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The reference fields of the analyses of the fake news phenomenon, as registered in three French mainstream newspapers, from the American presidential election (November 8, 2016) to the inauguration of President Donald Trump (January 20, 2017).
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The objective of this article is to identify the topical repertoires, the underlying schemas that structure the fake news debate. Attention is focused on the mainstream French press, from the election of Donald Trump to the presidency of the United States on November 8, 2016, until his inauguration on January 20, 2017. The narratives elaborated in...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... study of the "Analyses" using Tropes exposes their main "references fields" ( Figure 5). The latter disclose the narrative of the fake news phenomenon universe provided by its different analyses: its spatial anchorages ("world"); its temporal circumscriptions ("year", 2016 or 2017); its actors, both human ("Trump", "President", "American") and non-human ("company", "media", "social network", "Facebook"); its stakes ("Democracy", "fake", "facts", "challenge", "post", "new", "information", "war"). ...
Context 2
... study of the "Analyses" using Tropes exposes their main "references fields" ( Figure 5). The latter disclose the narrative of the fake news phenomenon universe provided by its different analyses: its spatial anchorages ("world"); its temporal circumscriptions ("year", 2016 or 2017); its actors, both human ("Trump", "President", "American") and non-human ("company", "media", "social network", "Facebook"); its stakes ("Democracy", "fake", "facts", "challenge", "post", "new", "information", "war"). ...
Context 3
... study of the "Analyses" using Tropes exposes their main "references fields" ( Figure 5). The latter disclose the narrative of the fake news phenomenon universe provided by its different analyses: its spatial anchorages ("world"); its temporal circumscriptions ("year", 2016 or 2017); its actors, both human ("Trump", "President", "American") and non-human ("company", "media", "social network", "Facebook"); its stakes ("Democracy", "fake", "facts", "challenge", "post", "new", "information", "war"). ...
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Citations
... A esta perspectiva de la función del periodismo se une la retórica adoptada por determinados actores públicos y que se basa en otorgar más relevancia de la real a los medios de comunicación, culpabilizándoles de las disfunciones del panorama informativo y obviando de este modo las razones de fondo que llevan a las personas a ser víctimas de las estrategias de desinformación (Monnier, 2018). En ocasiones, los primeros responsables de adoptar una representación crítica con la función de los medios de comunicación son los propios representantes políticos que pretenden desacreditar tanto la publicación de nuevas informaciones que puedan afectar a su imagen, como la verificación de datos y declaraciones falsas que se hayan usado en campaña. ...
... Las primeras investigaciones sobre la cuestión (Nyhan y Reifler, 2012) evidenciaron que el fact--checking puede contribuir a mejorar la calidad del discurso político al aumentar los costes o riesgos de reputación de la difusión de información errónea para las élites políticas. En última instancia corresponde a los lectores ejercer su capacidad crítica para evaluar la fiabilidad de una información y regular así el mercado cognitivo (Monnier, 2018). ...
Este trabajo analiza el fact-checking a través del proyecto colaborativo Objectif Désinfox durante las elecciones presidenciales francesas de 2022. Un primer objetivo pretende conocer las características de las verificaciones analizadas por la coalición Objectif Désinfox para descubrir cuáles son las principales narrativas verificadas. Un segundo busca proveer la visión de los profesionales sobre estos proyectos. El tercero persigue proponer un decálogo de sugerencias hacia iniciativas de fact-checking colaborativo. Para ello se analizaron las 135 verificaciones de Objectif Désinfox desde el 27 de agosto de 2021 hasta la celebración el 24 de abril de 2022 de la segunda vuelta de las elecciones presidenciales francesas. El estudio combina el análisis de contenido y un cuestionario abierto diseñado exprofeso a los miembros de la coalición para explorar su funcionamiento, fortalezas y debilidades. Los resultados subrayan que la mayoría de las verificaciones corresponden a AFP como impulsor de la coalición. Además evidencian las narrativas preeminentes: teoría del gran reemplazo, Guerra de Ucrania, bulos de campaña sobre candidatos y partidos y elecciones. Las conclusiones destacan que estos proyectos colaborativos son una herramienta fundamental frente a la desinformación. Junto a ello, se recalca la importancia de estandarizar las metodologías de verificación así como la necesidad de consensuar diseños.
... However, how effective this media literacy effort is, has not been widely studied by academics. One of the researchers who questioned this in the French context is Monnier (Hernández-Fuentes & Monnier, 2020;Monnier, 2018Monnier, , 2020, but in his research, he only discusses the debate around the narration of fake news in French society. According to Alemanno (2018), fake news is just a symptom of a much deeper-rooted problem in society, and he has proposed a taxonomy to look closely at each. ...
The research explored the social discourse of fake news in the French language and the French government’s efforts to overcome it with digital media literacy through social media. Fake news was getting more intense with the existence of social media as an instrument of dissemination. The fake news data were observed first, then selected according to the intensity of its distribution, and taken through social media platforms with the most users in France, namely Facebook and Twitter. Then this data set was verified and confirmed through the official fact-checking platform to ensure that the data text was fake news. This data verification method also practiced techniques socialized by the French government through a digital media literacy program. All data were analyzed qualitatively using a critical paradigm, particularly critical sociolinguistics, and post-truth theory. The analysis results show a relationship between language practice through fake news texts circulating on social media and the practice of government propaganda discourse through digital media literacy. These two practices also give rise to certain social practices and movements in French society. This also shows that digital media literacy efforts alone are ineffective enough to overcome the problems caused by fake news in society.
... The dataset in [27] was used to measure the circulation of fake and true news in Italy during a specific period of time. The news articles dataset of [28] has been published in France. It consists of different political and social topics such as Donald Trump's election, fake news effect on Democracy, and the Syrian war. ...
... Avant l'apparition de la problématique des fake news, les questions liées aux contenus « piégés » (propagande, rumeurs, hoaxes, trolls, etc.) avaient attiré l'attention des chercheurs (Bloch, 1999 ;Ploux, 2001 ;Froissart, 2002 ;Lebre, 2014). Néanmoins, depuis le Brexit, en juin 2016, et l'élection de Donald Trump à la présidence des États-Unis, en novembre de la même année, nous observons un vrai engouement pour ce sujet (Monnier, 2018) (Wardle, 2017). Pour cette raison, le terme fake news a été associé au concept de la post-vérité. ...
The spread of the coronavirus SARS-CoV2 (Covid-19) observed in the world from the beginning of 2020 has been accompanied by a wave of global disinformation. What do we know today about this mass of disinformation? What does it tell us about the functioning of information processes in contemporary societies? In this article, we propose a typology of disinformation on Covid-19 as to better understand the phenomenon, along with a reflection on its effects and stakes.
Named “Word of the year 2017” by the Collins dictionary, fake news, mostly for Donald Trump’s uses, becomes a huge topic for social sciences and leads to many debates amongst scholars and academics. Is it something new or just a mere portmanteau, or a “buzz word” for well-known and widely studied phenomena such as rumors, conspiracy theories, propaganda or disinformation? Put another way, is fake news a social science concept? Hence, this paper aims to overhaul fake news as an analytical tool and category for a relatively autonomous social fact because, in addition to its info communication aspects, it is located in-between the pre-cited notions.
Désignée « mot de l’année 2017 » par le dictionnaire Collins, la formule fake news, notamment en raison des usages qui en sont faits par le président Trump, n’en finit pas d’alimenter les débats au sein des sciences sociales. S’agit-il d’un fait nouveau ou d’un simple mot-valise à la mode recouvrant d’autres phénomènes mieux connus et étudiés tels que les rumeurs, les théories du complot, la propagande ou la désinformation ? En d’autres termes, l’expression fake news est-elle un concept opératoire pour les sciences sociales ? Partant de cette interrogation, cet article entend procéder à un effort de cadrage autour de cette formule afin d’en faire une catégorie et un outil analytiques d’un fait social relativement autonome dans la mesure où, outre sa dimension profondément info-communicationnelle, elle se situe au carrefour des différentes notions citées précédemment, sans toutefois les recouper pleinement.
