwide. While 5.8% of the key hosts (dogs) from various countries had T. multiceps , grey wolves displayed the highest prevalence (21.6%) among the definitive hosts. Small ruminants are the main intermediate hosts and carry the coenuri in various locations, but most commonly in the central nervous system (CNS). Cerebral coenuri were confirmed in 53% of sheep exhibiting neurological symptoms, and infected animals often had only a single coenurus in the brain. Sheep had a higher prevalence (8.8%) of CNS coenuri than goats (5.8%); however, extra-CNS coenuri were detected more frequently in goats than in sheep. In either case, the difference between sheep and goats was statistically insignificant. Analysis of 233 partial cytochrome oxidase subunit I nucleotide sections for T. multiceps revealed high haplotype and low nucleotide diversities. Fifty-one haplotypes were detected circulating in 6 geographic populations. China, Iran and Turkey had 2 major haplotypes, whereas Italy and Egypt shared 3. Haplotypes from Greece circulate worldwide, and displayed similar gene flow values when compared with the other populations. There were no distinct patterns for haplotype distribution in relation to the infected hosts or coenuri locations. The existence of genetic variants in T. multiceps was highlighted, but needs further studies.
... The mature metacestode, C. cerebralis, measures 50-60 mm in diameter and appears in infected tissue as a white fluid-filled cyst encased in an adventitious membrane composed of connective tissue [15,21]. The cyst is characterized by this thin and transparent membrane, which surrounds 400-500 protoscoleces that are invaginated from the inner membrane and are grouped into a variable number of clusters (from one to 23), which appear as white dots attached to the internal membrane (Fig. 1c) [8,15,17,22]. The protoscoleces measure 281.9 μm (± 49 μm) in diameter and contain four suckers; they also have a large rostellum, 314.6 μm (± 60 μm) in length, with large and small hooks arranged in two rows [17,23]. ...
... In the small intestine of an intermediate host, the oncosphere hatches from an egg and travels through the intestinal wall, primarily reaching the CNS via the bloodstream, where it encysts and matures over several months into an infective coenurus [1,25]. The metacestode may also develop and mature in subcutaneous, intramuscular tissues and peritoneal areas as well as in organs such as the heart and lungs of sheep and goats [8,[26][27][28][29][30][31][32]. The oncosphere develops in the following stages: on day 8-10 post-infection (PI), it reaches the CNS and then migrates actively in the CNS from day 10 to 33 to reach its final destination; on day 40, it turns into a pyriform vesicle with just visible scoleces; after 2 months, it is the size of a cherry. ...
... Coenurosis in sheep is referred to as acute or chronic gid or sturdy [8,40]. Acute coenurosis occurs as a result of the migration of oncospheres in the CNS, and the severity of the clinical signs is strictly related to the number of viable eggs ingested by the lamb, the immune status of the host (animals raised without their mothers' colostrum are most susceptible), localization of the parasites in the CNS and inflammatory response [1,40,70]. ...
Taenia multiceps is a taeniid cestode that inhabits the small intestines of both wild and domestic carnivores. The larval stage, Coenurus cerebralis, is typically found in the central nervous system (CNS) of a wide range of livestock and, to a lesser extent, in the extra-cerebral tissues of sheep and goats. This review covers all aspects of the life cycle of T. multiceps and its epidemiology, molecular characterization, pathogenesis, diagnosis, therapy, control and zoonotic potential. Coenurosis caused by the larval stage of T. multiceps has a worldwide distribution and is often fatal in intermediate hosts, which can result in substantial economic losses in livestock farming. Molecular characterization using the mitochondrial genes cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide dehydrogenase subunit 1 of different T. multiceps populations has revealed significant genetic variation and the presence of three major haplotypes. The disease mostly affects young sheep and is referred to as either acute or chronic coenurosis. Acute coenurosis occurs as a result of oncospheres migrating through the CNS, while chronic coenurosis occurs as a consequence of the coenurus maturing, which causes displacement and pressure atrophy of brain tissue. Non-cerebral coenurosis has been most commonly reported in goats. The best diagnostic method for cerebral coenurosis involves the interpretation of clinical signs with accurate localization of the cyst using diagnostic imaging techniques. A vaccine based on recombinant oncosphere antigens has proved to be an effective tool against T. multiceps infection in sheep. Additionally, use of anthelmintics during the parasite’s migration stages reduces the development of cysts in the sheep brain. Surgery is considered the most effective method for the treatment of cerebral coenurosis in small ruminants, but is often not carried out because of the limited finances of many sheep and goat breeders. However, coenurosis can also be controlled effectively through preventative measures, such as anthelmintic treatment of dogs and the proper disposal of intermediate host carcasses. The parasite is also zoonotic, and cases of coenurosis have been reported in humans with coenuri located in the brain, spinal cord and eyes.
Graphical abstract
... Variable sensitivity and specificity values were reported using serology applied in detection larval stages of T. multiceps (Doganay et al, 1997;Wang et al, 2015). Currently, molecular detection based on different types of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay has been used to specifically identify the parasite, and distinctly to detect genetic intra-specific variation (Scala and Varcasia, 2006;Oryan et al, 2014). In Iraq, high prevalence of different parasites was demonstrated in sheep using the molecular techniques (Khlaty and Aiz, 2015;Al-Shaeli et al, 2020). ...
... once orally. Previous authors also suggested fenbendazole or albendzole @ 50mg/kg for non-cerebral coenurosis (Constable et al., 2017) though no specific therapeutic strategies have been recommended yet (Oryan et al., 2014) and fenbendazole @ 50mg/kg with praziquantel @ 50-500mg/kg as effective regimen for cerebral coenurosis (Gazaei, 2007). ...
... However, no recovery was noticed and the kid still appeared lethargic due to the pain in most of the skeletal muscles. The kid was reported to be in recumbency and died within few days, which might presumably be due to muscular degeneration, necrosis and pain with lameness, paresis and paralysis or atrophy and impaired function of any organs like lungs, kidney or diaphragm (Oryan et al., 2014). ...
A four months old kid exhibited the signs of puffed appearance throughout the body, lethargy and mild diarrhoea. Examination of fluid from the swellings confirmed coenurosis in several muscular regions and the faecal examination revealed Eimeria spp. Haemato-biochemical analysis revealed mild anaemia, haemoglobinemia, lymphopenia, leukocytosis associated with neutrophilia, increased blood urea nitrogen and hypophophosphatemia. The case was treated with fenbendazole and sulphadimidine and completely recovered from intestinal coccidiosis. However, the kid didn't respond to the anthelmintic and succumbed to severe coenurosis.
