Fig 2 - uploaded by Hoang Anh Le
Content may be subject to copyright.
– The schematic diagram of the sono-photo reactor set-up; (1) pH meter, (2) thermocouple, (3) UV lamp, (4) water-flow jacket, (5) quartz tube, (6) thermostat, (7) air distributor, (8) micro-air compressor, (9) ultrasonic transducer disk, (10) ultrasonic generator.
Source publication
This work focuses on modeling and optimization of a sono-assisted photocatalytic decolorization process of a model pollutant, azo dye C.I. direct red 16 (DR16). In the process, a high temperature thermal decomposition nano synthesized titanium dioxide (TD-TiO2) was applied as photocatalyst. Central composite design (CCD) methodology was used for de...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... schematic of the reactor and its belongings is presented in Fig. 2. A cylindrical handmade sono-photo-reactor of glossy stainless steel was used with capacity of 1.25 L and dimensions of 90 mm diameter and 200 mm height. The light source (165 mm body length and 80 mm arc length) was a 250 W mercury lamp with a wavelength range of 280-400 nm and the maximum emission of 365 nm (measured by a TOPCON ...
Context 2
... agreement to this matter, the "pH*TiO 2 " phase in Table 2 has shown a "Prob > F" of 0.0009. Supplementary Fig. 2 shows the DE response surface and contour plots, which were developed as a function of the DR16 initial concentration and the catalyst dosage, whereas the pH was kept constant at 7.0 as the related zero level. The DE is decreased with increasing dye initial concentration. ...
Similar publications
Multilayer dye aggregation at the dye/TiO2 interface of dye-sensitized solar cells is probed via first principles calculations, using p-methyl red azo dye as an example. Our calculations suggest that the multilayer dye aggregates at the TiO2 surface can be stabilized by π…π stacking and hydrogen bond interactions. Compared with previous two-dimensi...
1-(4-amino-3-(benzo[d]thiazol-2-yldiazenyl)phenyl)ethanone has been synthezied by reaction the diazonium salt of 2-aminobenzothiazole with 4-aminoacetophenone. Specroscopic studies (FTIR,UV-Vis, 1 H and 13 CNMR) and microelemental analysis (C.H.N.S.O) are use to identified of the azo ligand. Metal chelates of some transition metals were performed a...
A simple spectrophotometric method for the determination of cephadroxil in aqueous solution is developed. The method is based on the coupling of cephadroxil with diazotised sulphanilic acid reagent in the presence of sodium hydroxide. The yellow azo-dye formed is water– soluble, stable, and shows maximum absorption at 445 nm. Beer’s law is obeyed o...
An "S3N-ligand azo-dye" conjugate has been synthesised with a view to the development of a sensor for heavy metal ions. Complexation of this system with Ag(i), Hg(ii) and Cu(ii) salts has been investigated and an X-ray structure has been obtained for a Hg(ii) complex. Complexation of the conjugated dye to these metals results in a bathochromic shif...
Azo dyes represent the largest class of synthetic dyes and their breakdown products are toxic
and/or mutagenic to life. This paper describes the synthesis of some novel azo dyes and
evaluation for their resistance against the growth of fungi organisms, antihelmentic properties,
and dyeing abilities on cotton fabrics. The products were characterized...
Citations
... This design consists of three types of points: cube points obtained from a factorial design, axial points, and the center point. N can be determined using the formula N = k 2 +2k + n, where k is the number of parameters and n is a number of repetitions [30]. The selected parameters in the current study were the 2+ dosage (X1), reaction time (X2) as the factors and COD removal rate (RE%) value as the response. ...
Combining ultrasonic irradiation and the Fenton process as a sono-Fenton process, the chemical oxygen demand (COD) in refinery wastewater was successfully eliminated using response surface methodology (RSM) with central composite design (CCD). The impact of two main influential operational parameters (iron dosage and reaction time) on the COD removal from wastewater generated by an Iraqi petroleum refinery facility was explored. Removal of 85.81% was attained under the optimal conditions of 21 minutes and 0.289 mM of concentration. Additionally, the results revealed that the concentration of has the highest effect on the COD elimination, followed by reaction time. The high R2 value (96.40%) validated the strong fit of the model equation and the successful adopting RSM in the treatment of wastewaters from petroleum refineries. Furthermore, a comparison among sono-Fenton, sono-Fenton with addition of externally, classical Fenton and sonolysis processes showed that the combined process of sono-Fenton is better than individual processes and the external addition of .
... The unique performance of the ZSCF/UV/US process can be explained by the following reasons: (i) the efficient role of UV light in the photo-generated e − /h + pairs under the photocatalysis mechanism, (ii) the key role of US irradiation in refreshing the catalyst surfaces as well as decomposition of water molecules, leading to further activity and higher generation of reactive species, and (iii) coexistence of the adsorption, sonocatalysis and photocatalysis mechanisms led to enhance of process performance (Soleymani et al., 2015). Finally, the magnetic ZSCF catalyst possess a favorable adsorption capacity, and showed a noticeable catalytic activity in combining with US and UV irradiations. ...
... While, holes at the SCF VB are active for contribution in the oxidation of OH − (E 0 = +1.99 eV vs. NHE) to produce HO • Soleymani et al., 2015). Thus, the type-I photocatalytic mechanism can't fully explain the generation and role of photo-induced electrons, as well as the reduction reactions over ZSCF photocatalysis system, which is not matched with the results of scavenging tests. ...
In this study, the photocatalytic activity of ZnO was effectively improved via its combination with spinel cobalt ferrite (SCF) nanoparticles. The catalytic performance of ZnO@SCF (ZSCF) was investigated in coupling with UV irradiation and ultrasound (US), as a heterogeneous sono-photocatalytic process, for the decontamination of phenanthrene (PHE) from contaminated soil. Soil washing tests were conducted in a batch environment, after extraction assisted by using Tween 80. Several characterization techniques such as XRD, FESEM-EDS, BET, TEM, UV-vis DRS, PL and VSM were utilized to determine the features of the as-prepared catalysts. ZSCF showed an excellent catalytic activity toward degradation of PHE in the presence of US and UV with a significant synergic effect. It was found that more than 93% of PHE (35 mg/L) and 87.5% of TOC could be eliminated by the integrated ZSCF/US/UV system under optimum operational conditions (pH: 8.0, ZSCF: 1.5 g/L, UV power: 6.0 W and US power: 70 W) within 90 min of reaction. After five times of use, ZSCF illustrated good reusability in the decontamination of PHE (87%) and TOC (79%). Quenching tests revealed the contribution of h + , HO • and e − species during PHE degradation over ZSCF/UV/US and an S-scheme photocatalytic mechanisms was proposed for the possible charge transfer routes under the ZSCF system. This study provides the important role of SCF in enhancing the ZnO photocatalytic activity due to its high performance, easy recovery and excellent durability, which it make an efficient and promising catalyst in environmental clean-up applications.
... CCD is the most commonly used class of second-order designs under RSM [23,36]. Such a design has been abundantly applied for removal of many pollutants with photocatalysis process [37][38][39][40][41][42]. For n independent variables, the number of experiments in CCD was predicted using following equation: ...
PurposeBisphenol A (BPA), as endocrine-disrupting compound (EDC), is extensively used as an important chemical in the synthesis of polycarbonate polymers and epoxy resins. BPA absorption into the body can result in the development of metabolic disorders such as low sex-specific neurodevelopment, immune toxicity, neurotoxicity and interference of cellular pathway. Therefore, the presence of BPA in the body and the environment can create hazards that must reach standards before being discharged into the environment.Methods
In this study, bismuth ferric nanomagnetic (BFO NMPs) were successfully synthesized via sol-gel method and developed as photocatalysts for BPA removal under visible light irradiation. FE-SEM, TEM, PL, XRD, UV-Vis DRS, VSM, EDX, and FTIR were used to characterize the BFO NMPs.ResultsRSM model (R2 = 0.9745) showed a good correlation between experimental and predicted removal efficiency of BPA. The investigation of four independent variables indicated that pH had the most significant positive effect on the degradation of BPA. Under optimal conditions (pH = 4.042, catalyst dose = 7.617 mg, contact time = 122.742 min and BPA concentration = 15.065 mg/L), maximum degradation was calculated to be 98.7%. After five recycles, the removal of BPA remained >82%, which indicated the proper ability to reuse the catalyst.Conclusion
In conclusion, it can be stated like BPA, the prepared BFO NMPs is a promising photocatalyst for practical application in organic pollutant decomposition.
... This shows that a reasonable agreement exists between them for good model predictability. Also, one of the notable diagnostic plots is checked to view any deficiency in the model fitting (Soleymani et al. 2015). The graphical representation of the predicted vs. actual values is shown in Fig.5. ...
... The product of the process variables (AB, AC, and BC) implies a 2-way interaction or a combined effect of variables. The positive (+) and negative (-) signs in front of the terms in Eq. (3) specify the synergistic and antagonist effects respectively (Ali RezaSoleymani et al. 2015)(Tunç et al. 2020). ...
The paper investigates the modelling and optimization of the notch-repaired/friction stir stitched AISI 201 stainless steel welds via the use of a non-consumable tool-based repair process. The repair process employs a sequential hopping-stitching approach. This approach involves the application of two intercepted and completely overlapped plunging actions of a probe-less titanium carbide tool to create an effective refilling and repair of the notched zone. Box-Behnken design (BBD) was employed for the experimental planning, modelling, and optimization of the notch-repair process. Tool rotational speed, penetration depth and dwell time of the tool were the studied process parameters while tensile strength was the response variable. A quadratic model was identified as the best model for the notch-repaired welds based on the combination of a low sequential P-value of 0.008216, a high lack of fit P-value of 0.931366, and a close to unity adjusted and predicted R-square values. The process parameter and their interaction effects on the tensile strength of the repaired notch were identified via the ANOVA analysis. Plunge depth (main effect) and interaction effect of tool rotational speed and dwell time had significant influences on the notch-repair process and the resultant tensile strength of the AISI 201 stainless steel. The visual representations of these effects were shown through the 2D elliptical contour and 3D response surface plots. The optimized process parameters were identified as 1215.9795 rpm, 0.40262212 mm, and 5.98706376 s while the resultant notch-repaired joint yielded a tensile strength of 886 MPa, which is close to the predicted value.
... [71] ANN model showed high prediction accuracy, with R 2 of 0.9771 (R1), [55] (continued on next page) into variable interactions (Table 5). Most researchers have applied CCD for the optimization and modeling of chemical processes such as the Fenton process [49,75], electro-Fenton processes [77,81,82], sonophoto processes [76,80] and ozonation process [83]. Other researchers also applied DOE to biological and physical processes like membrane processes [55], adsorption processes [33,[51][52][53][54], coagulation processes [74,79] and biological processes [77,78]. ...
Design of experiment (DOE) is a robust design methodology that can be used to solve various water engineering problems. It aims to obtain the maximal results from data, while minimizing inputs, in terms of experiments required. DOE consists of various steps and experimental designs. However, the steps, experimental design and selection of designs are not well discussed in literature. Prior reviews are also not as comprehensive in the provision of all forms of DOEs available in the context of water chemistry. This study hence aims to fill that gap and provide a unique and novel perspective of DOE application in this sector. Specific and contextualized examples of DOE were reviewed with recent innovation within these 5 years. Steps detailing the process for DOE were also discussed with emphasis on experiment design type, model analysis and up-to-date applications of DOE. It was found that the selection of DOE protocol depends on the contextualized application of the DOE, where certain DOE was more suitable for some context. The application of DOE can be generally split into 3 distinct categories: screening, optimization or the study of variable interactions. Whereas the selection of experimental design and modeling approach was also found to be a trade-off between the accuracy of the modeling results and the number of experiments required. When considering different DOE approaches to water chemistry, it is important to evaluate the different advantages and disadvantages of each DOE in its contextu-alized use. Through this review, practitioners would hence have more informed decisions in the selection of DOE for its appropriate application.
... In order to minimize the experimental expenses and time, different DOE methods were used for optimization of chemical processes [32]. Among them, the response surface methodology (RSM) technique found to be an effective tool for analysis the change in the process response by varying the experimental variables at the same time and performing a limited number of experiments in which quadratic models can be derived [33,34]. ...
Polyaniline (PANI) and multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) were used for synthesis of PANI/MWCNT nanocomposites (NCs) via ultrasonic method. The characterization of the PANI/MWCNT NCs were performed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, and field emission scanning electron microscope. The application and photostability of PANI/MWCNT NCs as recyclable photocatalysts for organic dyes removal, including methylene blue (MB), rhodamine B (RhB), and Methyl Orange (MO), were investigated in presence of ultraviolet (UV) light. Obtained results indicated that PANI/MWCNT NCs with 7 wt% MWCNT showed photodegradation efficiencies of 62.18%, 59.94%, and 98.39% compared to PANI standalone with efficiencies of 22.17%, 18.80%, and 79.80% for MB, RhB, and MO dyes within 45 min, respectively. The kinetic analysis demonstrated that photodegradation results were well fitted with the pseudo-second-order model. A comparison between the photodegradation and adsorption performance of PANI/MWCNT NCs were carried out to better understand the effectiveness of UV light irradiation on the dye removal. It was found that the synthesized NCs performed better under UV light irradiation in removing the organic dyes.
... After 60 min, a 50% decolourisation was observed when using PECs, though electrolytics showed comparable results. When analysing the total organic carbon (mineralisation), the PECs showed distinguishable results (k = 0.0055 min −1 ) compared to electrolysis (k = 0.0035 min −1 ), demonstrating that decolourisation is not the best method for evaluating reactors, as reported in other articles [22,87]. ...
The photoexcitation of suitable semiconducting materials in aqueous environments can lead to the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). ROS can inactivate microorganisms and degrade a range of chemical compounds. In the case of heterogeneous photocatalysis, semiconducting materials may suffer from fast recombination of electron–hole pairs and require post-treatment to separate the photocatalyst when a suspension system is used. To reduce recombination and improve the rate of degradation, an externally applied electrical bias can be used where the semiconducting material is immobilised onto an electrically conducive support and connected to a counter electrode. These electrochemically assisted photocatalytic systems have been termed “photoelectrocatalytic” (PEC). This review will explain the fundamental mechanism of PECs, photoelectrodes, the different types of PEC reactors reported in the literature, the (photo)electrodes used, the contaminants degraded, the key findings and prospects in the research area.
... Highly reactive oxidizing agents (ROS) species, including radical superoxide (O2 •-) and ( • OH) hydroxyl radicals, could be generated in AOPs, and complicated organic molecules can be efficiently oxidized into more specific products [20,21]. Heterogeneous photocatalysis is also widely utilized in AOPs to degrade various forms of recalcitrant organic contaminants, such as phenolic substances, pesticides, and pharmaceuticals [22,23]. TiO2 gets the most significant concern due to its elevated resistance in photo-corrosion, photocatalytic activity, biological resistance, and relatively cheap [24]. ...
The massive production of pharmaceuticals and excessive consumption will lead to their leakage into various water sources. Conventional treatment methods have proven ineffective in the treatment of these contaminants. Thus, choosing the appropriate treatment method is extremely important to deal with these pollutants. This paper presents an overview of pharmaceuticals in wastewater and studies the difference between the conventional and advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) for pharmaceutical treatment. AOPs can be an ideal solution for the degradation of these contaminants. The factors that affect the removal efficiency for AOPs were discussed, such as type of catalyst, light intensity, initial concentration of contamination, catalyst dose, and pH of the solution. The degradation pathway for some pharmaceuticals has also been discussed
... where Y (%) is the removed percentage of SMZ, X i and X j represent the independent variables, β o , β i , and β ij are the constants of the quadratic model, ε is the random error, and n represents the number of variables [41]. Minitab© 18 software was used to assess the quality of the regression analysis. ...
Zero-valent iron has been recognized as a promising catalyst for the degradation of micropollutants via Fenton-like reactions, however, the enhancement of its performance is insufficiently studied. In this feature, we investigate the activity of bimetallic copper/zero-valent iron nanoparticles (ZVI/Cu) as a heterogeneous catalyst for the degradation of sulfamethazine (SMZ), and intensively elucidate the reaction mechanism. The characterization of the catalyst by XRD, TEM, and EDS confirmed the growth of Cu° on the surface of the ZVI particles. Response surface methodology (RSM) coupled with a central composite design (CCD) optimized operating parameters such as pH, catalyst loading, H2O2 dose, and initial SMZ concentration. Under the optimum conditions (pH = 3.0, H2O2 concentration =2.0 g/L, ZVI/Cu loading =0.8 g/L), SMZ fell below the detection limit (0.036 mg/L) after 30 min of the reaction. The degradation mechanism revealed that hydroxyl radicals were the dominant oxidant species. However, the accumulated iron oxides on the shell of ZVI contributed to SMZ removal by adsorption. We propose a potential pathway for SMZ degradation based on the detected transformation products. This includes an early cleavage of the mediated sulfonamide group, which suggests an efficacious degradation into tentatively single-ring transformation compounds.
... The signs of the coefficient terms of models define the correlation between the related parameter (pH and/or temperature) and its response. The positive sign indicates that, as the value of one effect changes, the RS production changes in the same direction; whereas, for the negative sign, the response variable presents opposite behavior (Soleymani et al. 2015, Boudechiche et al. 2017. ...
... The ANOVA was employed in order to evaluate the significance of regression models represented in equations 2, 3 and 4. The data summarized in Table V indicate that all regression models could be considered significant (Pr(>F)< 0.05) to represent the correlation between RS production and dependent variables. Furthermore, based in the values of Pr(>F), it can be inferred that a slightly discrepancies obtained in the response can be attributed to noise (Soleymani et al. 2015). ...
The current study focuses on the evaluation of culture parameters on the enzymatic hydrolysis of Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam flour by Candida homilentoma strains. A 2-factor-5-level CCRD was used to evaluate the effect of pH and temperature on the hydrolysis process. For the S-47 strain, pH and both studied parameters were significant at 48 h and 96 h, respectively. Regarding S-81 strain, temperature was the only factor affecting the process, at 96 hours. The regression models were significant, and no lack of fit was observed for them.
