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The precipitation, atmospheric pressure and the water level of Three Gorges reservoir near Zhongzhou. The black vertical line is for marking May 10, 2012
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Geological hazard monitoring is essential to the prevention and control of geological hazards, yet conventional monitoring is often conducted for local geological hazards, and the relation between monitored results and geological hazards remains poorly understood. In this study, a regional load deformation field model was constructed using data fro...
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The adiabatic regularization method was originally proposed by Parker and Fulling to renormalize the energy-momentum tensor of scalar fields in expanding universes. It can be extended to renormalize the electric current induced by quantized scalar fields in a time-varying electric background. This can be done in a way consistent with gravity if the...
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... Indeed, several researchers have demonstrated the ability of the CORS network to obtain real-time information from selected monitoring stations in certain regions, providing references for monitoring spatial dynamics as well as comprehensive continuous regional observation data [14][15][16]. In addition, the load-deformation theory demonstrated that changes in the surface environmental mass (e.g., atmosphere, surface water, groundwater, and ocean) lead to load vertical deformation, thereby influencing the seasonal periodic signals in the geodesic height variations of CORS stations [17][18][19]. Argus [20] used the seasonal signals of GNSS vertical data to invert the terrestrial water storage anomalies (TWSA) in California, showing consistent spatial distribution data with that inverted using GRACE. In addition, He [21] inverted the changes in the TWSA in Yunnan Province from 2010 to 2014 and compared the GNSS data with those of GRACE and GLDAS, discussing the possibility of GNSS to separately operate and monitor the TWSA. ...
... In this study, the global and regional high-resolution models were combined to calculate the high-precision load deformation field in the study area using the removerestore method. Figure 2 shows the procedure used in this study [12,19]. ...
The redistribution of surface mass (e.g., atmosphere, soil water, oceans, and groundwater) can cause load responses, resulting in vertical deformations of the crust. Indeed, the global navigation satellite system (GNSS)-based continuously operating reference stations (CORS) are able to accurately measure the vertical deformation caused by surface mass loads. In this study, the CORS was used to invert groundwater storage anomalies (GWSA), represented by the equivalent water height (EWH), after removing the effect of the non-groundwater surface mass load (atmospheric, groundwater, and non-tidal oceanic loads) from the vertical deformation monitored by CORS. In addition, the global and regional high-resolution surface mass models were combined to calculate the high-precision load deformation field in in western Yunnan using the remove–restore method, thereby obtaining more accurate surface mass load data and improving the accuracy of the inverted GWSA results. In order to assess the feasibility of the CORS inversion for the GWSA used, 66 CORS stations in western Yunnan Province were considered, presenting weekly GWSA data from 10 January 2018 to 31 December 2020. The results revealed significant seasonal variation in GWSA in the study area, showing an amplitude range of −200–200 mm. This approach is based on the already-established CORS network without requiring additional set-up costs. In addition, the reliability of CORS inverse results was assessed using Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) inverse results and actual groundwater monitoring data. According to the obtained results, GWSA can be monitored by both CORS and GRACE data; however, CORS provided a more effective spatiotemporal resolution of GWSA. Therefore, the CORS network combined with surface mass load data is able to effectively monitor the spatiotemporal dynamics of GWSA in small-scale areas and provides important references for the study of hydrology.
... Since the impoundment successfully reached its largest capacity (i.e., ~175 m water level) in 2008, the water level of the reservoir is perennially controlled in the periodic fluctuation between 145 m and 175 m for meeting the needs of flood control and irrigation in its lower reaches of the Yangtze River basin. The huge water storage change caused by impoundment in the TGR and its impacts on the regional environment [4][5][6] and accompanying variations in crustal load and deformation due to the water level rising and falling have been the focus issues for a long time [7,8]. The result of water storage fluctuation is considered as important inducing factors for geological hazards such as The huge water storage change caused by impoundment in the TGR and its impacts on the regional environment [4][5][6] and accompanying variations in crustal load and deformation due to the water level rising and falling have been the focus issues for a long time [7,8]. ...
... The huge water storage change caused by impoundment in the TGR and its impacts on the regional environment [4][5][6] and accompanying variations in crustal load and deformation due to the water level rising and falling have been the focus issues for a long time [7,8]. The result of water storage fluctuation is considered as important inducing factors for geological hazards such as The huge water storage change caused by impoundment in the TGR and its impacts on the regional environment [4][5][6] and accompanying variations in crustal load and deformation due to the water level rising and falling have been the focus issues for a long time [7,8]. The result of water storage fluctuation is considered as important inducing factors for geological hazards such as reservoir earthquakes and landslides around the TGR [7,8]. ...
... The result of water storage fluctuation is considered as important inducing factors for geological hazards such as The huge water storage change caused by impoundment in the TGR and its impacts on the regional environment [4][5][6] and accompanying variations in crustal load and deformation due to the water level rising and falling have been the focus issues for a long time [7,8]. The result of water storage fluctuation is considered as important inducing factors for geological hazards such as reservoir earthquakes and landslides around the TGR [7,8]. Therefore, constructing a water storage model of the TGR is necessary to estimate the impacts due to water storage change. ...
The construction of a high-resolution dynamic water storage model, driven by the mass load of the huge water storage of the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR), is the necessary basic data for accurately simulating changes in the geophysical field, e.g., gravity, crustal deformation, and stress. However, previously established models cannot meet the needs of accurately simulating the impoundment effects of TGR, because these models were simplified and approximated and did not consider the variation of river boundaries caused by water level changes. In this study, we combined high-resolution Gaofen-1 (GF-1) satellite imageries and real-time water level in front of the dam and extracted 31 river boundaries of the head region of TGR between the lowest (145 m) and the highest (175 m) impoundment stages based on the Normalized Differential Water Index (NDWI) and threshold segmentation from Otsu method. Developed dynamic water storage model based on higher-resolution GF-1 data can show the true river boundary changes more exactly, especially in local areas. Compared to the previous approximate models, the model that we constructed accurately depicts the boundary distribution information of the different impoundment stages. Moreover, we simulated TGR-induced gravitational effects based on the high-precision forward modeling of the dynamic water storage model (i.e., considering changes of dynamic water area and water level). The theoretical modelled results are consistent with in situ gravity measurements with the difference mainly within 10 μGal. Our results indicate that water storage variations of TGR mainly affect the gravity field response within 1000 m of the reservoir bank with its maximum amplitude up to several hundred μGal. The dynamic water storage and its simulation results of gravitational effects can effectively eliminate the impact of surface water load driven by the TGR under human control and greatly improve the signal-to-noise ratio of regional gravity observational data. Thus, this work will be beneficial in the application of geophysical and geodetic monitoring aimed to comprehensively track the local and regional geological structural stability, e.g., artificial reservoir induced earthquake and landslide.
... The common methods of groundwater monitoring are the measurement of groundwater level (or groundwater pressure), pore water pressure and groundwater quality. Heavy precipitation and engineering activity, monitored by meteorological means, are the main predisposing factors of geological hazards [3], [7], [19]- [24]. The predisposing factors including heavy rainfall, sea level anomaly, atmospheric pressure anomaly, and spring tide, are called abnormal dynamic environments in this paper. ...
... Continuous regional-scale monitoring has been largely underexplored, and too little work has been devoted to it [25]- [27]. Continuously operating reference station (CORS) ground-fixed observation stations continuously observe satellite navigation signals for a long period of time to obtain observation data and transmit the observation data to the data center in real time or at regular intervals through a communication facility [3]. Several studies have revealed that the CORS network can continuously obtain the dynamic positioning information of fixed stations in the area as a spatial reference for dynamic monitoring, and provide sufficient data support for continuous regional-scale monitoring [28]- [30]. ...
... Changes in the ground environment lead to changes in load and thus to changes in stability factors [3], [41], [42].The surface environmental load changes mainly include the load impact caused by changes in the atmosphere, soil moisture, sea level and groundwater [42]- [46]. Load change can be illustrated by equivalent water height (EWH) [41], [42], [47]- [49]. ...
Geological hazard monitoring plays a pivotal role in preventing geological hazards. The main challenge faced by many experiments is to quantitatively monitor and analyze geological hazards. This paper proposes a quantitative monitoring indicator, called the ground surface stability anomaly (GSSA), for the first time and gives the identification criterion of the GSSA based on three stability factors. The features of the three stability factors, including geodetic height, ground gravity, and vertical deviation, reflect the relationship between load-induced changes and geological hazards. To verify the effectiveness and applicability of the GSSA quantitative monitoring method, a regional GSSA model was constructed based on the continuously operating reference station (CORS) network data and load impact data in southeastern Zhejiang, China. The larger the value of the GSSA is, the more likely geological hazards are to occur, especially when an abnormal dynamic environment (such as heavy rainfall, sea level anomaly, atmospheric pressure anomaly, or spring tide) is encountered. By comparing the GSSA with the potential trouble points of geological hazards and 40 geological hazard events that have occurred, the results show that the method can quantitatively, accurately, and continuously monitor the GSSA in an area covered by the CORS network, and the method has the ability to capture the precursors to geological hazards.
This paper mainly summarized a special issue named “Application of Novel High-Tech Methods to Geological Hazard Research”, which includes several aspects of geological hazard prevention and mitigation, such as characteristics and mechanisms, numerical simulations, susceptibility and hazard assessment, monitoring and early warning, prevention and control measures, and geotechnical research of geological hazards. These studies further promoted a deep understanding of the mechanism of geological hazards and the application of high-teches and new methods in geological disaster prevention and reduction.
