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The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of Serratia marcescens ATCC 13880. (A) control group (in the absence of biosurfactant). (B) experimental group (in the presence 2.5 mg/ml of Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC 4356‐derived biosurfactant)
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Objectives:
Serratia marcescens is one of the nosocomial pathogen with the ability to form biofilm which is an important feature in the pathogenesis of S. marcescens. The aim of this study was to determine the anti-adhesive properties of a biosurfactant isolated from Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC 4356, on S. marcescens strains.
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... Recently, Morishita et al. (2022) harvested peptidoglycan of Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus and showed pro-inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in TLR2-expressing mouse macrophage-like RAW264.7 cells and mouse dendritic DC 2.4 cells. The extracellular interfere with the adhesion and biofilm formation of the Serratia marcescens Shokouhfard et al. 2015 L. fermentum anti-biofouling activity was seen because it reduced the process of attachment and biofilm production and also showed a reduction in gtfB/C gene expression in . Similarly, pili of L. rhamnosus GG have been shown to contribute to adherence, biofilm formation and host signaling (Tytgat et al. 2021). ...
... The observed results prominently confirmed the presence of glycolipopeptide type of biosurfactant produced by Lc. lactis HN21. Similar results were obtained by Shokouhfard et al., (30). Gas chromatography is a very efficient method for quantitative estimation as well as the characterization of biosurfactants. ...
This study was aimed to produce a biosurfactant from Lactococcus sp. and study its synergistic effects with some standard antibiotics. Lactococcus sp. HN21 isolate was selected for its highly biosurfactant production and antibacterial activity. It was identified by 16s r RNA as Lactococcus lactis HN21. Optimum conditions for production were studied and it was: Modified M17 media (M17 media with some modifications in its composition) at ph 6.5, for 96 hrs incubation time. The E24% at these conditions was 77%. FTIR and GC-MS results identified the produced biosurfactant as glycolipopeptide with a major fatty acid octadecenoic acid. P. aeruginosa was successfully inhibited by the glycolipopeptide alone, with overall inhibition ranging from (15 to 19 mm). The combined use of antibiotics and glycolipopeptide, however, resulted in an increase in the total inhibition zones to (17 to 28 mm), while glycolipopeptide alone was effective against S. aureus and showed total inhibition zones ranging from (15 to 22) mm. glycolipopeptide in combination with antibiotics, the total inhibition zones were increased (26 to 40) mm. The results observed a great pharmaceutical application in increasing the bactericidal effect.
... Earlier, a similar result has been reported in the literature where L. acidophilus-derived biosurfactants were abundant in proteins and poor in phosphate and polysaccharide content. Shokouhfard et al. (2015) studied the anti-adhesive potential of L. acidophilus ATCC 4356 against Serratia marcescens by pre-coating incubating procedure. They concluded that the isolated biosurfactant exhibits more protein components compared to polysaccharides. ...
Biosurfactants generated from lactic acid bacteria (LAB) offer an advantage over standard microbial surfactants due to their antifungal, antibacterial and antiviral capabilities. Many LAB strains have been related to the manufacture of biosurfactant, an essential chemical with uses in the treatment of a number of illnesses. Furthermore, their effectiveness as anti-adhesive agents against a diverse variety of pathogens proves their utility as anti-adhesive coating agents for medical insertional materials, reducing hospital infections without the need of synthetic drugs and chemicals. LAB produces both low and high molecular weight biosurfactants. Biosurfactants from L. pentosus, L. gasseri and L. jensenii have been reported to produce glycolipopeptides that comprise carbohydrates, proteins and lipids in the ratio of 1:3:6 with palmitic, stearic acid, and linoelaidic acid as the major fatty acid component, whereas L. plantarum has been reported to make surlactin due to the presence of non- ribosomal peptide synthetase genes (NRPS) genes. Antimicrobial activity of sophorolipids and rhamnolipids generated from LAB against B. subtilis, P. aeruginosa, S. epidermidis, Propionibacterium acnes and E. coli has been demonstrated. The safety of biosurfactants is being evaluated in compliance with a number of regulatory standards that emphasize the importance of safety in the pharmaceutical industry. This review attempts, for the first time, to provide a comprehensive evaluation of several approaches for the synthesis of biosurfactant-mediated molecular modulation in terms of their biological value. Future biosurfactant directions, as well as regulatory considerations that are crucial for the synthesis of biosurfactants from novel LAB, have also been explored.
... Moreover, in health care setting biofilms have shown to develop on medical device surfaces such as catheters, prosthetic heart valves, pacemakers, breast implants, contact lenses and cerebrospinal fluid shunts and dead tissues (Alav et al., 2018). Both Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria may attach to and develop biofilms on the surfaces of these devices but the most frequently reported biofilm forming bacteria are Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Hall-Stoodley et al., 2004;Shokouhfard et al., 2015 andPakharukova et al., 2018). In addition to the medical dice surfaces bacterial biofilms (for example P. aeruginosa) are also shown to develop on the inner surfaces of metal pipes in hospital water distribution systems (Lovedayet al., 2014). ...
Biofilms are consortium of microbes of different origin embedded in extra polymeric matrix, which is composed of carbohydrates, extracellular DNA and secreted proteins. A biofilm may be of a single species microbe or a combination of different species and/or groups including bacteria, virus and fungus. Bacterial biofilm formation relies on bacterial cells, substrates, surrounding media and its formation is a complex process involving reversible attachment followed by irreversible attachment phase, Extra Polymeric Substance (EPS) production, biofilm maturation phase and a final detachment phase. Biofilms are found and formed in aquatic environments well rather than other terrestrial or xerophytic conditions, where the ecosystem supports microbial growth. Biofilm in nature have both beneficial and detrimental effects of which, negative effects in health care, drinking water distribution systems, food and marine industries etc. are highlighted and studied well, which resulted studies on inhibition and control of biofilms. Despite the harmful effects, biofilms serve beneficial roles in a variety of fields including bioremediation, waste water treatment, corrosion inhibition, heavy metal remediation and so on. This review elaborates the positive and negative aspects of biofilms of bacterial origin in various fields and highlights the need to encourage the formation of beneficial bacterial biofilms.
... have been explored as a means of inhibiting biofouling in commercial applications and in prevention of biofilms growing on hard surfaces in the oral environment (22,28,29). Many studies have found biosurfactant activity in supernatants of Lactobacillus culture (18,(51)(52)(53). Many of the mixtures and molecules isolated from supernatants of Lactobacillus spp. ...
We previously discovered a role of the oral commensal Streptococcus oralis as an accessory pathogen. S. oralis increases the virulence of Candida albicans infections in murine oral candidiasis and epithelial cell models through mechanisms which promote the formation of tissue-damaging biofilms. Lactobacillus species have known inhibitory effects on biofilm formation of many microbes, including Streptococcus species. Agent-based modeling has great advantages as a means of exploring multifaceted relationships between organisms in complex environments such as biofilms.
... These strains were shown to have antibiofilm activity and to interfere with epithelial cell damage caused by C tropicalis, E coli, and S marcescens. 69,[119][120][121][122][123][124][125] In addition to the selected microorganisms, the enzyme amylase was also added to the formulation to enhance biofilm abrogation. [126][127][128][129][130][131][132] Phase 3: Validation of the Selected Therapeutic Formulation ...
The central role of gut microbiota in the regulation of health and disease has been convincingly demonstrated. Polymicrobial inter-kingdom interactions between bacteria (the bacteriome) and fungal (the mycobiome) communities of the gut have become a prominent focus for development of potential therapeutic approaches. In addition to polymicrobial interactions, the complex gut ecosystem also mediates interactions between host and the microbiota. These interactions are complex and bidirectional, microbiota composition can be influenced by host immune response, disease-specific therapeutics, antimicrobial drugs, and overall ecosystems. However, the gut microbiota also influences host immune response to a drug or therapy by potentially transforming the drug's structure and altering bioavailability, activity or toxicity, this is especially true in cases where the gut microbiota has produced a biofilm. The negative ramifications of biofilm formation include alteration of gut permeability, enhanced antimicrobial resistance, and alteration of host immune response effectiveness. Natural modulation of the gut microbiota, using pro- and pre-biotic approaches may also be used to affect the host microbiome, a type of "natural" modulation of the host microbiota composition. In this review we discuss potential bidirectional interactions between microbes and host, describe the changes in gut microbiota induced by probiotic and prebiotic approaches, and their potential clinical consequences and summarize how to develop a systematic approach to designing probiotics capable of altering the host microbiota in disease states, using Crohn's Disease (CD) as a model chronic disease. Understanding how the effective changes in the microbiome may enhance treatment efficacy may unlock the possibility of modulating the gut microbiome to improve treatment using a natural approach.
... The authors noted that the presence of the BST in the film enhances the surface hydrophilicity and roughness of the resulting thermoplastic, as shown in Fig. 4. Although further test may be needed to improve the film strength and appearance, it however has high potential for application in liquid food packaging [70][71][72]. Also, study is needed to design a BST-based biodegradable system for packaging liquid foods, which can effectively contain the food product while addressing the environmental challenges posed by the nondegradable materials such as nylon, low-and high-density polyethylene. ...
Biosurfactant (BST) is a novel biomaterial used in food processing and formulation. Essential character-
istics such as antioxidation, emulsification, antiadhesion, and antimicrobial properties have positioned it
for these applications. In this chapter, the methods of production of the material from various microorgan-
isms and through fermentation techniques were presented. The significance of the BST in the processing
and formulation of food and dairy products was reviewed, and its most promising future applications, such
as maintenance of food storage facilities, freezing technology, and packaging materials for liquid foods,
were proposed. The microorganisms such as Rhodococcus, Pseudomonas, and Burkholderia, which are
known to survive in cold environment, were suggested to produce novel BST that can be applied in food
freezing. This should provide critical information on the future applications of the BST in the food
industry.
... The ability of lactobacilli to produce biosurfactants has been widely reported, although very little information is available regarding L. biosurfactants' chemical characteristics which might impact their production for commercial purposes. L. biosurfactants have been partially characterised as multipotent complexes of proteins, polysaccharides and/or lipids [20][21][22]. Based on their documented anti-microbial and surface alteration properties, microbial-derived biosurfactants may have potential application for endodontic treatment. ...
... Knowledge is limited regarding the chemical composition of this cell-bound biosurfactant. However, the identification of the glycoprotein nature of Lp-BS shows similar chemical composition with other studies on L. plantarum CFR2194 [24], L. pentosus CECT4023 [36], Lactococcus lactis 53 [6], L. agilis CCUG31450 [25], L. acidophiles [37], and L. acidophilus ATCC 4356 [22]. ...
Microbial biofilms play a dominant role in the failure of endodontic therapies. Bacterial adhesion is the first step in the establishment of biofilms, activating the host immune response leading to tissue damage. Biosurfactants are microbe‐derived tensioactive molecules with latent anti‐adhesive and anti‐microbial activity. This study reports the extraction and characterization of a biosurfactant from Lactobacillus (L.) plantarum (Lp‐BS) and investigates its anti‐microbial and anti‐adhesive properties compared to rhamnolipid, a commercially available biosurfactant. Lp‐BS, extracted from L. plantarum during the growth phase, was characterized as a glycoprotein, able to reduce surface tension and emulsify non‐polar liquids. Proteomic analysis of Lp‐BS identified three bacterial adhesin‐like proteins, suggesting roles in hindering bacterial adhesion. Lp‐BS did not show significant anti‐microbial activity against endodontic pathogens from the Streptococcus (Strep.) anginosus group or Enterococcus (Ent.) faecalis at 50 mg/ml. However, anti‐adhesive activity on abiotic surfaces was observed against both Strep. anginosus and Strep. intermedius. Rhamnolipid exhibited strong anti‐microbial activity, with minimum inhibitory concentrations of 0.097 mg/ml against Strep. anginosus, and 0.048 mg/ml against Strep. constellatus and Strep. intermedius, in addition to a marked anti‐adhesive activity. These findings offer preliminary evidence for the potential application of biosurfactants as an anti‐microbial and/or anti‐adhesive pharmacotherapy in endodontics.
... Previous studies have shown that their presence in a surface may promote the adhesion and proliferation of other bacterial species, including Gram-negative ones (Puga et al., 2018;Jara et al., 2020). Among the later, the presence of Klebsiella pneumoniae and Serratia marcescens is specially concerning in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) since both species are opportunistic pathogens and have been related with respiratory and urinary tract infections and sepsis in preterm infants (Dessì et al., 2009;Mahlen, 2011;Singhai et al., 2012;Gonzalez et al., 2013;Vuotto et al., 2014;Shokouhfard et al., 2015;Satpathy et al., 2016;Srinivasan et al., 2016;Piperaki et al., 2017;Vuotto et al., 2017;Cristina et al., 2019). Prophylactic and metaphylactic use of antibiotics is a widespread practice in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) in order to prevent sepsis and infections (ECDC, 2018). ...
The nasogastric enteral feeding tubes (NEFTs) used to feed preterm infants are commonly colonized by bacteria with the ability to form complex biofilms in their inner surfaces. Among them, staphylococci (mainly Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus) and some species belonging to the Family Enterobacteriaceae are of special concern since they can cause nosocomial infections in this population. NETF-associated biofilms can also include lactic acid bacteria (LAB), with the ability to compete with pathogenic species for nutrients and space. Ecological interactions among the main colonizers of these devices have not been explored yet; however, such approach could guide future strategies involving the pre-coating of the inner surfaces of NEFTs with well adapted LAB strains in order to reduce the rates of nosocomial infections in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs). In this context, this work implied the formation of dual-species biofilms involving one LAB strain (either Ligilactobacillus salivarius 20SNG2 or Limosilactobacillus reuteri 7SNG3) and one nosocomial strain (either Klebsiella pneumoniae 9SNG3, Serratia marcescens 10SNG3, Staphylococcus aureus 45SNG3 or Staphylococcus epidermidis 46SNG3). The six strains used in this study had been isolated from the inner surface of NEFTs. Changes in adhesion ability of the pathogens were characterized using a culturomic approach. Species interactions and structural changes of the resulting biofilms were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). No aggregation was observed in dual-species biofilms between any of the two LAB strains and either K. pneumoniae 9SNG3 or S. marcescens 10SNG3. In addition, biofilm thickness and volume were reduced, suggesting that both LAB strains can control the capacity to form biofilms of these enterobacteria. In contrast, a positive ecological relationship was observed in the combination L. reuteri 7SNG3-S. aureus 45SNG3. This relationship was accompanied by a stimulation of S. aureus matrix production when compared with its respective monospecies biofilm. The knowledge provided by this study may guide the selection of potentially probiotic strains that share the same niche with nosocomial pathogens, enabling the establishment of a healthier microbial community inside NEFTs.
... The obtained result is comparable to those previously reported for low molecular weight biosurfactants generated by Lactobacillus spp or other microorganisms characterized by SDS-PAGE. Shokouhfard et al. (2015) have used the SDS-PAGE technique to examine a freeze-dried biosurfactant produced by Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC 4356. Only one band with a size of roughly 10 KDa was identified in the protein profile, according to their findings. ...
Biosurfactants are amphipathic molecules generated by a variety of microorganisms with different biological functions. In this study, lactic acid bacteria were screened for their emulsification properties. However, the Lactiplantibacillus plantarum strain LBpWAM was molecularly identified using 16S rRNA, and its ability to produce surface-active peptides was investigated. The biosurfactant derived from L. plantarum LBp_WAM was shown to have the potential to reduce water surface tension from 72 mN.m-1 to 32 mN/m within a critical micelle concentration (CMC) of 2.4 mg.ml-1. The emulsification index (E24) values were evaluated for sunflower oil (60 ± 3.0%), glycerol (53.9 ± 0.11 %), olive oil (49.0 ± 2.0 %), mineral oil (50.7 ± 0.60 %), hexane (36.03±0.05 %), and kerosene (31 ±0.05 %). The biosurfactant was purified using gel filtration chromatography (GFC), and the molecular weight was determined using the SDS-PAGE method, indicating an approximate molecular weight of 19 kDa. Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) were used to determine the molecular structure of the obtained molecule, which was found to be composed of protein, lipid, and polysaccharides. The biosurfactant's antibacterial activity was also examined, as it showed inhibitory effects against different species of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.
