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The advent of distributed energy resources (DERs), such as distributed renewables, energy storage, electric vehicles, and controllable loads, \rv{brings} a significantly disruptive and transformational impact on the centralized power system. It is widely accepted that a paradigm shift to a decentralized power system with bidirectional power flow is...
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Context 1
... use of renewable energy, the user can trade electricity with other users of the VPP via P2P energy trading as proposed by [13,14]. By allowing free energy trading, the users can effectively utilize the renewable energy and reduce their energy cost. Therefore, P2P energy trading is an important source of power supply for the VPP users. As shown in Fig. 2, let p u,v [t] denotes the amount of energy that user u purchased from user v at the t-th time slot. Note here a positive p u,v [t] means user u buys energy from user v, and a negative p u,v [t] means u sells energy to user v. Therefore, the following constraints are established for energy ...
Context 2
... this section, we described the system model of the blockchain-based VPP system shown in Fig. 1. A brief summary of the VPP's operational process and mathematical notations is illustrated in Fig. 2. The problem of decentralized energy management for the VPP will be discussed in the next ...
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