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![The recommended amount of sleep and sleep quality for children under 5 years old by the National Sleep Foundation in the USA [10, 11, 15]](publication/342325723/figure/tbl1/AS:11431281079491036@1660733214080/The-recommended-amount-of-sleep-and-sleep-quality-for-children-under-5-years-old-by-the.PNG)
The recommended amount of sleep and sleep quality for children under 5 years old by the National Sleep Foundation in the USA [10, 11, 15]
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The early years of life are characterized by dramatic developmental changes. Within this important time period lies the transition from newborn to childhood. Sleep is one of the primary activities of the brain during early development and plays an important role in healthy cognitive and psychosocial development in early life. This paper will first...
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Citations
... Sleep is one of the primary activities of the brain during early development and plays an important role in healthy cognitive and psychosocial development in early life. [7] Lack of sleep can adversely affect people's cognitive performance, [8,9,11] and poor sleep is a significant contributing factor to depressive mood and related emotional disorders [10,11] . Sleep disturbances are one of the most common NMS in PD affecting about 60% to 90% of patients. ...
Parkinson’s disease is a degenerative disease which has motor as well as non-motor symptoms. Most of the times non-motor symptoms are neglected in traditional management by the healthcare professionals. But these symptoms add up to the suffering of the person. Sleep disturbances are one of the commonest non-motor symptoms seen in Parkinson’s disease. These symptoms affect daily life of an individual. Thus, Occupational therapy management is essential in improving sleep quality along with management of other symptoms. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of occupational therapy based sleep intervention in improving sleep quality in Parkinson’s disease. Also, this study aimed at evaluating its impact on quality of life. The study included 37 patients. The intervention program of four weeks was provided to all which was tailored made as per patients’ evaluation. The results showed statistically significant result in Pittsburgh sleep quality index and WHO Quality of Life BREF scale. This study highlighted the need for customized sleep program and demonstrated the effectiveness of occupational therapy based sleep intervention. Keywords: sleep, sleep quality, occupational therapy, Parkinson’s disease, neurorehabilitation, quality of life.
... O sono é definido como um estado comportamental caracterizado por atividade motora reduzida, interação diminuída com o ambiente externo, uma postura específica (por exemplo, deitado, olhos fechados) e fácil reversibilidade (Jiang, 2019). A organização arquitetônica do sono refere-se à coordenação de sistemas neurofisiológicos independentes em 3 estados funcionais distintos: sono sem movimento rápido dos olhos (NREM), sono com movimento rápido dos olhos (REM) e vigília. ...
... A organização arquitetônica do sono refere-se à coordenação de sistemas neurofisiológicos independentes em 3 estados funcionais distintos: sono sem movimento rápido dos olhos (NREM), sono com movimento rápido dos olhos (REM) e vigília. Cada estado está distintamente associado a um padrão discreto de atividade elétrica cerebral (Jiang, 2019). ...
... Os padrões de sono mudam com a idade durante os primeiros anos de vida. As características dos estados de sono-vigília durante o desenvolvimento inicial se originam dos ciclos de atividade-repouso no feto e nos primeiros meses após o nascimento (Jiang, 2019). Os estados de sono são categorizados como sono ativo, sono tranquilo e sono indeterminado em bebês muito jovens. ...
... 3,15 Sleep is one of the primary activities of the brain during early development and plays an important role in healthy cognitive and psychosocial development in early life. 16 A study by Johnston et al in a RCT involving preterm neonates (born at <31weeks post conceptional age) found that a higher number of doses of Sucrose predicted lower scores on motor development, vigor, alertness and orientation at 36 weeks, lower motor development and vigor at 40 weeks. 17 Marsha Campbell in their study on a theoretical framework of the brain opioid theory of attachment, found that KMC will be a preferred standard of care compared to oral sucrose. ...
Background: Preterm Neonates receiving intensive care are subjected to multiple painful procedures as part of their intensive care management. Pain leads to abnormal neurodevelopment, so it is extremely important to treat and reduce pain. Multiple studies have shown to be beneficial in pain control. Objective was to compare the efficacy of Kangaroo Mother Care with oral sucrose for pain management in premature neonates on heel prick. Methods: A total of 100 preterm neonates (28-36 weeks) who fulfill the inclusion and exclusion criteria were recruited for the study. Randomization was done and fifty participants per study arm were randomly assigned to the KMC and oral sucrose group. Preterm babies in the KMC group were given KMC for 15 minutes uninterrupted prior to heel prick. In oral sucrose group, two minutes prior to the procedure, baby received 0.5ml of 24% oral sucrose solution by syringe onto the tongue. The remainder of the total recommended dose was given as needed in small increments during the procedure. Assessment of pain done using PIPP. The post-procedural PIPP score was compared between KMC and oral sucrose groups. Results: Analysis of 100 preterm neonates (50 KMC and 50 oral sucrose) were done. Baseline variables were mean±SD gestational age 34.25±1.42 weeks, age 7.15±4.9 days, birth weight 1.72±0.32 kg. Post procedural PIPP score was less in KMC 5.16±1.58 group compared to oral sucrose 5.48±1.81 group but could not achieve statistical significance p=0.35, 95% CI=−0.99,0.35. Conclusions: KMC and oral sucrose are equally effective for pain management in premature neonates on heel prick but KMC is considered better compared to oral sucrose.
... Sleep plays a pivotal role in psychological development across the lifespan. From early childhood to advanced age, the quality, duration, and timing of sleep impact various aspects of cognitive, emotional, neural, and social development (Jiang, 2020;Kocevska et al., 2017;Tempesta et al., 2018). In infants and children, sleep is essential for brain maturation and learning (Gorgoni et al., 2020;Mason et al., 2021), with disturbances potentially leading to behavioral and cognitive issues (Beebe, 2011;Saré et al., 2016). ...
Understanding the intricate relationship between sleep, circadian rhythms and psychological development is a pressing question within the field of Sleep Psychology . This initiative calls upon researchers to submit manuscripts that contribute to answering the fundamental query, “What is the role of sleep and circadian rhythms in psychological development?” By delving into the intersection of sleep and psychological development, we aim to illuminate this critical connection and its implications for human well-being. Specifically, it is our hope that through addressing this question, we can better design and tailor interventions that aim to enhance psychological well-being across the lifespan.
... Indeed, sleep plays a critical role in human development, impacting not only learning and memory but also social, emotional, and creative thinking abilities (Jiang, 2020). These effects may be attributed to the different types of sleep, namely non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. ...
... These effects may be attributed to the different types of sleep, namely non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. During REM sleep, a hyperlimbic and hypoactive dorsolateral prefrontal activation and a normal function of the medial prefrontal cortex promote adequate emotional regulation (Vandekerckhove and Cluydts, 2010;Jiang, 2020). NREM sleep, with the reactivation of the hippocampal-neocortical circuits, also contributes to emotional and cognitive processing (Vandekerckhove and Cluydts, 2010). ...
... Daytime sleep (nap time) is a controversial sleep period. Some studies indicate this sleep time benefits memory performance and cognitive development in children (Horváth et al., 2016;Jiang, 2020); however, these results are not consistent with those from another study that considers wakefulness as a better generalization of word meanings in toddlers with 2.5 years of age (Werchan and Gómez, 2014). While our current study found an association between daytime sleep and lower socio-emotional development, this association was no longer significant when potentially confounding factors were taken into account. ...
Introduction
Childhood is an important stage for socio-emotional development. Understanding the associations of lifestyle habits with the healthy development of social and emotional skills is crucial for better interventions early in life. This study aims to analyze the association between sleep and socio-emotional development in toddlers aged 12 to 36 months and examine whether weight mediated these associations.
Methods
This study is part of a cluster randomized controlled trial developed in Portuguese childcare centers. A sample of 344 children (176 females) enrolled in the study. Participants’ anthropometrics were measured while at childcare centers using standardized procedures. Body mass index (BMI) was computed as the body weight/height2 (kg/m2) ratio. Sleep quality was collected with the Tayside Children’s Sleep Questionnaire, a 10-item scale that evaluates the child’s ability to initiate and maintain sleep. Two additional questions regarding sleep duration were added. Parental questionnaires assessed the child’s sex and date of birth, socioeconomic status, and total energy intake (TEI). Motor (fine and gross) was assessed using Bayley-III scales and socio-emotional (SE) by the Greenspan Social–Emotional Growth Chart questionnaire. Linear regression models were used to examine the associations between sleep (duration and quality) and SE with adjustments for sex, age, BMI, mothers’ education, motor development, and TEI. Mediation analysis was conducted using path analysis.
Results
SE development was significantly associated with nighttime sleep duration even when adjusted for confounders (β = 0.223; 95% CI: 0.001, 0.004 and β = 0.168; 0.0003, 0.003; respectively). Sleep quality was not significantly associated with SE development, and the weight did not explain the associations between sleep and SE development.
Conclusion
This study supports that sleep duration is directly associated with SE development in toddlers. From a public health perspective, sleep duration should be prioritized in intervention programs to improve socio-emotional development early in life.
... Attempts to solve the mystery of paradoxical sleep, lead to the so-called ontogenetic hypothesis. Considering that REM sleep time decreases in our life (8 h in infants vs. about 2 h in adults), some researchers believe that this part of sleep time is crucial to human brain genesis [94]. The duration of REM sleep correlates with the number of new synapses and constitutes a source of activation needed to provide convenient conditions for maturation of the central nervous system. ...
Sleep is a complex physiological state, which can be divided into the non-rapid eye movement (NREM) phase and the REM phase. Both have some unique features and functions. This difference is best visible in electroencephalography recordings, respiratory system activity, arousals, autonomic nervous system activity, or metabolism. Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a common condition characterized by recurrent episodes of pauses in breathing during sleep caused by blockage of the upper airways. This common condition has multifactorial ethiopathogenesis (e.g., anatomical predisposition, sex, obesity, and age). Within this heterogenous syndrome, some distinctive phenotypes sharing similar clinical features can be recognized, one of them being REM sleep predominant OSA (REM-OSA). The aim of this review was to describe the pathomechanism of REM-OSA phenotype, its specific clinical presentation, and its consequences. Available data suggest that in this group of patients, the severity of specific cardiovascular and metabolic complications is increased. Due to the impact of apneas and hypopneas predominance during REM sleep, patients are more prone to develop hypertension or glucose metabolism impairment. Additionally, due to the specific function of REM sleep, which is predominantly fragmented in the REM-OSA, this group presents with decreased neurocognitive performance, reflected in memory deterioration, and mood changes including depression. REM-OSA clinical diagnosis and treatment can alleviate these outcomes, surpassing the traditional treatment and focusing on a more personalized approach, such as using longer therapy of continuous positive airway pressure or oral appliance use.
... Previous studies state sleep as one of the main indicators of health habits and its association with cognitive-emotional variables [8,9]. Sleep habits seem to play an important role in the proper maturation of the brain during childhood and early adolescence [10], and several studies have stated the relevance of the connection between the modulation of some cognitive processes and sleep disturbances [11][12][13][14][15]. These cognitive processes take part in executive functions (EFs), which can be influenced by changes in sleep habits, causing some attentional and memory difficulties, mood fluctuations, behavioral problems, and decreased school performance in youngsters [16]. ...
Background: Previous research studies have suggested the importance of studying the
relationship between emotional regulation and sleep habits. Some investigations have especially focused on how emotional regulation could impact sleep habits in children and adolescents. Therefore, these researchers have stated there exists a two-way direction in this relationship. Objective: This study aimed to analyze the influence of emotional regulation on sleep habits in Spanish children and adolescents and the mediating role of anxiety in this relationship. Method: Participants were 953 Spanish parents who completed the assessment protocol according to their children and adolescents’ information. Results: The results revealed moderate–strong correlations between emotional regulation problems and sleep habit disturbances (r = 0.375, p < 0.001), trait (r = 0.488, p < 0.001) anxiety, and state (r = 0.589, p < 0.001) anxiety. Additionally, emotional regulation showed a direct impact on sleep habits (β = 0.011, p = 0.005). Trait and state anxiety demonstrated a significant mediating role in the relationship between emotional regulation and sleep habits. Conclusions: Emotional regulation may have an impact on sleep habits during childhood and adolescence, suggesting the importance of early intervention focused on the emotions management and the prevention of sleep habits disturbances.
... During early childhood, children need 10-13 hours of sleep each day. At two years of age children usually nap once a day for 1-2 hours; daytime sleeping stops by age 5 (Jiang, 2019). Children in early childhood have the same sleep stages as adults but their sleep cycles are shorter (Jiang, 2019). ...
... At two years of age children usually nap once a day for 1-2 hours; daytime sleeping stops by age 5 (Jiang, 2019). Children in early childhood have the same sleep stages as adults but their sleep cycles are shorter (Jiang, 2019). Sleep at night and during naps for younger children is important for learning and memory consolidation (Jiang, 2019). ...
... Children in early childhood have the same sleep stages as adults but their sleep cycles are shorter (Jiang, 2019). Sleep at night and during naps for younger children is important for learning and memory consolidation (Jiang, 2019). Thirty percent of parents of three year old children report sleep problems (O'Callaghan et al., 2010). ...
We wrote this book for undergraduate and graduate students of the helping professions. It is a complete view of development from an ethological and cognitive behavioral perspective. It is unique in its synthesis of biological, anthropological and psychological accounts of development.
... Previous studies state sleep as one of the main indicators in health habits and its association with cognitive-emotional variables [8,9]. Sleep habits seem to play an important role in the proper maturation of the brain during childhood and early adolescence [10], and several studies have stated the relevance of the connection between the modulation of some cognitive processes and sleep disturbances [11][12][13][14][15]. These cognitive processes take part of the executive functions (EF), which can be influenced by changes in sleep habits, causing some attentional and memory difficulties, mood fluctuations, behavioral problems and decreased school performance in youngsters [16]. ...
Background: Previous research studies have suggested the importance of studying the relationship between emotional regulation and sleep habits. Some investigations have especially focused on how emotional regulation could impact sleep habits in children and adolescents. Therefore, these researchers have stated there exists a two-way direction in this relationship. Objective: This study aimed to analyze the influence of emotional regulation on sleep habits in Spanish children and adolescents, and the mediating role of anxiety in this relationship. Method: Participants were 953 Spanish parents who completed the assessment protocol according to their children and adolescents’ information. Results: The results revealed moderate-strong correlations between emotional regulation problems and sleep habits disturbances (r=0.375, p<0.001), trait (r=0.488, p<0.001) and state (r=0.589, p<0.001) anxiety. Also, emotional regulation showed a direct impact on sleep habits (β=0.011, p=0.005). Trait and state anxiety demonstrated a significant mediating role in the relationship between emotional regulation and sleep habits. Conclusions: Emotional regulation may have an impact on sleep habits during childhood and adolescence, suggesting the importance of early intervention focused on the emotions management and the prevention of sleep habits disturbances.
... (4) The brain plasticity theory of sleep, states that a period of sleep is necessary for neurones to repair and reorganise (Frank 2019). Sleep can be seen to play a significant role in the development of infants and children (Jiang 2019). It would seem that by taking away the sensory input of waking it allows the sleeping brain to adjust which may be very important with infants sleeping as much as 14 h/day (Galland et al., 2012). ...
The Unified Theory suggests that sleep is a process that developed in eukaryotic animals from a relationship with an endosymbiotic bacterium. Over evolutionary time the bacterium evolved into the modern mitochondrion that continues to exert an effect on sleep patterns, e.g. the bacterium Wolbachia establishes an endosymbiotic relationship with Drosophila and many other species of insects and is able to change the host's behaviour by making it sleep. The hypothesis is supported by other host-parasite relationships, e.g., Trypanosoma brucei which causes day-time sleepiness and night-time insomnia in humans and cattle. For eukaryotes such as Monocercomonoids that don't contain mitochondria we find no evidence of them sleeping. Mitochondria produce the neurotransmitter gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA), and ornithine a precursor of the neurotransmitter GABA, together with substances such as 3,4dihydroxy phenylalanine (DOPA) a precursor for the neurotransmitter dopamine: These substances have been shown to affect the sleep/wake cycles in animals such as Drosophilia and Hydra. Eukaryote animals have traded the very positive side of having mitochondria providing aerobic respiration for them with the negative side of having to sleep. NREM (Quiet sleep) is the process endosymbionts have imposed upon their host eukaryotes and REM (Active sleep) is the push-back adaptation of eukaryotes with brains, returning to wakefulness.
