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Phanerochaete chrysosporium BKMF-1767 cells were immobilized on different carriers. The optimum carrier according to adsorbed P. chrysosporium cells number (86.38%) was determined to be polystyrene foam, a novel carrier. The conditions for the immobilization of cells on polystyrene foam were optimized and determined as 50 rpm, 37 degrees C, and 2h....
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... effective than hydrophilicity for the adhesion of P. chrysosporium on carriers as in the case of macro porous ion exchange resins. Polystyrene is a vinyl polymer. Structurally, it is a hydrocarbon chain, with a phenyl group attached to every other carbon atom. Polystyrene is produced by free radical vinyl polymerization, from the monomer styrene (Fig. ...
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The degradation undergone by grape cluster stems (woody component of vine bagasse), an agroindustrial waste, was investigated during the semi-solid-state cultivation of Phanerochaete chrysosporium BKM-F-1767 (ATCC 24725). For this, the content of lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose in grape cluster stems was determined before and after the enzymati...
Decolorization of triphenylmethane dye (crystal violet) by white-rot fungi – Stereum ostrea and Phanerochaete chrysosporium was investigated in liquid medium for a period of 10 days under shaking conditions. S. ostrea exhibited maximum decolorization crystal violet 90% in comparison with P. chrysosporium that it was 67% at 0.01% concentration on th...
Thepenetration ofenzymes into woodcell walls during white rotdecay isanopenquestion. Apostembedding immunoelectron microscopic technique wasthemethodofchoice toanswerthatquestion. Infiltration ofpine woodspecimens witha concentrated culture filtrate greatly improved thelabeling density and,thereby, reproducibility. Characterization oftheconcentrate...
Phanerochaete chrysosporium ITB isolate that suspected as the novel strain of P. chrysosporium, potential as a source of lignin peroxidase (LiP). Several conditions to optimize the production of LiP in submerge batch bioreactor, such as inoculum development, carbon source, temperature, agitation, pH, surfactant (Tween-80) and addition of activity e...
Luffa aegyptiaca fruit has been assayed for the presence of lignin peroxidase activity using veratryl
alcohol as the substrate. The fruit juice contained activity of 3.14 U/ml which was much higher
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... According to , S. ostrea immobilized on sponge cubes gave significantly higher yields of laccase than the same culture in the free state in the presence of dye. Among different carriers tested for immobilization of P. chrysosporium (Urek and Pazarlio glu 2004), polystyrene was found the best carrier based on production of MnP and biomass. The white rot fungus P. chrysosporium, immobilized to the mineral kissiris, produced LiP of 174 U/l and 500 U/l within 7-9 days (Ghasemzadeh, Kargar, and Lotfi 2011). ...
The present study compared the effect of chlorpyrifos on secretion of ligninolytic enzyme
by the white rot fungus – Stereum ostrea grown in the presence and the absence of
Tectona grandis cubes under submerged liquid conditions. Significantly higher yields of lac�case and manganese peroxidase to the extent of 164.30 and 59.28 U/ml were registered in control containing only teak wood cubes than in the culture on combination of cubes and chlorpyrifos with 111.65 and 47.24 U/ml, respectively on 10th day of incubation. Reversed pattern in lignin peroxidase secretion with peak values on 6th day of incubation was noticed in the culture of S. ostrea immobilized on Tectona grandis cubes under influence of chlorpyrifos. Under free state conditions, significantly higher secretions of laccase (125.33 U/ ml) and manganese peroxidase (53.60 U/ml) occurred in chlorpyrifos-amended medium than in the medium devoid of chlorpyrifos on 10th day incubation. Under moderate shaking conditions, supplementation of wheat bran alone at 3% level to the medium resulted in enhanced (3–5 folds) secretions of laccase, manganese peroxidase and lignin peroxidase by S. ostrea in medium free of wheat bran on 12th and 10th day of incubations. The presence of chlorpyrifos in addition to wheat bran in the medium further raised production of ligninolytic enzymes – laccase, MnP and LiP to the level of 311.78, 130 and 3 U/ml respectively on the 12th (higher LAC and MnP secretions) and 10th (higher LiP secretions) day of incubations. Our data in the present study suggest that secretion of ligninolytic enzymes by the culture is dependent on the nature of lignocellulosic material used in the study and secretion of higher titers of ligninolytic enzymes on cubes of Tectona grandis in the absence of
chlorpyrifos rather in the presence of chlorpyrifos occurred. For executing microbial applications, it is critical to understand how lignocellulosic materials and toxic xenobiotic pesticides interact with white rot fungi and possible role of ligninolytic enzymes in the bioremediation process.
... Apart from agitation, fungal immobilization can also provide a suitable low-shear environment for ligninolytic system of fungi. Immobilize culture of P. chrysosporium on supports like polyurethane foam has often been reported for decolourization of various dyes (Minussi et al. 2001;Urek & Pazarlioglu 2004;Park et al. 2006). Shim & Kawamoto (2002) studied the enzymes production from P. chrysosporium using a batch reactor system. ...
... Some other inert carriers (stainless steel net, polyamide fibre, fibreglass and polyurethane foam) used to immobilize P. chrysosporium have also confirmed that immobilization of their cells can increment the enzyme activity and efficacy on the treatments (Urek & Pazarlioglu 2004;Nurdan et al. 2005;Carletto et al. 2008;Gao et al. 2008). However, one of the most common problems with these types of supports is that fungal hyphae agglomerate into bioreactors (Wang & Hu 2007), whereas biogel alginate protects biomass and provides a homogenous aerobic condition, which helps to avoid impurities into fermentation products. ...
... It has been established that other materials as those made of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose or chitosan could have less resistance at pH extremes and high agitated cultures conditions. In addition, structure of mycelium is affected by these materials and enzymes actuation may be also be limited (Urek & Pazarlioglu 2004;Wang & Hu 2007). Enzyme activity of P. chrysosporium on RBBR decolourization Data on decolourization experiments are shown in Table 1. ...
Enzyme production by immobilized Phanerochaete chrysosporium was evaluated in airlift bioreactor and agitated cultures. Free mycelium and immobilized mycelium on alginate beads were tested in the decolourization of 50 and 500 mg/L of Remazol Brilliant Blue R. Dye concentration did not inhibit the fungi development in all tests. In addition, high decolourization percentage of dye was found with free mycelium (99%) in agitated flasks and with immobilized mycelium in airlift (98%). However, decolourization period by immobilized mycelium (120 h) was greater than that by the free mycelium (14 h). Important manganese peroxidase, lignine peroxidase and laccase activities were identified in decolourization process. Manganese peroxidase appeared to be promoted by high dye concentrations during the treatment with immobilized mycelium, but this enzyme was not detected with free mycelium in airlift. Bioreactor prompted also laccase and lignine peroxidase actions in both tests; free mycelium registered a maximum laccase action of 31.569 x 10(3) U/L in 70 h, whereas immobilized mycelium registered 1.680 x 10(3) U/L in 170 h, while lignine peroxidase secretion by free P. chrysosporium was higher (1.300 x 10(3) U/L) than immobilized mycelium (1.250 x 10(3) U/L). Maximum laccase activity coincided with the maximum percentage of decolourization, however, high peroxidase activity was identified from the start of dye treatment.
... It is assumed that the most important factors influencing the adhesion of cells or spores on organic matter are the surface morphology and hydrophobicity (surface free energy) rather than the charge of the material. Urek and Pazarlioglu have investigated the adhesion of spores of a white rot fungi (Phanerochaete Application of Biofilm Bioreactors in White Biotechnology chrysosporium) on different materials (artificial and natural polymers as well as stainless steel) [23]. They have chosen ion-exchangers and classical adsorbers such as Amberlite IR 45, Eupergite C, Eupergite C 250 L, Purolite CT275, Purolite MN 500, polymers including PP and PP foam, and natural compounds such as cocopeat and rough bran. ...
The production of valuable compounds in industrial biotechnology is commonly done by cultivation of suspended cells or use of (immobilized) enzymes rather than using microorganisms in an immobilized state. Within the field of wastewater as well as odor treatment the application of immobilized cells is a proven technique. The cells are entrapped in a matrix of extracellular polymeric compounds produced by themselves. The surface-associated agglomerate of encapsulated cells is termed biofilm. In comparison to common immobilization techniques, toxic effects of compounds used for cell entrapment may be neglected. Although the economic impact of biofilm processes used for the production of valuable compounds is negligible, many prospective approaches were examined in the laboratory and on a pilot scale. This review gives an overview of biofilm reactors applied to the production of valuable compounds. Moreover, the characteristics of the utilized materials are discussed with respect to support of surface-attached microbial growth.
... Seven-day-old spores were harvested in sterilized water, filtered through glass-wool and adjusted to absorbance of 0.5 at 650 nm. This spore suspension (about 2.5×10 6 spores/ml) was used for inoculation (Urek and Pazarlioglu, 2004). In carbon-limited medium, C/N ratio was altered from 56/2.2 (in mmol/L nitrogen-limited medium) to 28/44 (in mmol/L) (Yu et al., 2005) and the other components were the same. ...
The production of ligninolytic enzymes and protease by Phanerochaete chrysosporium was investigated under different culture conditions. Different amounts of medium were employed in free and immobilized culture, together with two kinds of medium with different C/N ratios. Little lignin peroxidase (LiP) (< 2 U/L) was detected in free culture with nitrogen-limited medium (C/N ratio: 56/2.2, in mmol/L), while manganese peroxidase (MnP) maximum activity was 231 and 240 U/L in 50 and 100 ml medium culture, respectively. Immobilized culture with 50 ml nitrogen-limited medium gave the highest MnP and LiP production with the maximum values of 410 and 721 U/L separately on the day 5; however, flasks containing 100 ml nitrogen-limited medium only produced less MnP with a peak value of 290 U/L. Comparatively, carbon-limited medium (C/N ratio: 28/44, in mmol/L) was adopted in culture but produced little MnP and LiP. Medium type had the greatest impact on protease production. Large amount of protease was produced due to glucose limitation. Culture type and medium volume influence protease activity corporately by affecting oxygen supply. The results implied shallow immobilized culture was a possible way to gain high production of ligninolytic enzymes.
The use of the laccase enzyme from the fungus Trametes versicolor, coupled with the mediator 1-hydroxybenzotriazole (1-HBT) has been shown to be effective for the biocatalytic conversion of a hexameric...
Biofilms have great potential for producing valuable products more efficiently than suspended cultivations when it comes to yield and productivity. In addition, biofilms have the advantage of cell protection and increased resistance to environmental influences. Therefore, productive biofilms are used in biofilm reactors to produce value‐added products. A summary of possible applications for biofilm reactors is given here. In addition, the surfaces on which biofilms are cultivated are briefly explained. The possibility of using biofilms is not limited to prokaryotic systems. Thus, eukaryotic systems can also be cultivated as biofilms to produce valuable products. Therefore, both prokaryotic and eukaryotic productive biofilms will be described in this review. In the case of eukaryotic systems, fungal biofilms and plant biofilms will be discussed. The biofilm formation of the different cell types is listed and the productivity of a cell line on a corresponding substrate is summarized. Finally, the investigation methods of biofilms are discussed, as these methods are essential to understanding biofilms. © 2022 The Authors. Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry (SCI).
In recent years, abundant research has been performed on biofilms for the production of compounds with biotechnological and industrial relevance. The use of biofilm platforms has been seen as a compelling approach to producing fine and bulk chemicals such as organic acids, alcohols, and solvents. However, the production of recombinant proteins using this system is still scarce. Biofilm reactors are known to have higher biomass density, operational stability, and potential for long-term operation than suspended cell reactors. In addition, there is an increasing demand to harness industrial and agricultural wastes and biorefinery residues to improve process sustainability and reduce production costs. The synthesis of recombinant proteins and other high-value compounds is mainly achieved using suspended cultures of bacteria, yeasts, and fungi. This review discusses the use of biofilm reactors for the production of recombinant proteins and other added-value compounds using bacteria and fungi.
Effect of pyrene concentration on Phanerochaete chrysosporium growth and its manganese peroxidase activity, both in form of free cell and on-bagasse immobilized were studied. Experiments were conducted at pyrene concentrations of 50, 100 and 200 mg/L and each time biodegradation extent was measured till 10 days after pyrene injection. Biomass dry weight of the fungus increased with pyrene concentration and its largest value, considering both free cell and immobilized forms, pertained to the case with 200 mg/L and corresponded to 2.1 and 6.2 g/L respectively. The enzyme activity exhibited a declining trend with pyrene concentration increase up to 200 mg/L for the free cell form which attributed to the inhibitive role of pyrene within the culture medium. In the immobilized form, the enzyme activity increased up to a peak (23 U/L) at concentration of 100 mg/L followed by a descending zone where the counteracting factor of immobilization against pyrene inhibitory effect is overweighed by high pyrene concentrations. Also, the time needed to observe the highest enzyme activity was lowered from 7 to 4 days. It was found that the use of bagasse-immobilized P. chrysosporium would hinder inhibitory effect of pyrene up to a specific extent and thus will favor its biodegradation.
Depuration capacity of immobilized Phanerochaete chrysosporium was tested on food effluents which showed high COD, sugar, and nitrogen concentration. Comparative study in airlift reactor and agitated flasks was performed to determine an effective depuration treatment with suspended and immobilized biomass into alginate spheres. While enzymetic production was analyzed in these sytems in order to evaluate influence of the immobilization micro-organism, effluent composition, and aeration mechanism. In addition, the use of seed lettuce allowed evaluating the quality and effectiveness of the studied effluent treatment system. In particular, all tests showed that COD and color of the effluent was reduced by airlift cultures. Treatment achieved a decline in 85% of COD in 120 h. While experiments with 33 PCU color showed high efficiency (100%) in decolourization period of 5 h. Maximum laccase production was mainly found in airlift system with suspended biomass, whereas manganese peroxidase was detected on immobilized micro-organism. Toxicity tests revealed that treated food effluent was not phytotoxic; conversely effluent contains sufficiently high concentrations of nutrients to ensure the germination and lettuce growth.
