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The relation between insulin resistance index calculated by HOMA and body fat distribution. A. Highly correlation between intra-peritoneal fat and insulin resistance. B. No significant correlation between retro-peritoneal fat and insulin resistance. C. No significant correlation between subcutaneous fat and insulin resistance.
Source publication
Obesity is associated with a high risk of insulin resistance (IR) and its metabolic complications. It is still debated that distributions of adipose tissue relate to an excess risk of IR and chronic inflammation in different race. This study was designed to examine the relation between insulin sensitivity, chronic inflammation and central fat distr...
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Met...
Objective:
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Background
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Citations
... Central obesity is associated with insulin resistance and metabolic complications. Various studies have shown that the more fat in the viscera, the higher the risk of developing diabetes (Hsieh et al., 2014). Central obesity is also significantly associated with diabetes and undiagnosed diabetes (Kumar et al., 2016). ...
Background
There is an upward surge in diabetes patients worldwide, including in Indonesia, annually. Diabetes can lead to new diseases that burden patients’ lives further. Nurses can reduce this problem by identifying people at risk of developing diabetes and educating them on how to prevent diabetes.
Objective
The study aimed to determine the risk of diabetes in the Indonesian population.
Methods
The descriptive research involved a sample of 1216 Indonesians living in North Sumatra Province. Participants were nondiabetic individuals selected using the convenience method from May to October 2020. This study utilized the Indonesian version of the Finnish Diabetes Risk Score (FINDRISC) tool and employed various statistical analyses, including frequencies, percentages, chi-square test, and Fisher’s exact test.
Results
Of the total samples, 372 were males (30.6%), and 844 were females (69.4%). The risk of developing diabetes was classified as low (57.1%), slightly elevated (36.4%), moderate (5.3%), high (1.0%), and very high (0.2%). Only one of the eight risk factors that differed significantly between men and women was a history of elevated blood glucose levels, with a p-value of 0.02.
Conclusion
The study identified a portrait of the number and percentage of diabetes risk factors in a community setting in Indonesia. Nurses must provide education on diabetes prevention to not only members of the local community at the research site but also the general public, nationally and globally.
... The findings support the evidence showing that disproportionate accumulation of abdominal fat is associated with increased risk of insulin resistance and metabolic disturbance. 32 We examined allele frequencies of polymorphisms previously associated with NAFLD to evaluate the potential genetic background for NAFLD development in the lean body habit. The analysis revealed a significantly higher rate of the PNPLA3 GG genotype in our lean NAFLD probands compared with lean subjects without NAFLD and a rate comparable to obese NAFLD probands. ...
Background and Aims
The heritability of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in lean individuals is undetermined. This familial aggregation study aimed to evaluate familial linkage for NAFLD and the risk of NAFLD among first‐degree relatives of probands with lean NAFLD.
Methods
This study prospectively recruited cohorts of probands with lean NAFLD, probands with obese NAFLD, and lean probands with non‐NAFLD and their respective first‐degree relatives. A total of 257 participants were evaluated for liver steatosis, defined by the controlled attenuation parameter ≥288 dB/m ² , metabolic characteristics, and the PNPLA3, TM6SF2, and MBOAT7 polymorphisms.
Results
The prevalence of NAFLD in first‐degree relatives of lean NAFLD probands (39.9%) was similar to that in the obese NAFLD group (36.9%) and was significantly higher than in lean persons without NAFLD (19.1%). First‐degree relatives of probands with NAFLD who were male, and had central obesity, hypertriglyceridaemia, insulin resistance, and the PNPLA3 rs738409C>G allele had a significantly higher prevalence of NAFLD. After multivariable adjustment for gender, metabolic characteristics, and the PNPLA3 rs738409C>G allele, first‐degree relatives of probands with lean NAFLD (odds ratio [OR], 5.13; 95% CI, 1.77–14.86) and obese NAFLD (OR, 3.20; 95% CI, 1.14–8.99) exhibited an increased risk of NAFLD compared with those of lean controls without NAFLD.
Conclusions
Our well‐phenotype cohorts revealed familial clustering of NAFLD and higher risks of NAFLD in first‐degree relatives of probands with lean or obese NAFLD. The findings encourage clinicians caring for NAFLD patients to be more vigilant for NAFLD in their family members.
... In particular, the accumulation of belly fat is a significant marker toward development of insulin resistance and pre-diabetic hyperglycemia (9). Although the exact molecular connection between increase in free fatty acids and development of insulin resistance remains to be deciphered completely, several reports have indicated that free fatty acids (FFAs) from visceral body fat bring about activation of the inflammatory response which causes dysregulation of the insulin receptor substrate (IRS)/phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI-3K)/protein kinase B (PKB) axis with concomitant development of insulin resistance (4). ...
... 8. history of intolerance or hypersensitivity to sulfonylurea or metformin or fenugreek seed extract. 9. any condition which in the opinion of the Pi that is significant and can make the patient unsuitable for study or can place it under additional risk, such as intolerance, allergy to fenugreek seeds or its extract. ...
Background:
Trigonella foenum-graecum (Fenugreek) is an extensively researched phytotherapeutic for the management of Type 2 diabetes without any associated side effects. The major anti-diabetic bioactive constituents present in the plant are furostanolic saponins, which are more abundantly available in the seed of the plant. However, the bioavailability of these components depends on the method of extraction and hence formulation of the phytotherapeutic constitutes a critical step for its success.
Objective:
The present study reports the efficacy of a novel, patented fenugreek seed extract, Fenfuro®, containing significant amount of furostanolic saponins, in an open-labelled, two-armed, single centric study on a group of 204 patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus over a period of twelve consecutive weeks.
Results:
Administration of Fenfuro® in the dosage of 500 mg twice daily along with metformin and/or sulfonylurea-based prescribed antidiabetic drug resulted in a reduction of post-prandial glucose by more than 33% along with significant reduction in fasting glucose, both of which were greater than what resulted for the patient group receiving only Metformin and/or Sulfonylurea therapy. Fenfuro® also resulted in reduction in mean baseline HOMA index from 4.27 to 3.765, indicating restoration of insulin sensitivity which was also supported by a significant decrease in serum insulin levels by >10% as well as slight reduction in the levels of C-peptide. However, in the case of the Metformin and/or Sulfonylurea group, insulin levels were found to increase by more than 14%, which clearly indicated that drug-induced suppression of glucose levels instead of restoration of glucose homeostasis. Administration of the formulation was also found to be free from any adverse side effects as there were no changes in hematological profile, liver function and renal function.
Conclusion:
The study demonstrated the promising potential of this novel phytotherapeutic, Fenfuro®, in long-term holistic management of type-2 diabetes.
... Abdominal peritoneal fat is one of the main fat depots which contribute to the development of insulin-resistance and diabetes (Hsieh et al., 2014). Its ability to expand during lipid overload provides a protective mechanism to prevent lipotoxicity to other non-adipose tissues. ...
The prevalence of obesity and insulin‐resistance is on the rise, globally. Cannabis have been shown to have anti‐diabetic/obesity properties, however, the effect mediated at various fat depots remains to be clarified. The aim of this study was to (1) investigate the anti‐diabetic property of an oral cannabis administration in an obese and streptozotocin‐induced diabetic rat model and (2) to determine and compare the effect mediated at the peritoneal and intramuscular fat level. Cannabis concentration of 1.25 mg/kg body weight (relative to THC content) was effective in reversing insulin‐resistance in the rat model, unlike the other higher cannabinoid concentrations. At the peritoneal fat level, gene expression of fat beigeing markers, namely Cidea and UCP1, were significantly increased compared to the untreated control. At the intramuscular fat level, on the other hand, CE1.25 treatment did not promote fat beigeing but instead significantly increased mitochondrial activity, relative to the untreated control. Therefore, these findings indicate that the mechanism of action of oral cannabis administration, where glucose and lipid homeostasis is restored, is not only dependent on the dosage but also on the type of fat depot investigated.
... Despite the reported associations of parental preconception BMI and gestational weight gain with offspring adiposity (4,(8)(9)(10)(11)16), studies rarely assessed all compartments of the body. Particularly, the increased abdominal fat generates systemic inflammation and insulin resistance which are underlying mechanisms of cardiometabolic diseases (17). Whether a slightly elevated visceral adiposity can deteriorate metabolic profile even in young non-obese adults has been scarcely investigated (18,19). ...
Objective
Intrauterine environment can induce fetal metabolic programming that predisposes to adiposity-related chronic diseases in its lifespan. We examined the associations of parental nutritional status and gestational weight gain with offspring body composition in early adulthood.
Materials and methods
This is cross-sectional analysis of female participants of the NutriHS who were submitted to questionnaires, clinical examinations and body composition assessed by DXA. Association of pre-conception parental BMI and maternal gestational weight gain (exposures) with body composition measurements (outcomes) were analyzed using multiple linear models adjusted for Directed Acyclic Graphs-based covariables (maternal and paternal educational level, maternal age, and tobacco, alcohol and/or drugs use). The sample included 124 women (median 28 (24-31) years) with a mean BMI of 25.4 ± 4.7 kg/m².
Results
No association between previous paternal BMI and offspring’s body composition was detected. In the fully adjusted linear regression model, maternal BMI was associated with offspring’s total lean mass (β = 0.66, p = 0.001), appendicular skeletal muscle mass index (ASMI) (β = 0.11, p = 0.003) and fat mass index (FMI) (β = 0.03, p = 0.039). Gestational weight gain was associated with increased offspring’s BMI (OR 1.12 [95% CI 1.02-1.20], p = 0.01). The linear regression model adjusted for maternal age and maternal and paternal education levels showed associations of gestational weight gain with offspring’s ASMI (β = 0.42, p = 0.046), FMI (β = 0.22, p = 0.005) and android-to-gynoid fat ratio (β = 0.09, p = 0.035).
Conclusion
Our findings suggest that preconception maternal BMI could influence lean mass and general adiposity of young adult female offspring and that gestational weight gain could be useful for predicting centrally distributed adiposity.
Keywords:
DOHaD; body composition; obesity; parental BMI; gestational weight gain
... WC reflects abdominal fat deposition and was shown to be a valid indicator of the accumulation of intra-abdominal adipose tissue which is composed of intra-and retroperitoneal fat [39]. Some evidence show that intraperitoneal fat better predicts insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome [40] and that patients displaying visceral fat, especially high intra-abdominal fat deposition, present higher risk of systemic hypertension [41,42] and deteriorated cardiometabolic profiles [43,44]. These results are in accordance with those reported in the present study and with some pathophysiological mechanisms that may explain the observed changes in BP and their relationship with those in WC, such as a sympathetic nervous system overactivation, a stimulation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, an alteration in adipose-derived cytokines such as leptin, and insulin resistance, as well as structural and functional renal changes [45,46]. ...
Systemic hypertension has been recognized as a modifiable traditional cardiovascular risk factor and influenced by many factors such as eating habits, physical activity, diabetes, and obesity. The objective of this cross-sectional study was to identify factors that predict changes in blood pressure induced by a one-year lifestyle intervention in primary care settings involving a collaboration between family physicians, dietitians, and exercise specialists. Patients with metabolic syndrome diagnosis were recruited by family physicians participating in primary care lifestyle intervention among several family care clinics across Canada. Participants for whom all cardiometabolic data at the beginning (T0) and the end (T12) of the one-year intervention were available were included in the present analysis (n = 101). Patients visited the dietitian and the exercise specialist weekly for the first three months and monthly for the last nine months. Diet quality, exercise capacity, anthropometric indicators, and cardiometabolic variables were evaluated at T0 and at T12. The intervention induced a statistically significant decrease in waist circumference (WC), systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressure, and plasma triglycerides, and an increase in cardiorespiratory fitness (estimated VO2max). Body weight (p < 0.001), body mass index (BMI) (p < 0.001), and fasting blood glucose (p = 0.006) reduction, and VO2max increase (p = 0.048) were all related to changes in SBP. WC was the only variable for which changes were significantly correlated with those in both SBP (p < 0.0001) and DBP (p = 0.0004). Variations in DBP were not associated with changes in other cardiometabolic variables to a statistically significant extent. Twelve participants were identified as adverse responders (AR) in both SBP and DBP and displayed less favorable changes in WC. The beneficial effects of the primary care lifestyle intervention on blood pressure were significantly associated with cardiometabolic variables, especially WC. These findings suggest that a structured lifestyle intervention in primary care can help improve cardiometabolic risk factors in patients with metabolic syndrome and that WC should be systematically measured to better stratify the patient’s hypertension risk.
... Its pathogenesis is complex involving genetic, epigenetic, behavioral, and environmental factors [2][3][4]. Visceral adipose tissuederived cytokines favor a state of low-grade inflammation and insulin resistance [5,6] that is undesirable for women planning pregnancy [7]. Insulin sensitivity deteriorates during the normal pregnancy and this condition is aggravated by excessive gestational weight gain [8][9][10]. ...
Intrauterine environment can influence the offspring’s body adiposity whose distribution affect the cardiometabolic risk. Underlying mechanisms may involve the gut microbiome. We investigated associations of gestational weight gain with the adult offspring’s gut microbiota, body adiposity and related parameters in participants of the Nutritionists’ Health Study.
Methods
This cross-sectional analysis included 114 women who had early life and clinical data, body composition, and biological samples collected. The structure of fecal microbiota was analyzed targeting the V4 region of the 16 S rRNA gene. Beta diversity was calculated by PCoA and PERMANOVA used to test the impact of categorical variables into the diversity. Bacterial clusters were identified based on the Jensen-Shannon divergence matrix and Calinski–Harabasz index. Correlations were tested by Spearman coefficient.
Results
Median age was 28 (IQR 24–31) years and BMI 24.5 (IQR 21.4–28.0) kg/m². Fifty-eight participants were assigned to a profile driven by Prevotella and 56 to another driven by Blautia. Visceral adipose tissue was correlated to abundance of Acidaminococcus genus considering the entire sample (r = 0.37; p < 0.001) and the profiles (Blautia: r = 0.35, p = 0.009, and Prevotella: r = 0.38, p = 0.006). In Blautia-driven profile, the same genus was also correlated to maternal gestational weight gain (r = 0.38, p = 0.006).
Conclusions
Association of Acidaminococcus with gestational weight gain could reinforce the relevance with mothers’ nutritional status for gut colonization at the beginning of life. Whether Acidaminococcus abundance could be a marker for central distribution of adiposity in young women requires further investigation.
... The pathogenesis of cardiometabolic dysfunctions are low-grade systemic inflammation and insulin resistance caused by cytokines. These cytokines are released by excess adipose tissue in the body, especially in the visceral site [5][6][7]. ...
Background
Adipose and hepatic metabolic dysfunctions are critical comorbidities that also aggravate insulin resistance in obese individuals. Melatonin is a low-cost agent and previous studies suggest that its use may promote metabolic health. However, its effects on some comorbidities associated with obesity are unknown. Herein, we investigated the hypothesis that melatonin supplementation would attenuate adipose-hepatic metabolic dysfunction in high fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity in male Wistar rats.
Materials and methods
Twenty-four adult male Wistar rats (n = 6/group) were used: Control group received vehicle (normal saline), obese group received 40% high fat diet, melatonin-treated group received 4 mg/kg of melatonin, and obese plus melatonin group received 40% HFD and melatonin. The treatment lasted for 12 weeks.
Results
HFD caused increased food intake, body weight, insulin level, insulin resistance and plasma and liver lipid but decreased adipose lipid. In addition, HFD also increased plasma, adipose and liver malondialdehyde, IL-6, uric acid and decreased Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, glutathione, nitric oxide and circulating obestatin concentration. However, these deleterious effects except food intake were attenuated when supplemented with melatonin.
Conclusion
Taken together, the present results indicate that HFD exposure causes adipose-hepatic metabolic disturbance in obese animals, which are accompanied by oxidative stress and inflammation. In addition, the present results suggest that melatonin supplementation attenuates adipose-hepatic metabolic dysfunction, accompanying obesity by suppression of oxidative stress/inflammation-dependent mechanism and increasing circulating obestatin.
... Studies with L. gasseri showed a decrease in body weight [27], BMI [23,27], waist circumference [23,27,38] and areas of visceral [23,27] and subcutaneous fat [23]. High body mass has been reported to be strongly associated with risk factors for cardiovascular diseases in both childhood and adulthood [53,54]. L. gasseri BNR17 was associated with a decrease in visceral adipose tissue in waist and hip circumferences post-consumption [38]. ...
Intestinal microbiota has been shown to be a potential determining factor in the development of obesity. The objective of this systematic review is to collect and learn, based on the latest available evidence, the effect of the use of probiotics and synbiotics in randomized clinical trials on weight loss in people with overweight and obesity. A search for articles was carried out in PubMed, Web of science and Scopus until September 2021, using search strategies that included the terms "obesity", "overweight", "probiotic", "synbiotic", "Lactobacillus", "Bifidobacterium" and "weight loss". Of the 185 articles found, only 25 complied with the selection criteria and were analyzed in the review, of which 23 observed positive effects on weight loss. The intake of probiotics or synbi-otics could lead to significant weight reductions, either maintaining habitual lifestyle habits or in combination with energy restriction and/or increased physical activity for an average of 12 weeks. Specific strains belonging to the genus Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium were the most used and those that showed the best results in reducing body weight. Both probiotics and synbiotics have the potential to help in weight loss in overweight and obese populations.
... Taiwanese research observed that central fat distribution of adipose tissue correlated with increased risk of IR and chronic inflammation. Out of five inflammatory markers (adiponectin, leptin, tumor necrosis factor-α TNF-α, resistin, and hsCRP), variances in hsCRP and adiponectin levels could be explained by intraperitoneal fat [31]. Moreover, a study on an Indian industrial population revealed that BMI and abdominal obesity correlated with the systemic inflammatory state of individuals [28]. ...
Background:
Chronic inflammation is considered to be involved in the development of CVD. It is important to find a simple test that enables the identification of patients at risk and that may be used in primary care. The aim of this study is to investigate the associations of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) with selected factors-age, gender, obesity, dyslipidemia, diabetes, hyperuricemia, vitamin D-25(OH)D, cardiovascular diseases (CVD), coronary heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, and hypertension.
Results:
Statistically significant correlations were found between hsCRP and the following: age (rs = 0.304, p = 0.0000); gender (female) (p = 0.0173); BMI (rs = 0.295, p = 0.0001); waist circumference (rs = 0.250, p = 0.0007); dyslipidemia (p = 0.0159); glycemia (rs = 0.173, p = 0.0207); and significant negative correlations between hsCRP and 25(OH)D (rs = -0.203, p = 0.0065). In patients with CVD, hypertension, diabetes, or visceral obesity, hsCRP was significantly higher than in the subgroup without these disorders. There was a statistically significant relationship between hsCRP and the number of the metabolic syndrome elements (p = 0.0053).
Conclusions:
The hsCRP test seem to be a simple test that may be used at the primary care level to identify patients at risk of metabolic disorders, CVD, and hypertension. Vitamin D concentration may be a determining factor of systemic inflammation (it may have a modulating effect).
