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This paper studies the diversity-multiplexing trade-off (DMT) of half-duplex diamond relay channels. Diversity and multiplexing gains usually evaluate the performance of any relaying strategy, in wireless relay networks with fading channels. DMT captures the fundamental trade-off between these two gains, for communications at high signal to noise r...
In this paper, a novel dual-hop spatial modulation (SM) relay network is proposed, in which the relay is enabled to transmit its own information while forwarding the SM signal from the source over the same frequency band. Both decode-andforward (DF) and amplify-and-forward (AF) relaying protocols are studied. For DF relaying, the relay embeds its o...
In this paper, we investigate the performance of a two-way hybrid satellite multi-terrestrial cooperative network with hardware impairments (HIs). Particularly, opportunistic relay selection scheme is employed in the considered network, which can substantially enhance the spectral efficiency and spatial diversity gain. By considering both the ampli...
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... And a study by (Salehi et al ., 2017), who showed class II integrons that 88.6% of the A.baumannii isolates carried the intII genes.And a study by ( Zeighami et al ., 2019), who recorded that class II (10%) out of 100 bacteria isolates. And a study by ( Ardeshiri et al ., 2017 ), that recorded the class 2 integrons Was 53.8%, out of bacterial isolates. The establishment of MDR A. baumannii isolates is significantly influenced by the existence of integrons as a key source of antimicrobial resistance genes within microbial populations. ...
The Search included 300 different clinical specimens from patients at Al-Diwaniyah General Teaching Hospital were collected for the study From September to December 2022. These specimens comprised blood, urine, burns, and wounds. 40(13.3%) A.baumannii out of 300 isolates. The focus of the study is to characterize the CarO protein, Int-2 and blaoxa-51 resistance mechanisms in Acinetobacter baumannii isolates recovered from different specimens. The samples were taken from various clinical specimens, which were then dispersed as follows: 40 isolates were tested for antibiotic susceptibility using the (Antibiotic Susceptibility Test-AST) on 15 (37.5%) swabs from burns, 10 (25%) swabs from wounds, 10 (25%) from urine, and 5 (12.5%) from blood samples. All isolates were found to be antibiotic-resistant, with the exception of polymyxin B, which had a 30% sensitivity rate and a 70% resistance rateThe gene Caro was found in 10 (25%) of the 40 isolates genetically analyzed using the PCR method, the gene Int-2 was found in 8 (20%) of the 40 specimens, and the gene blaOXA-51 was found in 19 (47.5%) of the 40 isolates. These results show that the gene Caro is present in proteins that encode the enzyme Carbapenemase. The findings of this investigation confirmed previous findings that bacteria have substantial polymyxin B resistance and are resistant to the majority of antibiotics. For the diagnosis of this bacteria, the blaOXA-51 gene was regarded as a diagnostic marker (A baumannii). In Conclusion Polymerase chain reaction technique was found to be simple and useful tool for detection of outer membrane protiens carO. Class 2-Integron was found to be carried by A. baumannii isolates and antibiotic resistance genes were distributed on this integron.
... To minimize error probabilities and optimize molecular communication performance, the works in the third class propose using a relay-assisted diffusion between transmitters and receivers [Ardeshiri et al., 2017;Tavakkoli et al., 2017a,b]. Avoiding ISI is a main challenge of molecular communication. ...
... Instead of using electromagnetic waves, molecules are used as wireless carriers of information between the transmitter and the receiver[Pierobon and Akyildiz, 2010]. However, the achievable throughput with molecular communications is still very low and the delay is very high, despite the efforts reported in the literature to enhance both of them and to decrease the inter-symbol interference[Ahmadzadeh et al., 2017;Akdeniz et al., 2018;Ardeshiri et al., 2017;Arjmandi et al., 2016;Assaf et al., 2017;Barros, 2017;Bicen et al., 2016;Chahibi et al., 2016;Chang et al., 2018;Cho et al., 2017; Cherkaoui, 2018, 2019;Damrath et al., 2017;Deng et al., 2016;Einolghozati et al., 2016;Enomoto et al., 2011;Farsad et al., 2016;Kim et al., 2014;Mosayebi et al., 2016;Nakano and Suda, 2017;Noel et al., 2014; Tavakkoli et al., 2017a,b; Tepekule et al., 2015a,b;Unluturk and Akyildiz, 2017]. ...
... The most studied methods proposed for molecular communication are based on the principle of molecular diffusion, where molecules move randomly, because of the thermal fluctuations of the medium, until they reach the receiver. The work on molecular communication in the literature can be categorized into five classes; a) modulation techniques[Arjmandi et al., 2016;Farsad et al., 2016;Mosayebi et al., 2016;Nakano and Suda, 2017], b) channel modeling studies[Ahmadzadeh et al., 2017;Bicen et al., 2016;Chahibi et al., 2016;Damrath et al., 2017;Deng et al., 2016], c) relay assistance methods[Ardeshiri et al., 2017; Tavakkoli et al., 2017a,b], d) ISI avoidance[Akdeniz et al., 2018;Assaf et al., 2017;Chang et al., 2018;Cho et al., 2017; Cherkaoui, 2018, 2019; Kim 5.4. STATE-OF-THE-ART 77 et al., 2014;Noel et al., 2014; Tepekule et al., 2015a,b] and e) end-to-end communication system designs ...
The field of nanotechnology has undergone very rapid and fascinating development in recent years. This rapid and impressive advance has led to new applications of nanotechnology in the biomedical and military industries, making it a key area of research in multidisciplinary fields. However, the individual processing capacity of nanodevices is very limited, hence the need to design nanonetworks that allow the nanodevices to share information and to cooperate with each other. There are two solutions to establish a nanocommunication system: either by adapting the classical electromagnetic communication to the requirements of nano scale, or by using biological nanosystems inspired by nature such as the molecular communication proposed in the literature. In this thesis, we are interested in the second solution, which is exploiting the potential of biological nanosystems used by nature since billions of years to design biocompatible nanonetworks that can be used inside the human body for medical applications. Nevertheless, the use of this new paradigm is not without challenges. The very low achievable throughput and the Inter-Symbol Interference (ISI) are the most influential problems on the quality of molecular communication. The main objective of this thesis is to design and evaluate new methods inspired by nature in order to enhance the performance of nano-communication systems. To do this, the work is divided into three main parts. In the first part, we enhance the performance of molecular communication by proposing a new method that uses a photolysis-reaction instead of using enzyme to better attenuate ISI. We also propose an optimization of the receiver used in MIMO systems by judiciously choosing the parameters used in its design to reduce the influence of path loss on the quality of the system. The second part proposes a new wired nano-communication system based on self-assembled polymers that build an electrically conductive nanowire to connect the nanodevices to each other. The use of electrons as information carriers drastically increases the achievable throughput and reduces the delay. We study the dynamic process of self-assembly of the nanowire and we propose a bio inspired receiver that detects the electrons sent through the conductive nanowire and converts them into a blue light. The third part applies the proposed wired nano-communication system to design an architecture of Wired Ad hoc NanoNETworks (WANNET) with a physical layer, Medium Acess Control (MAC) layer and application layer. We also calculate the maximum throughput and we evaluate the performance of the system.
... The problem of conveying information over distance has always been an important part of human society. Today, modern communication systems solve this problem with electrical or electromagnetic signals from radio to optical bands [1,2]. There are, however, still many applications where these technologies are not convenient or appropriate [1]. ...
... For example, health monitoring or drug delivery. Also, some aspects of conventional communications, such as relaying, cooperation and etc., can be utilised in MCs as well [2]. Furthermore, in MC, information may be encoded in the number, type, or release time of molecules [1][2][3]. ...
... Also, some aspects of conventional communications, such as relaying, cooperation and etc., can be utilised in MCs as well [2]. Furthermore, in MC, information may be encoded in the number, type, or release time of molecules [1][2][3]. Specifically, the transmitter NM encodes its predetermined message using messenger molecules and receiver decodes the message by counting these molecules. According to the theory of Brownian motion, the average displacement of each molecule is proportional to its diffusion time and the diffusion coefficient [4]. ...
Forthcoming applications for molecular communications (MC) such as drug-delivery and health monitoring will require robust receiver capabilities to mitigate channel memory and inter symbol interference caused by previous transmitted symbols. Here, the authors introduce an adaptive weighted algorithm to reduce the influence of these factors. This novel signal detection is deployed on to a concentration-based MC system with absorbing receiver which is based on the so-called first passage time concept. The proposed detector has low complexity and does not require explicit channel knowledge. To evaluate authors' proposed algorithm, a theoretical approach is developed to derive the bit error rate (BER). Numerical results also carried out to verify the accuracy of these formulations and establish that the new detector will achieve better performance in comparison with other common low-complex detectors under certain scenarios. Additionally, the authors propose a simple pre-coding technique to combat the sequence of consecutive ones in low ISI scenarios. Also a comparison between detectors is given, which is based on the variation of distance, symbol period, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), and number of molecules.
... As we know the received power model in the cooperative/cognitive networks can be modeled based on the communication type between the nodes [25,26]. For the considered communication, the received power of the 'th secondary user in the 'th cluster is [27][28][29] , = + 10 log( 0 ...
In cognitive radio networks, the security attacks disrupt the spectrum sensing process. One of the most threatening attacks is spectrum sensing data falsification (SSDF) attack, where some of the network users are malicious users and by sending their incorrect observations degrade the decision making process. In this paper, to counter this kind of attack, we propose a method based on clustering the secondary users and estimating some unknown parameters of their received power. In the proposed scheme, we consider two different scenarios for the attack strategies: deterministic attack and WGN (White Gaussian Noise) attack. Due to the use of clustering and the low computational complexity of the proposed method, the complexity order reduces significantly. Moreover, our scheme has good performance in detecting the malicious users of each cluster.
... Among different communication strategies, Molecular Communication via Diffusion (MCvD) is the most promising communication approach to enable the communication between nano-machines due to its bio-compatible nature [2]. In MCvD, the molecules that are released by the transmitter nano-machine in a fluid environment randomly walk in all directions, thus some of them may reach the receiver nano-machine [3]. ...
... One approach in conventional wireless communications that can be adapted for MCvD is the use of intermediate transceivers acting as relays to aid the communication. Such relays can potentially improve the reliability and performance of the communications [3,[10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27]. ...
... There exist several research efforts about relay-assisted molecular communication in the literature. In [3], decode and forward relaying scheme have been implemented to study the optimal baud-rate and timing offset in order to mitigate the overall Inter-Symbol Interference, and to obtain maximum throughput in the proposed relay network. ...
Molecular Communication via Diffusion (MCvD) is a promising paradigm which enables nano-machines to communicate with each other. However, the reliability of existing communication systems degrades rapidly as the distance between the transmitters and the receivers grows. To solve this issue, relaying schemes must be implemented in practice. In this paper, we study two relaying schemes: In the first case, the relay node decodes the incoming signal symbol and forwards it to the receiver using a different types of molecules. Then, the receiver detects the information bits by only considering the molecules from the relay node. In the second case, the receiver considers both types of molecules sent from the transmitter and the relay node. Closed-form expression for the end-to-end bit error probability of the these two schemes are derived. Also, we obtain optimal relay location for both schemes. Moreover, we study the optimal threshold, concentration, baud-rate and timing offset to mitigate the overall Inter-Symbol Interference(ISI) and obtain maximum throughput in the relay network.
... limited size and restrictions in computation and communication capabilities 5 are making the nano-machines less practical for real-world applications. As a result, a cooperation among several coordinated nano-machines may largely improve the performance and expand their functionalities [2,3,4,5]. Employing the molecules or neuro-spikes as information carriers seems a good solution for communicating in nano-scale [6, 7]. In order to ensure high transmission rate 10 with low error, various complicated modulation and channel coding schemes are commonly used in communication systems. ...
... It also results lower variation on the delays of the molecules which reach the receiver. This fact can be also seen in the distribution function of first hitting time of the molecules in (3). Therefore, the error rate 390 drops rapidly as the drift velocity grow. ...
In diffusion-based molecular communication simple modulation techniques based on the concentration, type, or released time of molecules are commonly used. However, random delay of the diffused molecules in environment can cause some strong inter-symbol interference (ISI) among consecutive symbols. Due to the limited computational capabilities of nano-machines, sophisticated modulation and coding schemes cannot be used to resolve this issue. In this paper, we propose several new, yet simple, ISI-resistant coding schemes for diffusion-based communications over a one-dimensional noiseless channel. These schemes map the information bits into variable length codewords and place time-gaps between the consecutive codewords to mitigate ISI issue. Our analytical and simulation results indicate that the proposed schemes provide superior performances in terms of probability of error and throughput compared to the existing schemes.
... Further, in [4], [5], discussion on area of molecular communication along with the challenges and opportunities in developing network mechanism and communication protocols is provided withoutevaluating mathematical model on various parameters of signal propagation. [6] A new modulation technique using isomers as messenger molecules for molecular communication via diffusion using single transmitter and a single receiver.ISI mitigation techniques has been proposed in [7]- [9]. ...
Nanotechnologies are providing a new set of tools
to the branch of engineering for producing various
equipments in a scale ranging from one to a few hundred
nanometers. Nano-networks will expand the capabilities of
single nano-devices by providing them a way to cooperate
and share information. Exchange of information via nano
devices is called Nano Communication (NC)". In this
paper, Mat’ern Hard-Core Process (MHCP) has been
presented to mitigate the interference. First of all, we have
reproduced the results of base paper. Thereafter, we have
presented similar analytical model using MHCP Type 2.
It is worthy to mention that for NC system MHCP is most
regular spatial distribution. The analytical expressions
have been validated through numerical comparison with
the results available in [1] in which Diffusion based
molecular nano-networks use the Poisson Point
Process(PPP) to define the random distribution of
transmitters and receivers in either a two dimensional or a
three dimensional space. However, NC is prone to such
systems can face a problem of high level of interference
among the transmitting nano-machines and hence, loose of
a large amount of power to overcome the same, which is an
undesirable scenario causes, loss information. The
numerical simulation has been presented here
... Molecular communication via diffusion (MCvD) deals with the communication of NMs in a fluidic medium by transmitting and receiving molecules. Overall, the transmitter NM releases molecules to carry the information symbol and the receiver NM absorbs these molecules and makes a decision [3]. ...
medicine, biology and communication engineering. This new paradigm is introduced to carry messages between nano-machines. Because of their size, one of the primary limitation of these devices is their computation capability. For this reason, the proposed ideas regarding MC should be as low complex as possible. Due to the random propagation of molecules, intersymbol interference becomes a major restriction in MC. The majority of ISI combating techniques in literature are implemented at receiver side. In this contribution, a new pre-coding algorithm is introduced at transmitter side to mitigate the intersymbol interference for adaptive threshold detectors. This algorithm will ensure us that we can utilise these detectors in different situations. Our analytical and numerical results indicate that the proposed scheme will provide a significant performance boost regarding these detectors.
... Molecular communication (MC) has been introduced as one of the most promising paradigm for communication between devices at nanoscale which inspired by nature. Information can be transmitted by changing in number, type, and the timing of the molecules [1], [2], [3]. Nanomachines (NM) are very limited in terms of complexity [4]- [5] and it is stated that a single NM can only perform simple tasks. ...
Molecular Communication is a rising paradigm to transfer message between nano-machines. Due to the specific characteristics of these systems, the channel noise and memory significantly influence the system performance. In this paper, a new adaptive threshold detector is proposed, which utilized the inter-symbol-interference. In contrast to other detection algorithms with high complexity, the proposed detector is more practical when the channel conditions are not easy to find or not known at the receiver side. Numerical results show that the proposed detector achieves lower bit error rate than the common threshold detectors. Furthermore, the comparison between detectors is given, which is based on the variation of distance, symbol period and number of molecules.
