Fig 1 - uploaded by Anicuta Stoica
Content may be subject to copyright.
Source publication
Lucrarea prezinta un studiu privind stabilitatea emulsiilor simple si a emulsiilor duble de tip apa/ulei/apa cu ajutorul microscopiei optice. Au fost studiati factorii ce influenteaza stabilitatea emulsiei: compozitia emulsiei si timpul de agitare. Pentru emulsiile duble s-a studiat comportarea emulsiei in functie de timpul de contact al emulsiei p...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... Water-in-oil-in-water emulsions (W/O/W) have a growing number of applications due to their ability to entrap water-soluble materials. In most the cases double emulsion are used for slow and sustained release of active matter from an internal reservoir into the continuous phase [3]. A schematic representation of a W/O/W emulsion is presented in Fig. 1. The W/O/W emulsions can be also used to entrap matter from outer diluted continuous phase into internal phase. They can be used for water purification in this form, for advanced separation and purification of biological products especially obtained by fermentation [4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12]. The most promising application is ...
Context 2
... emulsions compositions and observations on the emulsion stability are presented in Table 2. Photographs of simple W/O are double W/O/W emulsions are presented in Fig. 1. The primary emulsion consisted of paraffin oil, lecithin as surfactant and NaOH aqueous solution as internal phase. The photos are taken after 10 minutes of agitation during emulsion preparation and after 10, 20 and 60 minutes for a double emulsion W/O/W. As it can be initially, seen the emulsion is very stable (Fig. 1 a), but after ...
Context 3
... emulsions are presented in Fig. 1. The primary emulsion consisted of paraffin oil, lecithin as surfactant and NaOH aqueous solution as internal phase. The photos are taken after 10 minutes of agitation during emulsion preparation and after 10, 20 and 60 minutes for a double emulsion W/O/W. As it can be initially, seen the emulsion is very stable (Fig. 1 a), but after long contact times with aqueous external phase (as double emulsion) diameter drops are increasing, which is a swelling consequence (Fig. ...
Context 4
... photos are taken after 10 minutes of agitation during emulsion preparation and after 10, 20 and 60 minutes for a double emulsion W/O/W. As it can be initially, seen the emulsion is very stable (Fig. 1 a), but after long contact times with aqueous external phase (as double emulsion) diameter drops are increasing, which is a swelling consequence (Fig. ...
Citations
... Li feigned the emulsion liquid membrane (ELM) in 1968 [24,27]. An ELM is established by emulsifying the accepter phase in an immiscible organic liquid and interspersing this water-in-oil (W/O) emulsion into the surrounding donor solution [24,27,29,30]. It consists of a three-phase dispersion system as shown in Fig. 3 [29]. ...
... An ELM is established by emulsifying the accepter phase in an immiscible organic liquid and interspersing this water-in-oil (W/O) emulsion into the surrounding donor solution [24,27,29,30]. It consists of a three-phase dispersion system as shown in Fig. 3 [29]. Surfactants, carriers, and organic diluents all act homogeneously to act ELM [31,32]. ...
... The extraction and stripping of the analyte occurred in one step in the ELM process [31]. The diluent, carrier, concentration [29]. of surfactant, and agitation level are important factors affecting on ELM system [30]. The emulsions are thermodynamically unstable which causes creaming, flocculation, coalescence, cracking, and swelling of emulsion [29,32]. ...
Environmental pollution is experiencing an alarming surge within the global ecosystem, warranting urgent attention. Among the significant challenges that demand immediate resolution, effective treatment of industrial pollutants stands out prominently, which for decades has been the focus of most researchers for sustainable industrial development aiming to remove those pollutants and recover some of them. The liquid membrane (LM) method, specifically electromembrane extraction (EME), offers promise. EME deploys an electric field, reducing extraction time and energy use while staying eco-friendly. However, there's a crucial knowledge gap. Despite strides in understanding and applying EME, optimizing it for diverse industrial pollutants and environmental conditions remains uncharted. Future research must expand EME's applicability, assess its environmental impact versus other methods, and boost scalability, cost-effectiveness, and energy efficiency in industry. Advances in novel liquid membrane materials can enhance extraction efficiency and selectivity, aiming to provide efficient, sustainable industrial pollutant treatment. This research provides a review of the existing practices in the field of liquid membranes when coupled with the application of an electric field.
... Although the formation and stability of multiple emulsions has been the subject of a many papers [28], most research has been directed at reducing these limitations by applying more surfactants to the membrane phase, changing the materials used for support, testing new extractants [24], adding a stabilizer [12,29,30], or adding an electrolyte to the aqueous solution [31]. Other parameters reported in the literature that can influence stability include the stripping agent concentration, volume ratio, stirring speed, pH, and temperature [32]. ...
Emulation liquid membrane (ELM) technology has recently garnered attention as an efficient alternative for separating pollutants, but it faces the problem of instability during the application, as well as emulsion breaking. With this in mind MgO, Al 2 O 3 , and three magnetic Fe 2 O 3 nanoparticles (of different sizes) were utilized to fabricate a new Pickering ELM system (PELM). The extraction efficiency of phenol from aqueous solution by PELM was studied with different NPs types and with different phenol concentrations (1,000; 500; 100; and 50 ppm). It was found that the type of NPs and concentration of phenol in aqueous solution have a significant impact on the phenol extraction efficiency. By utilizing different NPs as the emulsifier, the extraction efficiency of phenol from a feed solution of 100 ppm phenol was between 91% and 97% after 12 min of contact with different PELM.
... Emulsions are playing an important role in a variety of fields such as foodstuffs, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, laundry and cleaning, lubricants, and many more since emulsions function as an alternative of conventional methods. 13 Furthermore, the emulsion liquid membrane (ELM) has successfully recovered solute even in very low concentrations by almost no loss of organic solution. In addition, the combination of extraction and stripping processes in one stage contributes economically. ...
This study focused on the investigation of emulsion stability, membrane breakage and emulsion swelling of emulsion liquid membrane for acetaminophen (ACTP) removal. Stability of the emulsion as well as its effectiveness in removing ACTP from aqueous solution were considered for the optimization of parameters. Parameters involved are carrier and surfactant concentration, emulsification time as well as volume ratio of membrane to internal phase. The effects of membrane breakage and emulsion diameter on the removal capacity of ACTP were also studied. Results showed that the optimal condition to produce a very stable emulsion and to achieve maximum ACTP removal efficiency were found to be 4wt.% of trioctylamine (TOA) and Span 80, W/O volume ratio of 3 and 10 minutes of emulsification time. The prepared emulsion was found to effectively remove 85% of ACTP at minimal membrane breakage of 0.19%.
... There are different types of emulsions but o/w or w/o emulsion considered pioneers of all kinds [3]. Recently, emulsions gain immense importance in the field of pharmaceutical as well as dermatology [4,5] and it can also be used in food, laundry, cleaning, lubricants [6], metal fabrication [5] and in beverages [7]. Generally, the emulsion preparations are nontoxic and proved to be a controlled release system, which protects the entrapped medicaments and increase their bioavailability and therapeutic properties [8,9]. ...
Several plants found rich in flavonoid, polyphenols, and antioxidants reported antiaging, oppose inflammation and carcinogenic properties but have rarely been applied in dermatology. The present study was an active attempt to formulate a stable phytocosmetic emulsion system loaded with 2% pre-concentrated Prosopis cineraria bark extract, aiming to revive facial skin properties. In order to obtain potent therapeutic activities, we first prepared extracts of stem, leaves, and bark and screen them on basis of phenolic, flavonoids contents and antioxidant, antibacterial, lipoxygenase and tyrosinase inhibition activities. Furthermore, cytocompatibility of the extract was also determined prior starting in vivo investigations. Then the in vivo performance of 2% bark extract loaded emulsion formulation was determined by using non-invasive probe cutometer and elastometer with comparison to base formulation. The preliminary experiment showed that bark extract has a significant amount of phenolic and flavonoid compounds with eminent antioxidant potential. Furthermore, indicated an efficient antibacterial, lipoxygenase, and tyrosinase enzyme inhibition activities. Importantly, the bark extract did not induce any toxicity or apoptosis, when incubated with HaCat cells. Moreover, the in vivo results showed the formulation (size 3 μm) decreased the skin melanin, erythema and sebum contents up to 2.1-,2.7-and 79%, while increased the skin hydration and elasticity up to 2-folds and 22% as compared to the base, respectively. Owing to enhanced therapeutic effects the phytocosmetic formulation proved to be a potential skin whitening, moisturizer, anti-acne, anti-wrinkle, anti-aging therapy and could actively induce skin rejuvenation and resurfacing.
Heavy metal ions in wastewater pose significant ecological risks, necessitating effective removal methods. This review critically examines Emulsion Liquid Membrane (ELM) technology, a forefront solution that integrates green technologies for sustainable and cost-effective heavy metal removal. ELM stands out for its environmentally friendly approach, utilizing non-toxic and biodegradable materials such as green solvents derived from vegetable and plant origin that align with green chemistry principles. We thoroughly examine ELM's core principles, mechanisms, components, and key performance metrics, focusing on its application in wastewater and aqueous solutions. We present a detailed parametric study examining factors influencing ELM's stability and efficiency. Significantly, this review assesses recent advancements in Emulsion Ionic Liquid Membrane (EILM) and Pickering Emulsion Liquid Membrane (PELM). These novel methods are evaluated as potential solutions to overcome ELM's stability challenges, and their performance in heavy metal removal is compared with traditional ELM. Additionally, this paper underscores the application of the design of experiments methodology as a strategic approach to optimize ELM's efficiency and stability, marking a critical advancement in this field.
The extraction process using an emulsion liquid membrane (ELM) has attracted considerable interest because it is a promising and effective method for removing toxic pollutants, organic and inorganic acids, and industrial pollutants with low concentrations. This treatment method removes contaminants efficiently as the extraction and stripping processes take place in one operation, in addition to being an adequate and economical alternative to other traditional extraction methods. A comprehensive review of ELM in terms of its characteristics, components, stability, and extraction efficiency was conducted. Different effects on membrane stability have been extensively studied. In addition, the fundamentals of instability, such as swelling, breakage, and coalescence, have been carefully studied. This paper presents a new membrane composition (green membrane) by choosing environmentally friendly diluents and surfactants and demonstrating the feasibility of using these materials to make the standing ELM-based separation processes more economic and environmentally pollution-free. The most important nanomaterials that have been used as surfactants and that play a significant role in the enhancement of emulsion stability are also discussed.
Mayones adalah produk berbasis minyak dalam bentuk emulsi minyak semi-padat dalam air (o/w). Penggunaan berbagai jenis minyak dapat mempengaruhi sifat fisikokimia dan penerimaan dari mayones. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan tingkat penerimaan panelis terhadap mayones yang terbuat dari beberapa jenis minyak yaitu minyak buah merah kasar (MBMK), minyak buah merah hasil degumming (MBMD), minyak wijen dan minyak sawit (sebagai pembanding), karakteristik fisikokimia dan organoleptiknya, serta kandungan gizinya. Mayonesdibuat menggunakan rasio minyak dan air 35:40 sesuai dengan jenis minyak, dengan bahan aditif lainnya yaitu kuning telur, pati jagung, selulosa karboksimetil, mustard, cuka, gula, dan garam. Parameter mayones yang diamati adalah kadar air, viskositas, stabilitas emulsi, dan sifat organoleptik (warna, aroma, rasa, tekstur, dan tingkat penerimaan secara keseluruhan), serta kandungan gizi dan bahan aktif (total karotenoid dan tokoferol). Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa mayones minyak buah merah memiliki karakeristik fisik yaitu berwarnamerah-oranye, beraroma khas buah merah, stabil 3-6 hari penyimpanan pada suhu ruang, dengan viskositas 127167 d.Poise. Penggunaan MBMD dapat meningkatkan stabilitas emulsi,viskositas, dan tingkat kesukaan panelis terhadap warna, aroma dan rasa, tekstur dan penerimaan keseluruhan mayones; panelis menyukai mayones dengan aroma khas buah merah (original), tidak berbeda dengan aroma minyak wijen. Mayones minyak buah merah (MBMK dan MBMD) mengandung kadar air 46,3-48,8% (bb), abu 4,50-4,60% (bk), lemak 61,0-62,2% (bk), protein 1,58-1,95% (bk), karbohidrat 31,65-32,50% (bk), dengan kadar serat 0,30-0,38% (bk) dan total gula 10,66-10,84% (bk); dengan kadar total karotenoid 3160-4605 ppm (bk) dan total tokoferol 966-1105 ppm (bk), dimana formula mayones MBMK mengandung komponen aktif tertinggi.
Emulsion liquid membrane, an efficient water treatment technique while leaving minimal residue, has major challenges in scaling up due to rapid emulsion swelling and disintegration during extraction. In this study, Lecithin, a biosurfactant is used to prepare an emulsion (bio-emulsion) with kerosene and aqueous NaOH solution to remove phenol from aqueous phenol solution. The experimental conditions are varied and optimised to obtain a possible maximum stability and removal efficiency. The stand-alone stability of the emulsion prepared at an optimum condition is more than 2 hours. The maximum removal efficiency of ∼ 90 % at 20 °C is obtained with the bio-emulsion prepared with 45% lecithin, oil: water ratio of 2:1, and treatment ratio of 1:1. Thermodynamic studies revealed that the process is feasible, exothermic (ΔH = -41 kJ/mol), spontaneous (ΔG < 0 J/mol), and ordered (ΔS = -124 J/mol·K). Rate of removal is controlled by the rate of phenol diffusion through the oil membrane rather than the reaction between phenol and NaOH in the internal phase. The effective diffusivity of the emulsion linearly decreases with an increase in temperature.
Phenolic compounds are highly nutritious food ingredients. Phenolic compounds are carried in effluent water streams
of many food processing plants, which means losing lots of precious bioactive molecules into wastewater. On the other
hand, disposal of phenolic-containing effluents into water bodies and agricultural lands brings about severe environmental
problems. Hence, the recovery of phenolic compounds from industrial effluents is of dual benefit. Emulsion liquid
membrane (EML) has proved effective for removal and recovery of various heavy metals, organic acids and bases and
pharmaceutical components from industrial wastewaters. This review aimed to introduce the potential of ELM technology
for recovery of phenolic compounds from food industry effluents. The process parameters and their effects on extraction
efficiency are also highlighted. Moreover, the findings of some researches on recovery of phenolic compounds by ELM
are discussed and compared.
Water-in-oil-in-water (W/O/W) emulsion system in Emulsion liquid Membrane (ELM) consist of three main phases which are membrane phase, internal phase and external phase. However, ELM performance is reported to be heavily affected by the emulsion stability. Instability of emulsions occurred as a result of metastable colloids that are made of two immiscible liquids, where one being dispersed in the other with the presence of surface-active agent. Membrane breakage was identified as one of the causes of emulsion instability. This research work focuses on identifying best condition that records minimal breakage hence, high efficiency of solute removal can be anticipated. Influence of homogenization time and speed, carrier concentration and surfactant concentration on membrane breakage were investigated. Data recorded shows that the emulsion needs to be homogenized at 8000 rpm for 15 mins to obtain minimal breakage of membrane. On top of that, membrane phase consists of 4 wt% of carrier (D2EHPA) and 4 wt% of surfactant (Span 80) dissolved in kerosene is needed. 0.14% of breakage was recorded at the conditions mentioned.
