Figure - available from: Pflügers Archiv - European Journal of Physiology
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The relationship between the ECoG recording and behavioral seizure score in the PTZ model of epilepsy. It indicates that the severity of seizure can be inferred with ECoG recordings, while the behavioral seizure score was evaluated using Fischer and Kittner scale. The data were collected from multiple recordings, and a representative set is shown
Source publication
This study endeavoured to assess the effect of hemopressin (Hp), a nano peptide obtained from the alpha chain of hemoglobin, on chronic epileptic activity and its potential correlation with cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1). Male Wistar albino rats (230–260 g) were used. The kindling process was conducted by administering a sub-convulsant dose of p...
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Citations
... Studies so far have shown that cannabinoids exert their behavioral and neuronal effects through cerebrum CB1 receptor activation 20 . On the other hand, cannabinoids have been known to exert anticonvulsant effects through CB1 receptors 2,3,21,22 . In the epileptic model created with pentylenetetrazole, ACEA was found to have an antiepileptic effect 9 and inhibited the proconvulsant effect of toxoplasmosis 22 . ...
OBJECTIVE
In this study, the effects of leptin, cannabinoid-1 (CB1) receptor agonist ACEA and antagonist AM251, and the interactions between leptin and CB1 receptor agonist/antagonist on oxidant and antioxidant enzymes in the cerebrum, cerebellum, and pedunculus cerebri tissue samples were investigated in the penicillin-induced epileptic model.
METHODS
Male Wistar albino rats (n=56) were included in this study. In anesthetized animals, 500 IU penicillin-G potassium was injected into the cortex to induce epileptiform activity. Leptin (1 μg), ACEA (7.5 μg), AM251 (0.25 μg), and the combinations of the leptin+ACEA and leptin+AM251 were administered intracerebroventricularly (i.c.v.) after penicillin injections. Malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) levels were measured in the cerebral tissue samples and plasma with the ELISA method.
RESULTS
MDA levels increased, while SOD and GPx levels decreased after penicillin injection in the cerebrum and cerebellum. The efficacy of penicillin on SOD, MDA and GPx levels was further enhanced after leptin or AM251 injections. Whereas, ACEA decreased the MDA levels and increased GPx levels compared with the penicillin group. Administration of AM251+leptin did not change any oxidation parameter compared with the AM251. Furthermore, co-administration of ACEA and leptin significantly increased oxidative stress compared with the ACEA-treated group by increasing MDA and decreasing GPx levels.
CONCLUSION
It was concluded that leptin reversed the effect of ACEA on oxidative stress. Co-administration of AM251 and leptin did not change oxidative stress compared with the AM251-treated group suggesting AM251 and leptin affect oxidative stress using the same pathways.
... Although CB1 receptors are located largely on a type of GABAergic interneuron nerve terminal in neocortex, amygdala, and hippocampus, in another area of brain, they are mostly found on the excitatory terminals of glutamatergic system 35 . The cannabinoid system is involved in the regulation of GABA and glutamate release depending on the brain region involved 36 . In addition to this cannabinoids also block GABA reuptake in the globus pallidus 37 . ...
... Intracerebroventricular application of AM-251 raised the spike frequency of penicillininduced epileptiform activity in rat, whereas ACEA suppressed the spike frequency of epileptiform activity 25 . While the CB1 receptor agonist ACEA (7.5 μg, icv) displayed an anticonvulsant effect, the CB1 receptor antagonist AM-251 (0.5 μg, icv) exhibited a proconvulsant effect in pentylenetetrazol model of epilepsy in rats 36 . AM-251 administration resulted in the development of SE-like activity characterized by bursting and spiking activity 16 . ...
Epilepsy is a widespread neurological disorder. Many neurotransmitters, neuropeptides and neuromodulators have a significant role in the epileptic activity. Apelin-13 and cannabinoid CB1 receptor agonist and antagonist have an effect in the penicillin model of epilepsy. The relationship between apelin and epilepsy, and the apelin-cannabinoid relationship in epilepsy is still not well understood. Thus, this study focuses on the relationship between apelin-13 and CB1 receptor in experimental model of epilepsy. Penicillin injection was given intracortically (i.c.) for the development of epileptic seizures. Ninety-one male Wistar rats were divided into 13 groups. CB1 receptor agonist ACEA (7.5 µg, intracerebroventricularly, icv) and antagonist AM-251 (0.25 µg and 0.125 µg, icv) were administered to three different groups, two different doses of apelin-13 (5 µg and 15 µg, icv) were applied and the interactions between these five groups of substances were evaluated. Both apelin-13 (15 µg) and AM-251 (0.25 µg) raised the spike frequency of epileptiform activity separately. Application of apelin-13 + AM-251 also increased the spike frequency of epileptiform activity beginning in the 30 min after apelin-13 application. When the non-effective dose of AM-251 and the effective dose of apelin-13 were administered together, epileptic activity increased in the 20 min. ACEA reduced the epileptiform activity starting in the 50 th min. apelin-13 and ACEA administration in effective doses decreased epileptiform activity. The non-effective doses of AM-251, apelin-13 and effective dose of ACEA decreased the epileptiform activity in the 50 min. Application of non-effective doses of apelin and AM-251 together does not induce any additional proconvulsant activity, and CB1 receptor agonist, ACEA reversed the proconvulsant activity of apelin-13. These results suggest that they utilize different receptors to begin their own effects by increasing intracellular Ca 2+ in epilepsy. Considering that apelin-13 is an endogenous substance known for its neuroprotective properties, the proconvulsant effect of apelin-13 in the presented study is remarkable.
