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As wireless sensor networks (WSNs) continue to attract more and more researchers attention, new ideas for
applications are continually being developed, many of which involve consistent coverage with good
network connectivity of a given area of interest. For the successful operation of the wireless Sensor
Network, the active sensor nodes must mainta...
Citations
... In this protocol, there is periodic transmission of sensed data and information related to any kinds of modifications within the value of sensed attribute is provided to the CHs. The architectural designs of TEEN and APTEEN are however much alike [20]. ...
The Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs), known for their decentralized and self-configuring properties, utilize sensor nodes to collect and transmit data to a base station. However, due to their sprawling nature and the substantial distances involved, energy management remains a critical challenge in WSNs. To mitigate this, hierarchical clustering has been identified as an effective strategy. This approach involves dividing the network into clusters of a predetermined size, each led by a cluster head selected based on their energy levels and proximity to the base station. The chosen head is typically the node with the least distance to the base station and the highest energy reserve. These heads facilitate inter-cluster communication and data transfer to the base station. This research presents the implementation and enhancement of the WEMER protocol, aimed at prolonging the lifespan of WSNs. The WEMER protocol initially segments the network into clusters with respective heads and designates leader nodes to relay data from the cluster heads to the base station. Enhancements to this protocol include the deployment of gateway nodes close to the base station. These nodes receive data from the leader nodes, which in turn acquire data from the cluster heads, thus boosting network longevity. Implemented and tested in MATLAB, the enhanced WEMER protocol demonstrates significant improvements over its predecessor. The results indicate a reduction in the number of inactive (dead) nodes, an increase in active (alive) nodes, a higher data packet transmission rate, and improved overall energy efficiency.
... Towards other base stations or cluster head routing from one cluster is performed. The data is forwarded to higher layer from lower clustered layer [17]. Following are few of these types of routing protocols: i. Low-energy adaptive clustering hierarchy (LEACH): When the energy efficient clustering algorithm called LEACH is applied within the network, there is reduction in the overall energy being consumed by it. ...
... Towards other base stations or cluster head routing from one cluster is performed. The data is forwarded to higher layer from lower clustered layer [17]. Following are few of these types of routing protocols: i. Low-energy adaptive clustering hierarchy (LEACH): When the energy efficient clustering algorithm called LEACH is applied within the network, there is reduction in the overall energy being consumed by it. ...
The wireless sensor networks is the decentralized and self configuring type of network in which senor nodes can sense information and pass it to base station. Due to decentralized nature and far deployment energy consumption is the major issues of wireless sensor networks. To reduce energy consumption of wireless sensor hierarchal clustering is the efficient type of clustering technique. In this scheme whole network will be divided into fixed size clusters and cluster heads are selected in each cluster. The cluster heads are selected on the basis of energy and distance from base station. The sensor node which has least distance from the base station and has maximum energy is selected as cluster head. The cluster heads can communicate with each other and data will be transmitted to base station. In this research work, WEMER protocol is implemented and improved to increase lifetime of wireless sensor networks. In the WEMER protocol, whole network is divided into clusters and cluster heads are selected in each cluster. The leader nodes are also selected in the network which take data from the cluster heads and pass it to base station. In the improvement of WEMER protocol. Gateway nodes are deployed in network to increase lifetime of WSN. In the proposed improvement gateway nodes are deployed near to base station which takes data from the leader nodes. The leader nodes take data from the cluster head. The proposed WEMER protocol and WEMER protocol are implemented in MATLAB. The simulation results shows that proposed WEMER protocol has less number of dead nodes, high number of alive nodes, send more number of packets and more remaining energy consumption.
... Anand et.al. [2] presented the design and analysis of a novel protocol that can dynamically configure a sensor network to result in guaranteed degrees of coverage and connectivity. They simulated their proposed protocol using NS2 and compared it against DPCCP with SPAN protocol in the literature. ...
Monitoring applications are one of the main usages of wireless sensor networks, where the sensor nodes are responsible to report any event of interest in the monitoring area. Due to their limited energy storage, the nodes are prone to fail, which may lead to network partitioning problem. To cope with this problem, the number of deployed sensor nodes in an area is more than the required quantity. The challenge is to turn on a minimal number of nodes to preserve network connectivity and area coverage. In this paper, we apply computational geometry techniques to introduce a new 2-phase algorithm, called Delaunay Based Connected Cover (DBCC), to find a connected cover in an omnidirectional wireless sensor network. In the first phase, the Delaunay triangulation of all sensors is computed and a minimal number of sensors is selected to ensure the coverage of the region. In the second phase, connectivity of the nodes is ensured. The devised method is simulated by NS2 and is compared with two well-known algorithms, CCP and OGDC. For the case, where the communication and the coverage radii are equal, our method requires 23% and 45% fewer nodes compared to the aforementioned methods, respectively. In the second simulation case, the communication radius is set to 1.5 times of the coverage radius. The results demonstrate that DBCC chooses 14% and 34% fewer nodes, respectively.
... The new holder of the token does the same thing and passes the token until the token visits each UNSET node in the network. Anand et al. (2012) presented a protocol called E 3 C 2 that can dynamically configure a WSN to ensure both coverage and connectivity. They assume a heterogeneous network with two types of nodes Powerful and Normal. ...
... The new holder of the token does the same thing and passes the token until the token visits each UNSET node in the network. Anand et al. (2012) presented a protocol called E 3 C 2 that can dynamically configure a WSN to ensure both coverage and connectivity. They assume a heterogeneous network with two types of nodes Powerful and Normal. ...
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) have recently emerged as a prominent technology for lots of civilian and military applications in both rural and urban environments. Area coverage configuration is an efficient method to alleviate the nodes' limited energy supply in high density WSNs. It consists in selecting as few active sensors as possible from all deployed nodes while ensuring sufficient sensing coverage of the monitored region. Several coverage configuration protocols have been developed; most of them presume the availability of precise knowledge about node locations and sensing ranges. Relaxing these conservative assumptions might affect the performance of coverage configuration protocols. In this chapter, the authors examine the impact of location errors, irregular sensing ranges, and packet losses on the Coverage Configuration Protocol (CCP). The authors focus more precisely on the impact of using this protocol on a real application: precision agriculture where farmers need to cover the entire terrain with sensors in order to rapidly detect and localize spots requiring chemical treatment.
