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This study aims to analyze the effect of the number of woven ramie layers (plies) and ramie fiber weight as reinforcement of composite on the tensile strength and bending strength. The woven ramie reinforced composites are divided into five types including 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 layers (plies). For ramie fiber, it is divided also into five types based o...
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... ramie fiber was then spun into yarn and then processed through a weaving machine to produce ramie woven. Figure 1 shows the flowchart of the process of ramie stem into fibers and woven ramie. ...
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... electron microscopes (SEM) analysis Figure 10 shows SEM analysis for composite with reinforcement of woven ramie of 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 plies (layers). Figure 10a shows the fracture occurs in the composite with 1 woven ramie layer (ply) Figure 8. ...
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... electron microscopes (SEM) analysis Figure 10 shows SEM analysis for composite with reinforcement of woven ramie of 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 plies (layers). Figure 10a shows the fracture occurs in the composite with 1 woven ramie layer (ply) Figure 8. The FTIR analysis of woven ramie composite with 1 layer to 5 layers (plies). ...
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... the fracture surface appears brittle due to the less woven ramie fiber to withstand fracture. The same situation in Figure 10b of 2 layers in composite shows that the fibers are slightly higher than the 1 layer (ply) for withstanding the fracture of the composite. Figure 10(c-e) depicts the woven ramie layers (3, 4, and 5 layers, respectively) in the composite give more tighten than 1 and 2 layers in composite. ...
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... same situation in Figure 10b of 2 layers in composite shows that the fibers are slightly higher than the 1 layer (ply) for withstanding the fracture of the composite. Figure 10(c-e) depicts the woven ramie layers (3, 4, and 5 layers, respectively) in the composite give more tighten than 1 and 2 layers in composite. This case may improve the strength of composite. ...
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... SEM analysis on the tensile fracture of the ramie fiber-reinforced composite is shown in Figure 11. Figure 11a shows fiber in A type composite experienced pull-out from the matrix. ...
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... SEM analysis on the tensile fracture of the ramie fiber-reinforced composite is shown in Figure 11. Figure 11a shows fiber in A type composite experienced pull-out from the matrix. This may be caused by poor adhesion between fiber and matrix leading to occur fracture in composite and also less tensile strength of composite. ...
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... may be caused by poor adhesion between fiber and matrix leading to occur fracture in composite and also less tensile strength of composite. Figure 11(b-e) shows that fiber in B, C, D, and E types, respectively, provide more strength to the composite than the A type. While in composites with B, C, D, and E types the number of fibers increases, the number of cracks reduces consequently the strength of composite improves. ...
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Ramie fabrics are suitable for summer clothing due to their excellent moisture absorption and breathability. Still, their application in the garment industry is limited by the presence of stiff, coarse hairiness that tends to prickle when it comes into contact with the skin. Herein, a low concentration copper ammonia solution was used to slenderize...
Citations
... Plant-based fibers such as flax [1][2][3], ramie [4,5], kenaf [6,7] and palm [8,9] have been extensively exploited as reinforcing components in polymer composites. Their exclusive features such as eco-friendliness and light weight make them an excellent contributing factor in carbon emission reduction [10]. ...
Flax fibers have been shown to have comparable mechanical properties to some conventional synthetic fibers. Flax fabrics with different textile structures show differences in resistance against mechanical loads mainly rooted in fabric orientation and the resultant resin impregnation. Thus, in this study, flax fabrics with three different textile structures, fine twill weave, coarse twill weave and unidirectional, were used as reinforcements in an epoxy matrix. The surfaces of the fabrics were chemically treated using an alkaline treatment, and the alterations in fabric crystallinity index (CrI) were determined using X-ray diffraction (XRD). Experimental results confirmed that textile structures and CrI had significant effects on the mechanical properties of composites. Although an increment in CrI, resulting from chemical treatment, always enhanced tensile and flexural properties, it adversely affected damage development once composites were exposed to impact load. In terms of textile structures, unidirectional fabric outperformed woven fabrics in tensile and flexural properties while in impact properties, the latter had a better performance inducing less damage development. Finally, the mechanism of damage development in different composites was discussed in detail using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) images. It is envisaged that the results of this study will provide an insight that will lead to the proper choice of the optimal kind of flax fabric for different applications.
... Besides chemical alteration, several other parameters can influence the mechanical properties of ramie fibers. These factors encompass the relative humidity of the surrounding environment, the microstructure, length, and diameter of the fiber [43,44]. Moreover, the moisture content of the fibers and the subsequent drying procedure can exert an influence on the mechanical characteristics of the fiber. ...
The objective of this research was to investigate and evaluate the possibility of
increasing the thermo-mechanical properties of ramie (Boehmeria nivea L.) fibers by
impregnating them with a tannin-based non-isocyanate polyurethane (Bio-NIPU) resin.
The resin was created by reacting tannin of Acacia mangium with dimethyl carbonate
(DMC) and hexamethylenediamine (HMDA). The optimal time of impregnation was
discovered to be 90 minutes, as demonstrated by its thermal stability, with a residual of
25% remaining after being treated to a temperature of 750 °C. When ramie fibers were
impregnated with the newly developed tannin-based Bio-NIPU resin, their thermal and
mechanical qualities significantly enhanced. In terms of mechanical properties, the
impregnated ramie fibers had a tensile strength of 325 MPa and an elasticity modulus
of 10.82 GPa. Py-GCMS was used to confirm the production of urethane groups as a
result of the reaction between the tannin-based Bio-NIPU resin and ramie fibers. The
use of FE-SEM in conjunction with EDS allowed the detection of nitrogen from
urethane groups in Bio-NIPU. The characterization analysis also demonstrated that
incorporating tannin-based Bio-NIPU resin into ramie fibers had a substantial impact
on their thermal and mechanical properties, increasing their potential for wider use
across varied industrial sectors.
... Ramie also has good resistance to attack by bacteria, fungi, insects, and weathering; high dimensional stability; and good color fastness to light and washing [5], [6]. With various advantages and several properties that resemble cotton fiber, ramie fiber is expected to be used as a textile raw material [3], [7]. ...
... It can be seen in Figure 3 that there are differences in the intensity values of ramie batik after irradiation, one of which is indicated by arrows in the spectra image. Based on the research of [7], the results of the analysis of hemp composites showed CO bonds at a wavelength of 1851.66 cm -1 , C ≡ N bonds at a wavelength of 2368.59 cm -1 , CH bonds at a wavelength of 2924.09 cm -1 , and O-H bonds at a wavelength of 3410.15 cm -1 . ...
... Kenaf/epoxy/eggshell had the highest elongation at 3.6% followed by ramie/epoxy/coconut shell powder and ramie/epoxy/eggshell powder both at 2.4% and finally by kenaf/epoxy/coconut shell powder at 2.0%. The elongation at break of all the nanocomposites is shown in Fig. 5. Similar results have also been obtained in earlier studies involving natural fibers [22,23]. Sapiai et al. [24] studied the effect of unidirectional kenaf/ epoxy composite modified with glass fiber and silica nanoparticles. ...
... Rough surface properties of coconut shell powder provide better interfacial adhesion with natural fiber with good wettability which leads to better improvement in the flexural strength of the nanocomposite. Similar results were also obtained in earlier studies [22,23]. Sosiati et al. [29] studied the effect of silica in kenaf/epoxy composite. ...
Synthetic plastic pollution has focussed the attention of material scientist and researchers towards the development of non-toxic biodegradable composite materials. To develop bio-composites, sustainable products and materials should be encouraged with involvement of non-toxic raw materials. Exploration of bio-composites development imparts the attention of researchers towards nature-based resources. This study gives a brief role of natural fibers, animal and plant wastages, and polymer to develop composite materials. In this study, fabrication of bio-composites was done by the reinforcement of ramie and kenaf fibers with eggshell and coconut shell powders with epoxy polymer matrix using hand lay-up technique. Present research includes moisture uptake capacity, density and surface roughness measurement, and mechanical characterization of developed composite specimens. Kenaf/coconut shell powder/epoxy composite absorbed more water than other developed specimens. Similarly, kenaf reinforced nanocomposite has slightly higher surface roughness than ramie reinforced nanocomposite with eggshell and coconut shell powders. Ramie/epoxy/coconut shell had the highest tensile strength of 42.3 MPa. Kenaf/epoxy/coconut shell achieved the highest tensile modulus of 1.97 MPa, and kenaf/epoxy/eggshell had highest elongation at break of 3.6% as compared to all other developed specimens. Flexural strength was highest for ramie/epoxy/coconut shell at 30.5 MPa. Impact strength was also highest for ramie/epoxy/coconut shell at 8.9 kJ/m2. From the SEM analysis, it was found that kenaf fiber reinforced specimens are more damaged when compared to ramie fiber reinforced specimens due to rough surface and better wettability of ramie fiber which provided better interfacial adhesion between fiber and matrix phase hence. Thus, it was observed that ramie fiber reinforced with coconut shell and eggshell powder achieved better performance during mechanical analysis.
... Ramie fiber (RF) is degummed from the phloem of perennial ramie plant originating in China and widely used as apparels, papers, sewing thread, fishing nets and so on (Ding et al., 2023). It has been especially favored as a reinforcement to strengthen composite due to the comparable specific modulus and strength to traditional synthetic fibers (Zuo et al., 2022;Djafar et al., 2021). Though RF is a powerful filler to prepare the light green microcellular PLA, the research has been never reported. ...
... Based on the findings of earlier research studies, it is noted that, natural fibers have been used to create a functional surface and conductive textiles fabrics which are employed as smart electronic textiles [3] and wearable electronic devices [4]. Among the many available natural fibers of plant origin, ramie fiber has a lot of potential in the textile field as it possesses higher tensile strength when compared to jute and flax fibers [5]. The NaOH chemical treatment increases the strength of the natural fiber by breaking the hydrogen bonds and alters the microstructure [6]. ...
Over the years, several researchers have attempted to develop a functional surface through coating technology. However, developing a natural fiber into a functional material continues to be a challenging task. Herein, in the current study, an attempt is made to deposit nickel-phosphorus (NiP)/Graphene (Gr) on the surface of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) treated ramie fiber (RF) to improve its electrical conductivity and wettability. The influence of NaOH treatment, NiP/Gr coating on the fiber surface is studied by microstructural analysis, elemental compositions, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Atomic force microscopy (AFM), wettability, and electrical conductivity. The obtained results confirm the presence of NiP and Graphene on the treated-coated ramie fiber with intensity peaks at 45° and 28°. The analysis of the microstructures reveal the cauliflower and flakes structure of NiP and graphene. The NaOH-treated and NiP-coated sample (T/NiP/RF) has enhanced electrical conductivity of 56.7% when compared to the untreated NiP-coated sample (NiP/RF), whereas the addition of graphene (T/NiP/Gr/RF) increases the electrical conductivity by 74% (14.85 (Ω cm)-1) compared to T/NiP/RF (8.54 (Ω cm)-1).
... When seen in plain view, in general, the fracture surface of the composite does not show any pullout fibers, which indicates that the bond between the reinforcement (fiber) and the matrix is strong enough. According to Z. Djafar et al. [20] in their research, one of the things that cause the strength of the adhesion between the fibers and the matrix is the low moisture content in the fibers. ...
Composite with woven ramie as reinforcement is a combination of woven from hemp plant fibers with resin adhesive (matrix) which each has different characteristics, which with the combination will produce a new material with better properties. The purpose of this study is to determine the magnitude of the influence of federate variations on the tensile strength of open holes in drilling, with the test method carried out with reference to ASTM D 5766/D 5766M-02 (Standard Test Method for Open Hole Tensile Strength of Polymer Matrix Composite Laminates). The tensile test speed used is 5 mm/minute. The data taken is the maximum tensile strength when the specimen breaks. The results of this study indicate that the change in feed rate affects the tensile strength of the ramie composite. The greater the feed rate used is in grading the ramie fiber composite, the smaller the composite tensile stress value becomes. In this study, the highest tensile strength is obtained from composites with a feed rate of 0.05 mm/rev and the lowest at a feed rate of 0.15 mm/rev. The change in spindle speed also affects the magnitude of the tensile strength in the ramie composite. As with the feed rate speed, the greater the spindle speed used to grind the composite, the lower the tensile strength of the composite. In this study, the maximum tensile strength value tends to be obtained by a composite with a spindle speed of 88 rpm and the lowest at a spindle speed of 1500 rpm. This study uses the type of chisel "brad and spur" with three kinds of diameter variations. The larger the diameter of the drill chisel used, the smaller the tensile strength of the composite obtained.
... Ramie fiber is an important raw material for composite materials 15 . Djafar et al. explored the influence of the number and thickness of ramie fiber layers on the flexural strength and tensile strength of the overall material 16 . ...
Research and development of ramie harvesting equipment is a key link to revitalize ramie industry, problems such as the tendency of stalks to tangle and clog the machine are very problematic, seriously affect the quality and fluency of the harvester. The structure of ramie stalk is complex, and the mechanical properties of each component vary greatly, collision between stalk and machine creates complex stress relationship. By building a finite element model, it is possible to analyze the stress state of the stalk during bending from a microscopic perspective, and to analyze the complex stress–strain situation within the stalk. The purpose of this paper is to establish a standard ramie stalk bending finite element model to provide a theoretical basis for the subsequent kinematics and dynamics. Firstly, material experiments were carried out on ramie straw. The structural and mechanical parameters of the straw components were obtained through measurement and calculation tests, and the force–deformation curves for straw bending were obtained. Bending finite element simulations were carried out on the basis of mechanical tests, and the parameters such as dynamic friction coefficient, wood Poisson's ratio and bast Poisson's ratio were determined by the central combination design. Then established an accurate bending finite element simulation model of ramie stalk, the accuracy of the model was verified at the end. In this paper, the key parameters of the ramie stalk model were calibrated through a combination of material tests and simulations. All parameters of the ramie stalk model were finally obtained, and the bending mechanical properties of the ramie stalk were analysed by applying finite element analysis. This bending mechanics simulation model can be used for kinematic and dynamics simulation analysis of conveying and baling to provide a theoretical basis for the structural design of the harvester. The methods explored here can be applied to other slender straw crops.
... On the one hand, the reaction of KH550 with hydroxyl groups on the surface of ramie fiber led to a decrease in the number of hydroxyl groups, which was conducive to resin infiltration of fibers; On the other hand, the KH550 modification can bridge the fiber and resin matrix in the form of chemical bond or hydrogen bond, forming a cross-linked structure between them, so the interface performance of the composites becomes better, and the external tensile stress can effectively act on the ramie fiber, giving full play to the role of ramie fiber reinforcement. 35 However, with the increase of PA concentration, the tensile properties of KH550/PA modified ramie composites decreased gradually. When the modified concentration of PA was 1 wt%, 3 trend of tensile modulus was slight. ...
Ramie composites have been widely used in automobiles, daily necessities, aerospace, ships, cruise lines, etc., but their flame retardant properties are relatively poor, which is difficult to meet the flame retardant performance requirements of composites for rail transit. In order to improve the properties of ramie reinforced composites, flame retardant treatment is necessary. In this paper, phosphorus flame retardant phytic acid (PA) was used to modify ramie fabric, and then the composites were prepared. The flame retardancy and mechanical properties of ramie reinforced composites were investigated. It was found that the flame retardancy of ramie composites was improved after flame retardant modification with phytic acid, but the mechanical properties were decreased. In order to improve the mechanical properties of PA ramie composites, two kinds of layered PA ramie/glass fiber hybrid composites were prepared by replacing part of ramie with glass fiber. The results show that the addition of glass fiber can improve the mechanical properties and flame retardancy of composites.
... Chenniappan et al. [9] made composites of ramie fibers pretreated by hybridization and 2 wt% of aqueous NaOH solution and the materials exhibited a tensile strength of 120 MPa. Zulkifli et al. [10] found that the number of ramie woven layers and the weight of ramie fibers significantly affected the tensile and flexural strength of prepared composites, and the fivelayer ramie woven composites had the highest tensile strength. Debeli et al. [11,12] found that alkali treatment combined with (NH 4 ) 2 HPO 4 effectively reduced the hydrophilicity of the ramie fiber surface and enhanced the tensile, fracture, and impact damage properties of ramie/PLA composites. ...
