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The response curves of (a) neat PANI polymer matrix, (b) 1 wt% PANI/GNR, (c) 5 wt% PANI/GNR, (d) 10 wt% PANI/GNR, (e) 15 wt% PANI/GNR, and (f) 20 wt% PANI/GNR nanocomposites with exposure of 4 ppm NH3 at room temperature
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Indium trioxide (In2O3) nanoparticles prepared using a solvothermal reaction were coated on the surface of graphene nanoribbon (GNR) to serve as a core for the manufacture of polyaniline (PANI)/In2O3/GNR ternary nanocomposites produced using in situ chemical oxidative polymerization. The gas-sensing properties of nanocomposites were evaluated by a...
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Abstrak-Polyaniline (PANI) was prepared by chemical oxidation method of aniline in acid medium with ammonium peroxydisulphate (APS) as an oxidant. Two types of PANI\ ZnO composites were prepared using two particle sizes of ZnO; 30 nm and 50 μm. The A.C. electrical properties were studied. The A.C. conductivity is found to be varied with frequency a...
Citations
... These nanocomposites hold significant promise for improving sensitivity, stability, and energy efficiency in gas sensing applications. Xu et el.[174], reported the synthesis of PANI/Gr/In2O3, a new ternary nanocomposite synthesized via using in-situ chemical oxidative polymerization. They investigated the response of the PANI/Gr/In2O3-based sensor as a function of NH3 concentration and compared it with pure PANI and PANI/Graphenebased nanocomposites. ...
... Response concentration fitting curves of the PANI/Gr/In2O3-based sensor[174].Although several PANI/graphene, PANI/GO, and PANI/rGO nanocomposites have been used effectively in gas sensor development, PANI/GQDs have received relatively little attention.For instance, Gavgani et al.[187] and Hakimi et al.[161] reported sensors for the detection of ammonia based on PANI/S, N-GQDs coating on PET and PANI/N-GQDs based-hybrid constructed using silver (Ag) and aluminum (Al) electrodes. At 100 and 1000 ppm exposure to NH3, the response to PANI/S, and N-GQDs was significantly enhanced by 42 % and 385 %, respectively, and 115 s for the response and 44 s for the recovery at RT[187]. ...
This review presents a brief overview of the electrical and gas-sensor properties of polyaniline (PANI) and graphene-based nanocomposites with their application as gas detection materials along with underlying sensing mechanisms. Several studies have shown that graphene-based PANI gas sensors perform remarkably well at ambient temperature, energy efficient, and are inexpensive. The electrical and gas sensing properties of PANI/graphene nanocomposites offer improved responsiveness, durability, and other detection capabilities in sensor-based devices at room temperature. Moreover, the electrical conductivity and gas sensor properties may be controlled by the synthesis methods, and the form and type of graphene. This review provides a new framework for the development of new nanomaterials based on PANI/graphene, which will advance their development and industrialization in the environment.
... On the other hand, some semiconductors with rich surface defects or well-designed nanostructures can demonstrate a fast response and full recovery phase at room temperature owing to their abundant oxygen vacancies [2,46]. However, they often show problems with selectivity and repeatability [46,[49][50][51][52]. Given that, we believe that the sensing mechanism of the nickel oxysulfide sensor is dominated by physisorption rather than chemisorption. ...
Two-dimensional (2D) or ultrathin metal sulfides have been emerging candidates in developing high-performance gas sensors given their physisorption-dominated interaction with target gas molecules. Their oxysulfide derivatives, as intermediates between oxides and sulfides, were recently demonstrated to have fully reversible responses at room temperature and long-term device stability. In this work, we explored the micro-scale self-assembly of ultrathin nickel oxysulfide through the calcination of nickel sulfide in a controllable air environment. The thermal treatment resulted in the replacement of most S atoms in the Ni-S frameworks by O atoms, leading to the crystal phase transition from original hexagonal to orthorhombic coordination. In addition, the corresponding bandgap was slightly expanded by ~0.15 eV compared to that of pure nickel sulfide. Nickel oxysulfide exhibited a fully reversible response towards H2 at room temperature for concentrations ranging from 0.25% and 1%, without the implementation of external stimuli such as light excitation and voltage biasing. The maximum response factor of ~3.24% was obtained at 1% H2, which is at least one order larger than those of common industrial gases including CH4, CO2, and NO2. Such an impressive response was also highly stable for at least four consecutive cycles. This work further demonstrates the great potential of metal oxysulfides in room-temperature gas sensing.
... Polyaniline nanofiber thin films can be synthesized using various techniques, such as electrospinning [20,21], template-based synthesis, electrochemical deposition [22], and self-assembled monolayer [23][24][25]. Although there are many reports available on nanofiber thin films synthesized by chemical polymerization and their applications for ammonia sensing, there are few reports on rapid chemical polymerized polyaniline nanofiber thin films that can detect ammonia gas at low concentration [26][27][28][29][30][31][32]. In the present work, we synthesized a thin film of polyaniline nanofibers by rapid chemical polymerization and investigated their structural, optical, morphological, and gas sensing properties at room temperature. ...
A thin film of polyaniline (PANI) nanofiber was synthesized by a simple and inexpensive rapid chemical polymerization technique on glass substrate at room temperature. The fundamental peaks that appeared in the absorbance, transmittance, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectra confirmed the formation of polyaniline salt thin film. The surface morphology investigation was done by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), which showed cylindrical fibers with an average diameter of ~ 59 nm on the entire surface. The XRD pattern of polyaniline nanofiber shows amorphous nature. The gas sensing properties of polyaniline nanofiber thin films were investigated using a Keithley 2400 I–V (± 2 V) sourcemeter interfaced with a computer system, in presence of 0.25–2 ppm and 25–250 ppm in the dry ammonia gas at room temperature. Polyaniline nanofibers show a noticeable response for lower gas concentration, i.e., 0.25–2 ppm of ammonia with response time of ~ 63 s and stability of 19 days. The higher detection limit of the polyaniline nanofiber-based sensor was observed to be 100 ppm with a response of 92% for ammonia gas.
... Li et al. [14] prepared a composite sensor with improved sensing performance at room temperature using PANI and flower-like WO 3 with higher special surface area. Recently, Wu et al. [15] used In 2 O 3 nanoparticles, graphene nanoribbon (GNR), and PANI to synthesize a composite sensor containing nanostructured conformation. These results revealed that the sensing properties at room temperature were considerably greater than those of pure PANI and PANI/GNR composite sensor. ...
... The WAXD technique was used to characterize the crystalline structure of the hollow In 2 O 3 and C#In 2 O 3 nanofibers. Both WAXD diffraction profiles of hollow In 2 O 3 and C#In 2 O 3 nanofibers, as exhibited in This result recommends that the crystalline structure of hollow In 2 O 3 nanofibers is determined to be a cubic crystal phase [15], and the carbon-coated process did not change the crystalline structure of the In 2 O 3 nanofiber. The absorption bands of hollow C#In 2 O 3 nanofiber obtained by using the Raman spectra were presented in Figure 1c. ...
... It is clear that the surface coated by a thin carbon layer showed a better gas sensing property. The enhancement of the sensing properties was assigned to the presence of a p-n heterojunction generated between the p-type PANI and n-type hollow C#In 2 O 3 nanofiber [15,19]. The sensing repeatability and reversibility of the PANI, PANI/hollow In 2 O 3 nanofiber, and PANI/hollow C#In 2 O 3 nanofiber sensors to 1.0 ppm NH 3 are presented in Figure 7b. ...
Hollow carbon-coated In2O3 (C#In2O3) nanofibers were prepared using an efficiently combined approach of electrospinning, high-temperature calcination, and hydrothermal process. The polyaniline (PANI)/hollow C#In2O3 nanofiber composites were synthesized used hollow C#In2O3 nanofibers worked as a core through the in situ chemical oxidative polymerization. The morphology and crystalline structure of the PANI/hollow C#In2O3 nanofiber composite were identified using wide-angle X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. The gas-sensing performances of the fabricated PANI/hollow C#In2O3 nanofiber composite sensor were estimated at room temperature, and the response value of the composite sensor with an exposure of 1 ppm NH3 was 18.2, which was about 5.74 times larger than that of the pure PANI sensor. The PANI/hollow C#In2O3 nanofiber composite sensor was demonstrated to be highly sensitive to the detection of NH3 in the concentration range of 0.6~2.0 ppm, which is critical for kidney or hepatic disease detection from the human breath. This composite sensor also displayed superior repeatability and selectivity at room temperature with exposures of 1.0 and 2.0 ppm NH3. Because of the outstanding repeatability and selectivity to the detection of NH3 at 1.0 and 2.0 ppm confirmed in this investigation, the PANI/hollow C#In2O3 nanofiber composite sensor will be considered as a favorable gas-sensing material for kidney or hepatic disease detection from human breath.
... 30.6°, 35.4°, 51.2°, and 60.7°, assigned to the (211), (222), (400), (440), and (622) crystalline planes of In2O3, respectively. This finding suggests that the crystalline structure of the hollow In2O3 nanofibers is a cubic phase [18]. The morphology and structure of the fabricated In 2 O 3 nanofibers were determined using WAXD, FESEM, and TEM. Figure 2a exhibits a typical FESEM micrograph of an electrospun In (NO 3 ) 3 /PVP nanofiber, which displays a continuous fibrous morphology with smooth and uniform surfaces. ...
... The WAXD diffraction pattern of the hollow In 2 O 3 nanofibers, as presented in Figure 2d, exhibits five strong diffraction peaks at 2θ = 21.7 • , 30.6 • , 35.4 • , 51.2 • , and 60.7 • , assigned to the (211), (222), (400), (440), and (622) crystalline planes of In 2 O 3 , respectively. This finding suggests that the crystalline structure of the hollow In 2 O 3 nanofibers is a cubic phase [18]. ...
... The response value of the PANI/N-GQD/hollow In 2 O 3 nanofiber sensor was 15.2 with the loading of coated N-GQD on the surface of the hollow In 2 O 3 nanofiber. The improvement of the sensing performance was ascribed to the existence of a p-n junction between the p-type PANI and n-type N-GQD-coated hollow In 2 O 3 nanofiber [18,36]. The sensing reversibility and repeatability of the PANI/N-GQD/hollow In 2 O 3 nanofiber sensor to 1.0 ppm NH 3 are shown in Figure 8b. ...
Hollow indium trioxide (In2O3) nanofibers fabricated via an effectively combined method of electrospinning and high-temperature calcination were coated with nitrogen-doped graphene quantum dots (N-GQDs) prepared by a hydrothermal process through electrostatic interaction. The N-GQD-coated hollow In2O3 nanofibers served as a core for the synthesis of polyaniline (PANI)/N-GQD/hollow In2O3 nanofiber ternary composites using in situ chemical oxidative polymerization. The chemical structure and morphology of the fabricated ternary composites were characterized using Fourier transform infrared, field-emission scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. The gas-sensing performances of the ternary composites were estimated by a homemade dynamic test system which was supplied with a real-time resistance acquisition platform at room temperature. The response value of the PANI/N-GQD/hollow In2O3 nanofiber sensor with a loading of 20 wt% N-GQD-coated hollow In2O3 nanofiber and an exposure of 1 ppm NH3 was 15.2, which was approximately more than 4.4 times higher than that of the PANI sensor. This ternary composite sensor was proved to be very sensitive in the detection of NH3 at a range of concentration between 0.6 ppm and 2.0 ppm at room temperature, which is crucial in the detection of hepatic or kidney disease in human breath. The PANI/N-GQD/hollow In2O3 nanofiber sensor also revealed higher selectivity and repeatability when exposed to 1.0 and 2.0 ppm NH3 at room temperature. Because of the excellent selectivity and repeatability in the detection of 1.0 and 2.0 ppm NH3 at room temperature achieved in this study, it is considered that the PANI/N-GQD/hollow In2O3 nanofiber composite sensor will be a favored gas-sensing material applied on human breath for the detection of hepatic or kidney disease.
... Since the beginning of this century, the gas sensing of some polyaniline hybrid materials has been reported. These hybrid materials include NO 2 and triethylamine with SnO 2 -ZnO/PANI [6,7], H 2 S, CO, NH 3 , and volatile organic compounds with PANI/SnO 2 [8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15], E. coli bacteria, acetone, ammonia, ethanol, and CO with PANI/TiO 2 [16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24], and NH 3 with PANI/MoO 3 and PANI/nano-In 2 O 3 [25][26][27][28]. Recently, numerous studies have been reported on the benzene gas sensing behavior of these hybrids such as polyaniline/graphene [29,30]; however, reports on the detection of benzene gases at low concentrations are limited. ...
... Since the beginning of this century, the gas sensing of some polyaniline hybrid materials has been reported. These hybrid materials include NO2 and triethylamine with SnO2-ZnO/PANI [6,7], H2S, CO, NH3, and volatile organic compounds with PANI/SnO2 [8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15], E. coli bacteria, acetone, ammonia, ethanol, and CO with PANI/TiO2 [16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24], and NH3 with PANI/MoO3 and PANI/nano-In2O3 [25][26][27][28]. Recently, numerous studies have been reported on the benzene gas sensing behavior of these hybrids such as polyaniline/graphene [29,30]; however, reports on the detection of benzene gases at low concentrations are limited. ...
A sensor operating at room temperature has low power consumption and is beneficial for the detection of environmental pollutants such as ammonia and benzene vapor. In this study, polyaniline (PANI) is made from aniline under acidic conditions by chemical oxidative polymerization and doped with tin dioxide (SnO2) at a specific percentage. The PANI/SnO2 hybrid material obtained is then ground at room temperature. The results of scanning electron microscopy show that the prepared powder comprises nanoscale particles and has good dispersibility, which is conducive to gas adsorption. The thermal decomposition temperature of the powder and its stability are measured using a differential thermo gravimetric analyzer. At 20 °C, the ammonia gas and benzene vapor gas sensing of the PANI/SnO2 hybrid material was tested at concentrations of between 1 and 7 ppm of ammonia and between 0.4 and 90 ppm of benzene vapor. The tests show that the response sensitivities to ammonia and benzene vapor are essentially linear. The sensing mechanisms of the PANI/SnO2 hybrid material to ammonia and benzene vapors were analyzed. The results demonstrate that doped SnO2 significantly affects the sensitivity, response time, and recovery time of the PANI material.
... There are many articles devoted to the use of various carbon nanomaterials (single-walled carbon nanotubes [23], multi-walled carbon nanotubes [117], graphene [118], reduced graphene oxide [119], graphene nanoribbons [120,121]) for the enhancement of the gas-sensing properties of ammonia sensors based on polyaniline (PANI). Extended research on the creation of a sensing array for breath analysis based on SWCNTs functionalized with various semiconducting organic molecules was carried out by Freddi et al. [23] (Figure 2). ...
... Ni sulfate-doped rGO ammonia sensors were investigated using interdigitated electrodes in [183]. rGO in hybrid nanostructures can be considered as an important component, enhancing the detection of ammonia [33,72,94,120]. In [184], a hybrid nanocomposite consisting of rGO and In2O3 ceramic nanofibers was obtained. A synergetic effect between ceramic nanofibers and rGO was achieved, indicating a 10-fold faster response than the individual components and a low detection limit (44 ppb). ...
This review paper is devoted to an extended analysis of ammonia gas sensors based on carbon nanomaterials. It provides a detailed comparison of various types of active materials used for the detection of ammonia, e.g., carbon nanotubes, carbon nanofibers, graphene, graphene oxide, and related materials. Different parameters that can affect the performance of chemiresistive gas sensors are discussed. The paper also gives a comparison of the sensing characteristics (response, response time, recovery time, operating temperature) of gas sensors based on carbon nanomaterials. The results of our tests on ammonia gas sensors using various techniques are analyzed. The problems related to the recovery of sensors using various approaches are also considered. Finally, the impact of relative humidity on the sensing behavior of carbon nanomaterials of various different natures was estimated.
A binary solvent system (DMSO + water) assisted swollen liquid crystalline lamellar mesophase (SLCLM) template is effectively used to produce the reduced graphene oxide-polyaniline (rGO-PANI) nanocomposite. The large surface area and 2D hybrid nanosheets of PANI and rGO collectively persuade, providing an anchor for the ammonia gas sensing process. The obtained gas sensing results demonstrate the synthesized rGO-PANI films exhibited the highest gas sensitivity, excellent repeatability, good linear gas concentration response, a low detection limit (200–1000 ppb), and an ultrahigh sensitivity of 32 %. The newly synthesized morphology of rGO-PANI nanocomposite may be one of the factors for the enhanced NH3 gas response. All characterization techniques, such as XRD, HR-TEM, XPS, FT-IR, and Raman spectroscopy, confirm the formation of the rGO-PANI hybrid nanocomposite. Furthermore, the NH3 gas sensitivity in the relative humidity range of 34 %–57 % showed only ∼1 % variation. The development of 2D nanosheets of hybrid rGO-PANI nanocomposite in SLCLM with enhanced gas sensing properties is significant for the future development of selective and sensitive RT ammonia sensors.
