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In this study, palm empty fruit bunch (EFB) was upgraded into solid fuel called biochar through hydrothermal carbonization process (HTC). The experiments were performed at different temperatures of 160, 180, 200 and 240 °C for 30 min. The properties of biochar products in terms of proximate and ultimate analysis, heating value and thermal decomposi...
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... presence of potassium in biomass is in forms of ionic K + and highly soluble in water [23]. It was found that the potassium in raw EFB can be extracted and dissolved into the aqueous phase during HTC, as shown in Figure 8. The aqueous product contained high potassium content that is an important macronutrient. ...
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Calcium (Ca)-loaded biochar was produced from rice husks by loading the Ca source with subsequent carbonization and was examined from the evaluation of P adsorption capability about the loading method, the availability of oyster shells as the alternative, and the effect of carbonization temperature. Ca-loaded biochar prepared at 650°C had the CaCO3...
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... Instead of burning the biomass waste, OPT could be converted into porous carbon via thermochemical conversion processes. Among thermochemical processes, hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) has proven to be an interesting option for transforming various forms of biomass including those characterized by elevated moisture content, into valuable carbon-rich materials that are important resources for energy and chemical applications [18,19]. The HTC process comprises a sequence of reactions, including dehydration, decarboxylation, condensation, and aromatization [20,21]. ...
This research aimed to valorize oil palm trunk (OPT), a discarded waste from the oil palm industry, into a valuable carbon-based catalyst to facilitate bioethylene synthesis. The acid carbon catalyst was synthesized using hydrothermal carbonization, chemical activation, and subsequent impregnation with varying levels of H3PO4. Through comprehensive characterization, a connection between the catalyst’s properties and its performance in ethanol dehydration was established. The resultant acid carbon catalyst exhibited a combination of micro and mesoporous structures, along with phosphorus surface groups represented by C–PO3, C–O–PO3, P–O, and P=O. These characteristics played a pivotal role in enhancing both ethanol conversion and ethylene selectivity. Remarkable achievements were realized through the optimization of conditions at 350 °C, 8 h⁻¹ WHSV, and 30% H3PO4 loading on AC-OPT. This yielded an impressive 98 mol% conversion of ethanol and a substantial 99 mol% preference for ethylene production. Furthermore, this exceptional catalytic performance was consistently sustained over a continuous 12-h period. In conclusion, H3PO4/AC-OPT effectively demonstrated its potential as a catalyst for ethylene production via ethanol dehydration, utilizing the abundant and economically feasible oil palm trunk waste as its raw material.
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... However, the intense gasification process damaged a portion of the microporous structure at the higher temperature of 900 °C, which reduced the surface area and pore volume 61 . In addition, elevated temperature increases the percentage of ash and fixed carbon, which reduces volatile matter and solid yields 62 . Therefore, the temperature condition at 500 °C was chosen to be the optimum carbonization temperature for MB adsorption. ...
The introduction of activated carbon/natural zeolite (AC/NZ) as an efficient and reliable nanoadsorbent for enhancing methylene blue (MB) dye adsorption. By calcining sugarcane waste at various temperatures between 500 and 900 °C, activated carbons (ACs) are formed. Both XRD and SEM were used for the characterization of the prepared adsorbents. Adsorption measurements for the removal of MB dye were made on the impact of pH, beginning MB concentration, and contact time. The maximum AC500/NZ adsorption capacity for MB dye at 25 °C, pH 7, and an AC500/NZ mass of 50 mg was found to be approximately 51 mg/g at an initial concentration of 30 ppm. The pseudo-second-order kinetics model and the Temkin isotherm model describe the adsorption process. The Temkin model shows that the adsorption energy is 1.0 kcal/mol, indicating that the MB-to-AC500/NZ adsorption process occurs physically. Our Monte Carlo (MC) simulation studies supported our findings and showed that the Van der Waals dispersion force was responsible for the MB molecule's physical adsorption. The AC500/NZ adsorbent is thought to be a strong contender for water remediation.
... However, the intense gasification process damaged a portion of the microporous structure at the higher temperature of 900 °C, which reduced the surface area and pore volume 61 . In addition, elevated temperature increases the percentage of ash and fixed carbon, which reduces volatile matter and solid yields 62 . Therefore, the temperature condition at 500 °C was chosen to be the optimum carbonization temperature for MB adsorption. ...
Activated carbon/natural zeolite (AC/NZ) was introduced as an effective and stable adsorbent for the enhancement of the adsorption of methylene blue (MB). The activated carbons (ACs) were prepared from sugarcane waste by calcination at different temperatures from 500 to 900 °C. The samples were characterized for confirming their structure and chemical composition by using many techniques. For activated carbon calcinated at 500 °C (AC500), the XRD patterns showed many broad peaks which confirm the amorphous phase of carbonization with disordered micro-graphite stacking. The SEM images of the AC500/NZ nanocomposite show that the zeolite surface is covert with the AC500 particles. The AC500/NZ nanocomposite showed light absorption capability in the visible region than activated carbon only. Batch experiments were performed to study the influence of various practical variables on adsorption processes. Dye adsorption isotherms and kinetics were also investigated. The effect of contact time, starting MB concentration, and pH were all measured. Adsorption of MB was reached to maximum removal (99.2 %) using 50 mg of AC500/NZ after 45 minutes. About 51 mg/g was found to be the maximum AC500/NZ adsorption capacity for MB dye with an initial concentration of 30 ppm, at 25 °C, pH 7, and an AC500/NZ mass of 50 mg. According to the kinetic tests, the best kinetic model for MB adsorption was pseudo-second-order. The adsorption isotherm of dye onto AC500/NZ almost agreed with the Temkin isotherm model. Adsorbed heat energy B value calculated according to Temkin model was less than 1.0 kcal/mol which indicates that the adsorption reaction of MB onto AC500/NZ occurs physically in the concentration studied. Additionally, the adsorption mechanism was also evaluated using Weber's intra-particle diffusion module. Finally, AC500/NZ adsorbent considers a good candidate for water remediation. Monte Carlo (MC) simulation studies indicated the adsorption of MB molecule on the AC/NZ nanocomposite surface in dry system (no solvent) following a parallel mode in most of all studied configurations, confirming the strong interactions between the MB molecule and surfaces atoms of AC/NZ nanocomposite. The molecular structure analysis of MB molecule on the AC/NZ nanocomposite surface indicated that the adsorption process related to Van der Waals dispersion force. Consequently, this helps to trap MB molecule on the AC/NZ nanocomposite surface (i.e., physical adsorption), which supports our experimental results.
