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The polymorphism level determined
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Using allozyme analysis, genetic and genotypic variation of rare relict species, a member of one of ancient angiosperm families,
Araliaceae, the clonal plant Oplopanax elatus (Nakai) Nakai, was evaluated. Electrophoretic separation of the enzymes is described, and genetic interpretation of the enzymes
variation patterns is presented. The values of...
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... these reasons, evoluu tionary history of the species and the associated gene drift can be considered as the main factors responsible for the low level of species variation observed. Interestingly, the index of observed heterozygosity in O. elatus is the highest among the Araliaceae species investigated (Table 4). Low levels of heterozygosity in the populations of members of Araliaceae are to a great degree associated with their mating system, mostly represented by selffpollination, and in some species, by cleistogamy [29]. ...
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... The level within the inter-population genetic variability is substantially higher, compared to the values reported for species with vegetative reproduction. These results suggest a certain contribution of seed propagation in species formation (Reunova et al., 2010;Kholina et al., 2010;Kholina et al., 2012). ...
... This is likely the result of the long-term isolation of populations and the subsequent low gene flow among them, the short dispersal distances causing inbreeding, and the genetic bottlenecks derived from consecutive habitat changes experienced during Pleistocene glaciations and interglacials (Segarra-Moragues et al., 2007;Segarra-Moragues & Catal an, 2008). Clonality is another common explanation for the low genetic diversity levels observed in alpine plants (Hamrick & Godt, 1996;Nybom, 2004;Kholina et al., 2010). However, vegetative propagation has not been documented in B. pyrenaica (Garc ıa & Antor, 1995b;Segarra-Moragues & Catal an, 2002) and, thus, clonality is discarded as a possible explanation for the low levels of genetic diversity in this species. ...
Plant survival in alpine habitats is controlled, in several cases, by pollination and seed dispersal success. We have investigated the genetic structure and mating patterns of the endangered Borderea pyrenaica (Dioscoreaceae), one of the oldest herbaceous Pyrenean mountain plants. Simple sequence repeat-based genotyping was carried out on all the reproductive female and male individuals and in all the female-descendent progenies of a population of this plant. Although the offspring sampling (246) was twice the size of the adult sampling (122), the latter group showed higher levels of heterozygosity and approximately 20% more alleles than the offspring. Probabilistic spatial neighbourhood modelling of parentage analysis, based on the exponential-power type model, showed immigration rates of pollen at 63.3%. The present study also detected a strong spatial clustering; most of the sired seeds of B. pyrenaica (68.83%) occurred at distances of up to 20 m, whereas kinship coefficients of adult plants reached zero at spatial distances (d) < 5 m, and 5 < d < 10 m for females and males, respectively. These results support the hypothesis of a terrestrial ant-mediated, rather than a flying insect-mediated pollination in B. pyrenaica.
... Forest harvesting, fires, and the collection of medicinal plants have led to the reduction of its populations [1], so that the question of genetic conservation of this valuable plant has become very important. The studies carried out earlier in our laboratory made it possible to obtain data on the status of genetic resources of Far Eastern species of Araliaceae [7][8][9][10][11]. There is infor mation on the genetic relationships of 17 species of the genus Acanthopanax [12], as well as on the genetic polymorphism of Korean populations of A. sessiliflorus [13,14], including those obtained using allozyme markers [15]. ...
Based on the analysis of 17 genes encoding the allozyme diversity of 12 enzyme systems, data were obtained on the genetic variation of a relict of the Tertiary flora, a valuable medicinal plant Acanthopanax sessiliflorus (Rupr. et Maxim.) Seem. (Araliaceae) in the Russian area of its habitat. Indicators of polymorphism for populations had rather high values on average (P95 = 42.4%, A = 1.55, H(o) = 0.211, and H(e) = 0.168), which are comparable with the known data for populations of A. sessiliflorus from the peninsula of Korea. The level of genetic diversity and its distribution among populations reflects the interaction of several factors, among which the most important are the historical past of the species, genetic drift, and the plasticity of the reproduction system. The obtained data can serve as a basis for the conservation of genetic resources of Far Eastern Araliaceae species.
... Echinopanax elatus Nakai) is commonly known in Russia as Zamanikha (Заманиха) and as Ci shen (刺参) in China. It is mainly distributed in Russia, in the south of Primorye, while outside of Russia it grows in the northern part of the Korean Peninsula, and in the temperate regions of Northern China [2][3][4] . It is a deciduous shrub with a spiny stem of about 1 m (rarely to 2−3 m) heigh, with large palmately compound leaves, and a long creeping rhizome. ...
Oplopanax elatus (Nakai) Nakai, a member of the ancient angiosperm plant family Araliaceae, is used for the treatment of different disorders in the medicine systems of China, Russia, and Korea, and was designated in Russia as a classical adaptogen. Despite extensive studies of classical adaptogens, there are comparatively few reports concerning the chemical composition and pharmacological effects of O. elatus in English. The plant is a potential source of saponins, flavonoids, anthraquinones, terpenes, and other active compounds. Experimental studies and clinical applications have indicated that O. elatus possesses a number of pharmacological activities, including adaptogenic, anti-convulsant, anti-diabetic, anti-fungal, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, blood pressure modulating, and reproductive function effects. In this review, the chemistry, safety, and therapeutic potential of O. elatus are summarized and highlighted to encourage the further development of this plant.
Copyright © 2014 China Pharmaceutical University. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
... Ho = 0.131, He = 0.113; Kholina et al., 2010). Allozyme analysis has shown a slight excess of heterozygotes in this population. ...
... Peripheral position of the A. contorta populations can affect the gene pool state, since it is known that edge populations are characterized by intensification of genetic processes, enhancement of the selection influence, and not seldom changes of the reproductive strategy towards the dominance of either sexual, or asexual reproduction [12][13][14]. In our earlier studies, the first data on the genetic diversity and population structure of a number of rare plant species from the south of Primorye were obtained [15][16][17][18][19]. Relict spe cies, especially the elements of more thermophilic subtropical flora (Aristolochia manshuriensis and the members of the family Araliaceae), which in Primorye are growing at the northern boundaries of their ranges, have adapted to survive in extreme conditions. ...
... How ever, these species are characterized by low competi tive ability, and in case of the environmental changes they become the most vulnerable. Decrease of the population number, taking place as a result of anthro pogenic influence, leads to the loss of diversity upon the influence of the gene drift [15][16][17][18][19]. The present study is the continuation of these investigations. ...
The herbaceous vine, twisted birthwort Aristolochia contorta Bunge, is a rare species listed in the Red Data Book of Primorsky krai (2008). On the northern boundary of its range (south of the Russian Far East), the species is represented by small isolated populations confined to the river drainages. Using allozyme analysis, genetic variation of nine natural populations ofA. contorta (247 accessions), which represented the main part of the species range in Russia, was examined. The values of genetic variation indices (P = 22.7%; A = 1.28; Ho = 0.129; He = 0.101) were low and comparable with the data obtained for other rare plants. The proportion of unique genotypes (G/N) and Simpson's genotypic diversity index (D) ranged from 0.32 to 0.64 and from 0.60 to 0.98, respectively. This means that A. contorta is characterized by sexual and asexual reproduction. Moreover, the ratio between these types of reproduction varied among the populations. Complete absence of inbreeding and excess of heterozygotes (F(IS) = -0.282), which was low probable in case of free mating, was observed. Evidently, clonal growth and (or) apomixis enables the species to maintain certain level of heterozygosity despite of small population sizes and non-regular gene exchange.
Plant growth environment plays an important role in shaping soil microbial communities. To understand the response of soil rhizosphere microbial communities in Oplopanax elatus Nakai plant to a changed growth conditions from natural habitation to cultivation after transplant. Here, a comparative study of soil chemical properties and microbial community using high-throughput sequencing was conducted under cultivated conditions (CT) and natural conditions (WT), in Changbai Mountain, Northeast of China. The results showed that rhizosphere soil in CT had higher pH and lower content of soil organic matter (SOM) and available nitrogen compared to WT. These changes influenced rhizosphere soil microbial communities, resulting in higher soil bacterial and fungi richness and diversity in CT soil, and increased the relative abundance of bacterial phyla Acidobacteria, Chloroflexi, Gemmatimonadetes, Firmicutes and Patescibacteria, and the fungi phyla Mortierellomycota and Zoopagomycota, while decreased bacterial phyla Actinobacteria, WPS-2, Gemmatimonadetes, and Verrucomicrobia, and the fungi phyla Ascomycota, and Basidiomycota. Redundancy analysis analysis indicated soil pH and SOM were the primarily environmental drivers in shaping the rhizosphere soil microbial community in O. elatus under varied growth conditions. Therefore, more attention on soil nutrition management especially organic fertilizer inputs should be paid in O. elatus cultivation.
Методом газовой хроматографии с масс-спектрометрическим детектированием исследован качественный и количественный состав корней заманихи (Oplopanax) двух видов. Извлечение компонентов из исследуемых объектов осуществляли путем экстрагирования сухого измельченного сырья 70% этанолом. Для анализа полярных соединений экстракты дополнительно дериватизировали, получая соответствующие триметилсилильные производные. Идентификацию компонентов проводили с использованием коммерческих (NIST17, Wiley14) и собственной пользовательской библиотек масс-спектров. Процентное содержание найденных компонентов вычисляли, используя площади соответствующих хроматографических пиков. В результате исследований обнаружено 130 соединений различных классов: терпены и их производные, спирты, альдегиды, полиины, полиены, различные кислоты и их производные, фенолы, стеролы, лигнаны, витамины, нуклеозиды, гликозиды и сахара. Установлено, что качественный и количественный состав экстрактов корней варьируется даже в пределах одного вида. Выявлено наличие 26 общих для двух видов Oplopanax соединений, включающих 12 кислот, 3 полиина, 6 терпенов и по одному представителю из класса полиенов, альдегидов, лигнанов, гликозидов и стеролов. В результате проведенного сравнительного анализа установлено, что 4 соединения из класса полиинов (ацетат фалькариндиола, ацетат оплопандиола, оплопантриол А и оплопантриол В) встречаются только в корнях O. horridus.
Bioreactor-cultured adventitious roots (ARs) of the endangered medicinal plant Oplopanax elatus Nakai is a novel alternative plant material. To utilize ARs in the product production, the present study investigated the anti-inflammatory effect of O. elatus ARs. In the in vivo experiment, lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute lung injury disease model was established and several inflammatory indexes were determined. For the LPS-stimulated mice, after pretreatment of AR crude extract (200 mg/kg), cell infiltration in lungs was decreased, the production of proinflammatory mediators, including nitric oxide (NO), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and interleukin (IL)-6, and 1β in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid was evidently reduced, which indicated that O. elatus ARs had an anti-inflammatory effect. In the in vitro experiment, ethyl acetate (EtOAc) fractions (12.5, 25, and 50 μg/mL) were used to treat LPS-induced peritoneal macrophages (PMs) of mice. The production of NO, prostaglandin E2, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β in LPS-stimulated PMs was obviously inhibited (p < 0.05) after pretreatment with EtOAc fractions, and the expression of the inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase were also suppressed. To clarify the anti-inflammatory mechanism, effects of EtOAc fraction on changes of proteins related to the pathways of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) were investigated. The phosphorylation of extracellular regulated protein kinases, c-jun n-terminal kinase, and p38 MAPK in LPS-induced PMs was inhibited after pretreatment of EtOAc fractions. In addition, EtOAc fractions enhanced inhibitor of nuclear factor-kappa B-α expression and decreased nuclear translocation of p65 NF-κB. Thus, EtOAc from O. elatus ARs is involved in regulating MAKP and NF-κB signaling pathways to inhibit LPS-induced inflammation.
We examined genetic diversity in populations of Dictamnus gymnostylis Stev., a rare species growing in the Bashkir Cis-Urals, based on the analysis of 8 gene-enzyme systems and detected a fairly high level of intraspecific genetic diversity and population differentiation. We determined the average number of alleles per locus (A) as 1.57; the portion of polymorphic loci (P 95) as 0.508; the observed heterozygosity (H o) as 0.139; and the expected heterozygosity (H e) as 0.169. Of the total genetic diversity, 88.3% stems from variability within populations, and 11.7% is due to variation among populations. The average value for the Nei’s genetic distance (D) constituted 0.028.
