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Tourism geography and tourism studies have for a long time been interested in tourist destinations, their identity, representations and the changes occurring in them. In the view of the 'spatialisation of social theory', this article discusses the nature of tourist destinations and their representations. Tourist destinations are seen as dynamic, hi...
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... tourism and tourism studies, the representations of destinations are often produced and approached in a contextual relationship between the producer, product and customer ( fig. 2). The producer refers to the industry and its different actors and practices. The product represents a destination and its characteristics, and the customers are tourists or potential tourists. However, this triangle does not necessarily leave any role for local communities or other similar non-hegemonic groups, for example, in the ...
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... For this reason, it is necessary to apply a social constructionist approach following Iwashita's (2003, p. 335) argument that 'there is nothing "natural" about tourism destinations because they are socially and culturally constructed by human intervention'. In this regard, emerging urban destinations, like Reuterkiez in Berlin-Neuk€ olln, are conceptualized as the result of social practice (Baerenholdt et al., 2004;Franklin & Crang, 2001;Larsen, 2012;Pritchard & Morgan, 2001;Saarinen, 2004aSaarinen, , 2004b. This perspective refers to a transformed conceptualization of space that goes back to 'the spatial turn' in a variety of research fields (Soja, 2008, pp. ...
... Instead, it is integrated within a discursive framework that constitutes its identity and that conveys meanings to the place. Ultimately, Saarinen (2004b) added that representations that textualize tourist space are both part of and material for the discourses that would constitute a tourist destination. This perception is of particular importance for the research project at hand, which empirically analyzed such digital, textual representations of Reuterkiez neighborhood published on the Airbnb website. ...
Visitors of urban destinations are increasingly leaving the confines of tourist zones. They venture into residential neighborhoods and stay at private apartments, a phenomenon discussed as ‘new urban tourism’. While this ‘new’ tourist behavior has already been well documented in academic research, the emergence of tourist areas in residential neighborhoods and the role that Airbnb hosts and their place framings play in the social construction of new tourist sites have received less attention. Building upon existing research on urban place making, representations and performances are discussed as two theoretical perspectives that prove helpful in explaining how residential neighborhoods become significant for visitors. These theoretical considerations are then translated into an empirical research design. Airbnb listings located in the residential neighborhood of Reuterkiez in Berlin-Neukölln are collected and analyzed in order to understand how Airbnb hosts reframe the notion of their neighborhood. These listings serve as digital representations of Reuterkiez, contributing to the area’s discursive construction. A qualitative analysis of selected listings revealed a set of strategies that Airbnb hosts apply in order to reinterpret ordinary places and facilities and add ‘new’ meanings, thus transforming their neighborhood into a place of significance for visitors. Hosts encourage place-specific performances that support this transformation and enable visitors to transgress the boundaries between tourist and resident. Sharing-platforms thus become a new means for ‘ordinary’ people to engage in place-making processes. However, Airbnb hosts’ power in that process is two-fold. They not only invest discursively in the making of tourist places but also materially, through the rooms and apartments they provide. As such, the platform Airbnb has an immediate effect on the construction of new urban tourism areas.
... W czasopiśmiennictwie angielskojęzycznym dominującą pozycję ma niewątpliwie sformułowanie tourist destination (np. Saarinen, 2004). Termin ten niesie w sobie sens ekonomiczny (np. ...
Słowa kluczowe region turystyczny, region ekonomiczny Streszczenie Pojęcie region turystyczny bywa używane w różnych znaczeniach, w tym także w sen-sie ekonomicznym. Jednak wciąż istnienie ekonomicznego regionu turystycznego, jego delimitacja lub struktura są identyfikowane przez różnych autorów na podstawie bardzo różnych kryteriów. Co więcej, wśród kryteriów tych kluczowe znaczenie mają kwestie pozaekonomiczne. W tej sytuacji celowe jest wskazanie, że jako region turystyczny w ekonomicznym sensie powinien być rozumiany obszar, na którego gospodarkę w do-minującym stopniu oddziałują ekonomiczne skutki ruchu turystycznego. Obszar taki składa się z " bazy " (którą stanowi obszar recepcji turystycznej) oraz z " zaplecza " , czyli obszaru produkcji dóbr konsumowanych w obszarze recepcyjnym. Wzajemne relacje pomiędzy " bazą " i " zapleczem " są właściwe dla regionu węzłowego, podczas gdy każda z tych części ma wewnętrznie charakter regionu strefowego. Wprowadzenie Turystyka w XX wieku stała się nie tylko trwałym elementem stylu życia znacznej części miesz-kańców państw wysoko, a nawet średnio rozwiniętych gospodarczo. Przemieszczanie się i pobyt tysięcy lub milionów ludzi tworzyć musi istotne skutki ekonomiczne. Także w polskiej gospodarce sektory powiązane z turystyką zajmują coraz ważniejsze miejsce. W latach 2007–2013 udział go-spodarki turystycznej w tworzeniu PKB Polski wyniósł około 5–6% (Raport…, 2013). Turystyka wykorzystuje specyficzne cechy pewnych elementów przestrzeni geograficznej, zatem również działalność gospodarcza związana z obsługą turystyki ma tendencje do skupiania się w miejscach o cechach szczególnie korzystnych z punktu widzenia potrzeb turystów. Jest to zjawisko zgodne z ogólną prawidłowością rozwoju gospodarczego w przestrzeni, gdzie samoczynnie tworzą się wyraźnie wyodrębnione układy społeczno-ekonomiczne określane jako regiony ekonomiczne
... esim. Dilley 1986;Mellinger 1994;Fürsich 2002;Saarinen 2003;Bu zinde ym. 2006). ...
This dissertation examines the role of tourism images in the construction of Finnish national identity. The study is informed by the notion that identity construction manifests itself in places and landscapes which are invested with meanings through mundane practices and representations. Tourism images are apparently realistic and yet inherently selective depictions of tourist landscapes. Therefore, they play an important role in the selective (re)production and promotion of distinctive cultural and sociospatial identities and the simultaneous exclusion of alternative identity conceptualizations.
The dissertation positions itself at the intersection of critical political geography, tourism studies, and visual culture. It also draws upon the study of nationalism to acknowledge that identity construction takes place at various and interconnected geographical scales. The geographical scale of the research engages Finland and its capital city Helsinki a gateway to the country and a showcase of Finnishness.
The examined images were collected from Finnish tourism brochures and guidebooks used in official tourism promotion between 1852 and 2011. The focus is on the transitional periods that followed Finland s Civil War and World War II (the 1920s and 1950s) and on the depictions of specific themes (e.g. churches) over longer periods of time. The analysis of the images consisted of two complementary phases: content analysis and interpretative analysis, which focused on the culture- and time-specific meanings of the images.
The study shows that the ephemeral nature of tourism images has made them powerful communication tools, which have enabled tourism promoters to flexibly adjust national symbols to suit changing social, political, and cultural circumstances. This adjustment has been done through various visual means. Landscape elements have been emphasized and dissipated on the basis of how well they answered hegemonic conceptions about Finnish identity at different times. Framing and accompanying texts have enabled the selective depiction of the skyline of Helsinki and the creation of symbolic boundaries between East and West. Tourism images have also contributed to the discursive practices through which the Finnish national elite has spatialized and disseminated its ideas about the Finnish nation-state. The study shows a shift from images with national romantic undertones towards more subtle and subliminal consumer-oriented messages. National symbols have remained persistent in Finnish tourism imagery indicating their powerful role in shaping the common-sense understanding of the world and Finland s place within it.
... esim. Dilley 1986;Mellinger 1994;Fürsich 2002;Saarinen 2003;Bu zinde ym. 2006). ...
Tourist destination promoters compose visual images and arrange them in brochures in order to communicate a coherent and attractive story. In a changing socioeconomic and political context, the city officials of Helsinki recognized a need for systematic promotion in the 1950s. In this article I examine 127 images published in ten tourism brochures produced by the Excursion Section of the Sport and Excursion Office of Helsinki between 1954 and 1963. The data-driven, content-analytical study shows how the images served a political identity project aimed at creating a sense of national solidarity among the Finns and to show international audiences that Finland is a modern nation. As a means of gaining acceptance in the West, support of citizenship education included emphasis on national symbols and signs of well-being and visualization of urban tourism.
Territorially bounded representations of national and ethnic groups are popular in tourism promotion. They add to the appeal of tourist destinations and help tourists structure their spatial experiences. Simultaneously, they are used to define and present a nation in order to increase its social cohesion and distinctiveness. This study focuses on explaining how ideas of Finnishness have manifested themselves in tourism imagery on national and local scales. The examination is based on a literature review that illuminates the interrelationship between tourism and nationalism. Images and text extracts from tourism marketing materials exemplify the development of nationalistically charged meanings that have embodied and reinforced tourism practices from the end of the 1800s until the present day. The study shows a shift from openly nationalistic messages towards more subtle identity-political and consumer-oriented messages. Despite these changes, national symbols are persistent in the Finnish tourism imagery, indicating their powerful role in the common-sense understanding of the world.
Resorts are characterised by constant change. This change can be studied in an internal or external manner. The first refers to the development process of resorts described using the tourist area life cycle by Butler (1980). The latter is often understood as the relationship between resorts and their operating environment. External change can be interpreted using the core-periphery model in regional development. This study examines the development process of resorts and their role in regional development on the local level by means of social and economic changes. The examples used - Levi, Ruka, Saariselkä and Ylläs - are four large resorts in Northern Finland. The first objective is to define the life cycle stage of the resorts. This is a prerequisite for the second objective, which is to examine the social and economic position of the resorts and its change in relation to the respective operating environment. The operating environment refers to the municipalities in which the resorts are located. The study also evaluates the suitability of georeferenced data and regional database of Statistics Finland, FinlandCD and GIS (Geographical Information Systems) technology for analysing resorts. The development of tourism has positively influenced the quantitative and structural features of the population and economy in the resorts in question. As the development process proceeds, the numbers of people, those employed, business premises and jobs have increased. In addition to quantitative features, the demographic structure of the resorts is healthy and the gender structure is balanced. Also, the structure of enterprises has diversified. The resorts are in the development stage of the tourist area life cycle model on national level. Levi has progressed the furthest in its life cycle when comparing the resorts. From the point of view of the municipalities the strong development of resorts has not been sufficient in municipalities other than Kittilä . Levi is located in the municipality of Kittilä. In general, the population of the other municipalities has decreased and recovery from the economic recession has been slower than in Finland on average. Polarisation can be found on the local level: the resorts are developing but the surrounding area is declining. The resorts have differentiated themselves from their operating environments in such a way that their characteristics in terms of population and economy resemble those of core areas - they are cores in a periphery. The role of resorts in regional development on the local level is, however, dynamic. In other words, the position of resorts varies between a core and a periphery in compliance with the stage of their life cycles. During the exploration and involvement stages, the resorts resemble a periphery; from the development to stagnation stage, they resemble a core and from stagnation stage onwards, they resemble either a core or a periphery. The greatest challenge for the future will be to extend the positive economic and social impacts of resorts to a wider geographic area on the local level. This requires distribution of work between the resorts, i.e. cores, and the surrounding area, i.e. periphery, and co-operation both within the tourism industry and between the tourism industry and other industries. In addition, the local operators must be made widely committed in the planning and development processes of tourism from the very beginning.
One of the most important factors for the site selection of a second home is the space-time dimension. For example, the popularity of second home tourism in the hinterland of population centres is based on the short distance between second homes and the permanent residence of second home owners. In the case of peripheral resorts, however, the main reason for a large number of second homes is the attractiveness of the area associated with a high level of touristic elements. The study examines the municipalities of residence of the second home owners in four large resorts – Levi, Ruka, Saariselkä and Ylläs – in northern Finland. After analysing the geographical distribution of the owners with maps and diagrams the aim of the paper is to present a distance model for the resorts located in a northern periphery from the viewpoint of the regions of destination. Generally speaking, the model resembles a U-letter. In this respect, the resorts have three zones – day trip, weekend and vacation – and each of them has their own characteristics based on accessibility and regional structure, the number and structure of population (potential owners) and land ownership. In the planning context, the proposed model can be utilised as a tool for the marketing of resorts as a second home environment as well as for analysing and comparing the overall attractiveness of resorts.
