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The scheme of the area where the cement factory is with a rotary cement kiln with clinker: 1. branch fan A; 2. branch fan B; 3. heat exchanger; 4. rotary cement kiln with clinker; 5. barbecue type cooler; 6. clinker crasher; 7.conveyers; 8. coal mill; 9. coal silo; 10. coal bunker; 11. milled coal silo; 12.proportioning system; 13. bag filter; 14. supply of used tires; 15.burner; 16.prefiring; 17. primary air fan; 18.electer filter; 19. conveyor belts; 20. clinker silos; 21. dust filters; 22. hot gas pipeline; 23. supply of oil sludge; and 24. NOx reduction installation.
Source publication
From the available statistical data, cement factories co-process a range of over 100 types of waste (sorted both industrial and household) being authorized for their use as combustion components in clinker ovens. Therefore, the level of emissions is different depending on the type of fuels and waste used. The amount of industrial and municipal co-p...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... order to obtain Portland cement, the raw materials (basic material = limestone, clay, marble), which are finely shredded and the fuel (coal, oil, gas, oil sludge, used tires, various types of previously processed waste) are introduced. This mixture is burned at a temperature of about 1450 • C. In the furnace (Figure 1), the base material and the ash resulting from the combustion of the fuel are transformed into a fluid mass that at the exit is suddenly cooled, solidifying. Then the clinker, thus obtained, is finely shredded together with the addition of gypsum, resulting in Portland cement. ...
Context 2
... Tables 1 and 2, as well as from Figure 3, it is noted, however, that HCl and HF emission levels have increased during the analysis done in the last 2 years, which could be accounted for by the increasing quantities of waste used in the clinker kiln. For the second cement factory, the obtained values for the samples are presented in Tables 3 and 4. Figure 1. ...
Context 3
... reduce dust emissions that include HCl and HF, filter bags or high-performance electrophiles are used, as shown in Figure 1. Modern technologies have also been adopted in a cement factory in Romania, which uses low-emission burners, and the grinding and burning processes have undergone extensive optimization operations, including through the selective non-catalytic reduction or addition of specific absorbers. ...
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We hereby report the case of a 31 years old male patient who attended our Accident and Emergency unit in May2022 complaining of pain and chemical burns on the distal phalanx of the five digits of the right hand. He reportedthat approximately 24 hours earlier, while cleaning the hull of a boat, his hand had been splashed with a cleaningsolution that contained hydrofluoric acid 10%. He had immediately rinsed his hand with water. Around 24 hoursafter the incident he began to develop blisters and increasing pain. On clinical examination, the patient presenteddeep burns and edema on volar and dorsal aspect of the distal phalanx of the right five digits .He presented a lightlydecreased capillary refill, but had normal pulses and sensation. The US scan showed the integrity of the digitalarteries and veins, as the flow was preserved. The patient was accurately and thoroughly irrigated with salinesolution. Full blood count, renal and hepatic function tests were performed. Ecg and abg were carried out. All testswere normal. Calcium gluconate was injected locally as per guidelines .One day later, the severe pain subsided aswell as the wounds and edema improved moderately.
... Cement production is a particle-generating operation connected with many processes including crushing and extraction of mined rocks, milling activities, and kiln operations. Cement production releases solid waste substances and gaseous pollutants such as NOx, SO 2 and CO 2 into the environment (Huntzinger et al., 2009;Lei et al., 2011;Voicu et al., 2020). Contaminants such as heavy and trace elements and organic compounds like dioxins and furans are associated with cement kilns (Van-Oss and Padovani, Arfala et al., 2018). ...
The present study investigated environmental impacts of cement production on surface water quality and vegetation around the vicinity of the industry. A two-year study was conducted covering both wet and dry seasons. Water samples were collected from Akinbo River where the Cement industry discharges its liquid waste/effluents. Samples were analysed for physical and chemical parameters using standard procedures. The vegetation around the factory was studied for chlorophyll, plant density, basal areas and heights of woody species. The study also assessed the health impacts of cement production activities on the workers and the residents around the factory. The health assessment was based on the hospital information obtained from two clinics in the nearby villages. The water quality results revealed high concentrations of Ca and Fe. All the trees sampled around the study area had small basal areas and short heights. There was also a significant reduction in the chlorophyll contents of vegetations around the cement factory. The health study showed a high incidence of upper respiratory tract infections, cardiovascular diseases, arthritis, and dermatitis among the cement factory workers. The present study suggests an upward review of the dust-suppressing system in use by the industry for the protection of public health.
... Mercury in the human settlement environment may be anthropogenic (Loredo et al. 2003;Rutter et al. 2009;Guo et al. 2021), and natural mercury may be present if volcanoes and geothermal springs are located near urban or rural settlements (Michaud et al. 2005;Bagnato et al. 2014 or near some seas and oceans (Kalinchuk et al. 2021). Hydrogen chloride in the urban environment can also be from anthropogenic sources (Jonnalagadda et al. 1991;Bari et al. 2003;Voicu et al. 2020) and from natural sources, such as active crater lakes (Rouwet and Ohba 2015) and active volcanoes (Aiuppa et al. 2006;Inostroza et al. 2020). Similar examples have been given for heavy metals that are products of anthropogenic sources (Ionita et al. 2017;Bu et al. 2020) or sources of natural origin if urban and rural settlements are located near territories of seismically active zones (Yalcin et al. 2003;Baykara and Dogru 2010), tectonic movements along faults (Rudnik and Melnikov 2010), or near crater lakes (Pena-Ocana et al. 2021) and volcanoes (Shruti et al. 2018). ...
In settlements, special attention is given to the study of anthropogenic aerosol pollution, and insufficient attention is given to natural sources of pollution, especially from active zones of the Earth. The aim of this work was to study atmospheric pollution (the Srednyaya Akhtuba village (Volgograd region, Russia)) using indicators (pH; EC, μS/cm) of aerosol suspensions (washing off aerosols from the leaves of Prunus armeniaca L.) during 2018–2020 and the forecast of pollution sources. Research hypothesis: low mineralization and close to neutral acidity of aerosol suspensions indicate the purity of the atmospheric air, and there is no load of anthropogenic and natural sources. Acid mineralized aerosols were found in the residential area of Srednyaya Akhtuba, which indicates air pollution during 2018–2020. The correlation relationship between pH and EC in μS/cm was investigated using standard least squares regression. The results obtained indicate statistically significant differences between the experimental territory and the (relatively) clean location from 2018 to 2020 in terms of the studied indicators, as well as the revealed correlation between them in Srednyaya Akhtuba village, which indicates the revealed patterns and the influence of the system factor. Anthropogenic and natural sources were the system factors. The authors predict an active underground ancient volcanic zone in the area of Srednyaya Akhtuba with a possible natural load on the residential areas of the village, the assumption of which is based on analysis of heat anomaly maps using the Landsat-8 program and other programs.
... The development of urbanization implies an increased demand for cement, and implicitly, an increase in carbon dioxide emissions [4][5][6]. This paper highlights the positive impact of ash from sewage sludge in the construction industry. ...
This paper presents an analysis of the literature that studies the possibility of sewage sludge being used in the cement industry to reduce carbon dioxide emissions from cement production and thus solve the problem of disposing of sewage sludge so that it is no longer stored, avoiding soil pollution with heavy metals, and reducing pressure on the environment. The ash of sewage sludge is a good pozzolanic material, because when it is finely ground, it can be used as a partial substitute for Portland cement. This reduces waste storage costs. Sewage sludge ash was mixed with cement, and it was analyzed to determine whether the paste obtained could be used as a raw material in the cement industry. The presented results are on the hydration characteristics of the sewage sludge ash, the compressive strength of the cement determined after different days, the workability of the cement, and the porosity of the cement paste and the ash.
... The measurements were performed under reference conditions for atmospheric emissions: 273 K, p = 101.3 kPa, dry gas, 10% O2 concentration [43]. ...
This paper presents aspects of monitoring material dust emissions from stationary emission sources (monthly dust measurements performed on cement mill stacks—mill outlet and separator outlet). Additionally, the Portland cement mill technological process (its component parts), as well as the solutions regarding the reduction of the air emissions level, following the emission limit values (VLE), established in the integrated environmental authorization (AIM) from a cement factory in Romania, were analyzed. The paper focused on analyzing the data obtained in three different years for PM10 and dust concentrations (2018–2020). For each year, the measurements have been done in 3 months, each in a different season. The average values for each year for working conditions were: 30.22 mg/m3 (2018), 27.38 mg/m3 (2019), and 27.51 mg/m3 (2020) for working conditions and for normal conditions: 34.22 mg/m3 (2018), 30.49 mg/m3 (2019), and 30.16 mg/m3 (2020). For all 3 years, the values measured in spring were higher than the other two, both for work and normal conditions.
... However, the AP of using mining residues still have lower proportions than REF (1.87 × 10 −1 kg SO2 eq.). The emissions from the combustion processes of the kilns in a cement industry may release HCl and HF [46], with repercussions in the AP. ...
The use of secondary mining resources to replace conventional constituents in mortars production has proved the effectiveness to preserve the quality of mechanical, physical, and chemical properties. However, minimal research has been performed to quantify the environmental impacts of mortars with mining residues. In the present work, a life cycle assessment of 10 mortars was carried out. A reference mortar (100% of cement binder) and mortars with cement substitutions in 10, 25, and 50% by raw, electrodialytic treated, and electrodialytic plus thermal treated mining residues were analysed. The impacts were studied in six environmental categories: (1) abiotic depletion; (2) global warming; (3) ozone depletion; (4) photochemical ozone creation; (5) acidification; and (6) eutrophication potentials. The results demonstrated that mortars formulated with raw mining residues may decrease the environmental impacts, namely in global warming potential (55.1 kg CO2 eq./t modified mortar). Considering the treatments applied to mining residues, the major mitigations were reported in photochemical ozone creation (−99%), ozone depletion (−76 to −98%), and acidification potential (−90 to −94%), mainly due to the disposal impacts avoided in comparison to the reference mortar. Analysing all mortars’ constituents and their management options, products with electrodialytic treated mining residues showed higher influence in ozone depletion (18 to 52%). Coupling a thermal procedure, mining residues contributed for 99% of the abiotic depletion potential of mortars.
The rate of respiratory system diseases in humans is continually increasing worldwide. This increase correlates with a decline in air quality. Increased air pollution worldwide is a major contributing factor to air pollution affecting the human respiratory system, resulting from both human and natural activities. However, in the modern era, air pollution caused by human activities, including transportation, industry, and land clearing, plays a more significant role in respiratory system disturbances among humans. These disturbances occur when the general population and workers in specific workplaces inhale air pollutants. This chapter provides an in-depth exploration of the physiology of the respiratory system, which is primarily affected by various types of air pollutants. Additionally, it discusses the effects of air pollution and summarizes the respiratory system diseases observed in the general population, workers, and vulnerable groups.
The production of fly ash as a solid waste of coal combustion increases with electricity demand growth in Indonesia. Fly ash is usually discarded in landfills due to its lack of utilization. Poor handling of the material can cause pollution and harm to human health. One potential of fly ash that can be further explored is as an alternative source of rare earth elements. The use of citric acid in the recovery process will be more environmentally friendly. The magnetic phase of fly ash is used as it is more favorable for the leaching process due to the smaller amount of acid-resistant components. This research aims to study the leaching mechanisms, evaluate the effect of temperature and acid concentration, and determine the appropriate kinetics model. Magnetic fly ash of less than 38 µm was leached using 300 mL of citric acid with an S/L ratio of 1:10 at a 400 rpm stirring rate. The leaching experiments were carried out for 4 h and samples were taken at the designated time. Acid concentration of 0.5 M, 1 M, 1.5 M, and 2 M was used, while the temperature was varied from 25 ºC, 45 ºC, 65 ºC, and 75 ºC to 90 ºC. The results show that acid concentration does not affect La, Ce, and Y recovery. Meanwhile, the temperature has a significant impact where the recovery increases as temperature elevates. Leaching at lower temperatures (25 ºC and 45 ºC) fits the Z–L–T kinetics model, while at higher temperatures (65 ºC, 75 ºC, and 90 ºC) it follows the Kröger-Ziegler model.Graphical Abstract
Background.
Cement plants generate particulate matter (PM) across processes from raw material preparation to packaging. The presence of total suspended particulates (TSP) coming out of the stack causes a high accumulation of dust in residential areas. Human exposure to TSP could affect human health and wellbeing.
Objectives.
The present study aims to evaluate concentrations of TSP and to estimate the health risks of TSP exposure through the inhalation pathway in communities surrounding a private cement industry in Maros regency, Indonesia.
Methods.
Total suspended particulates were collected using a high-volume air sampler (HVAS) at five locations. Samples were taken by grab sampling for 24 hours. The SCREEN3 program was used to view the maximum range and distribution of pollutants based on the geographical, stack profiles and meteorological factors in the study area. Hazard quotient (HQ) was used to estimate non-carcinogenic risks of TSP in surrounding communities.
Results.
Total suspended particulate concentrations were measured with a maximum value of 133.24 μg/m3 and a minimum value of 18.48 μg/m3. This maximum value exceeds the minimum acceptable level from Canadian National Ambient Air Quality Objectives (C-NAAQOs). The non-carcinogenic risks from the inhalation pathway were low except for location 3 (HQ>1) across all locations.
Conclusions.
The cement plant may significantly contribute to total TSP concentrations in air and may potentially have adverse effects on human health. Communities near the cement plant are vulnerable to TSP exposure and measures are needed to reduce TSP in Maros regency, Indonesia.
