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The philtrum in relation to the selected reference points: linear (a, b) and (c) angular measurements. sn subnasale, snr, and snl columellar base right and left; cphr and cphl crista philtri right and left; LS labiale superius; chr and chl cheilon right and left
Source publication
Objective
Restoration of the philtral region following traumatic, cleft, and tumor surgeries is often difficult due to influence of this feature to whole facial beauty. The aim of this study is to investigate the types and measurements of the philtrum and its relationship with the upper lip using a software. Methods
Standard personal photographs of...
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Objective: The objective of this case report is to provide an example of the repair of a complete unilateral cleft lip using a modification of the classic Z-plasty. Methods: A Z-plasty for cleft lip is described that does not depend on measurements and formulas. The tissue available on the lateral lip "unit" determines the limb length of the Z: fro...
Context: Orofacial clefts are among the most common congenital birth malformations in the oral and maxillofacial area. Lip reconstruction or cheiloplasty is a critical issue for these patients when they are around three months old. Presurgical Nasoalveolar Molding (NAM) has become part of the treatment protocol in many cleft centers to improve the...
Introduction: Craniofacial morphology has been reported to be highly heritable, but prior to this research, little was known as to which genetic variants influence normal lip phenotypes. Much of the previous genetic research involved assigning rare genetic mutations to craniofacial abnormalities, giving little insight as to what causes normal varia...
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Citations
... Quantitative methodologies such as digitalized photogrammetry and three-dimensional imaging have been established as invaluable and pragmatic tools for evaluating ideal thigh, the aesthetic profile of leg beauty, and the smoothness and symmetry of the thighs [26,27]. Procedures aimed at volume restoration and contouring symmetrically emphasize the thighs and buttocks, thereby aiding and in the achievement of optimal lower limb projection [4,5,20,24]. ...
Background
The contour of the thigh is increasingly being recognized as crucial component of the ideal human physique, giving rise to heightened interest in attaining the perfect thigh profile. Notwithstanding, the contemporary landscape of cosmetic surgery appears to be bereft of efficient and precise objective methodologies to evaluate the outcomes of thigh contouring treatments. The present study is aimed to investigate the aesthetic appeal of varying thigh contours, employing specialized software as an indispensable instrument for quantitative and qualitative analysis.
Methods
Standardized photographs of the lower body were obtained from a sample of 200 healthy volunteers. A linear analysis was conducted, examining aspects such as the vertical length and transvers width of the thigh, as well as angular measurements including the posterior gluteal angle (PGA) and lateral angle thigh (LAT). Variables relating to thigh measurements and body mass index (BMI) were documented, with the relationships between them ascertained through Pearson’s correlation and regression analysis.
Results
In males, the LAT was measured at 168 ± 3.9, and the PGA at 170 ± 3.4, while in females, these measurements were 166 ± 2.8 ve 166 ± 2.8, respectively. Linear analyses, including the vertical length of thigh (VLT), transverse width of thigh (TWT), lateral width (LW), and posterior width (PW), were conducted. Based on the LW inferior/LW superior ratio values, the most commonly observed thigh types were Type III (0.90) at 45% and Type II (0.85) at 24.75% while the least common was Type V at 4% (0.99). PW inferior/PW superio r was 84.7%. The PWI/PWS ratio was highest for Type V, at 0.99, accounting for 84.70% of the total. Furthermore, an increase in the LWI/LWS ratio leads to an increase in the PWI/PWS ratio. The frequency of the VLT/TW1 ratio 0.31-0.35 (Type 3) was found to be on the left side and Type 4 on the right side. A strong correlation was found between BMI and all thigh indexes, with a significant positive correlation between the index and factors tied to the buttocks and upper thigh.
Conclusions
The concept of an ideal thigh may vary based on an individual’s gender, race, country of residence, and self-esteem, aiming to achieve a more natural silhouette. Focusing on the different ratios of hip and thigh varieties in the study is quite intriguing. Further inquiry and rigorous exploration are warranted to delineate the optimal techniques and methodologies for attaining ideal thigh proportions.
Level of Evidence IV
This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .
... 2,10,18 There are many studies about craniofacial measurements in the literature. [19][20][21] However, it is seen that outer ear morphometry is relatively less examined than other parts of the face. 18 For this reason, new studies are needed to perform separate standard values for each population. ...
Purpose:
The aim of this study was to determine the external ear values in Turkish young adults with 2-dimensional photogrammetry.
Methods:
One hundred males and 100 females aged between 18 and 25 years were included in the study. Individuals were photographed from both sides. Ear length (superaurel-subaurel, spa-sba), ear width (preaurel-postaurel, pra-pa), and the angle between the vertical axis of the auricle and the line between spa and sba (ear incline angle, eia) were measured in these photographs. Also, auricular index (pra-pa/spa-sba×100) was calculated.
Results:
The average values of the spa-sba, pra-pa, eia, and auricular index were found as 65.46±4.68 mm, 37.89±3.61 mm, 19.40±4.83 degrees, and 57.93±4.53 in males and 60.90±5.35 mm, 35.62±3.69 mm, 17.95±4.86 degrees, and 58.65±5.29 in females, respectively. While the values of spa-sba (P=0.001 for the right side and P=0.001 for the left side), pra-pa (P=0.001 for the right side and P=0.001 for the left side), and eia (P=0.024 for the right side and P=0.041 for the left side) were statistically higher for males than females, there was no statistically significant difference between the sex and the auricular index (P=0.404 for the right side and P=0.955 for the left side). Besides, there was no statistically significant difference between the sides for these 4 parameters (P=0.760, 0.409, 0.225, and 0.521, respectively).
Conclusion:
The authors believe that the results obtained for Turkish young adults can be used as reference values, which can be used in the diagnosis, follow, or surgical treatment of many diseases, forensic procedures, and planning esthetic surgery procedures.
... Using computerized methods is more useful in controlling nasal angles and nares. 32,33 One of them is to provide repeating nasal measurements anytime, and add new landmarks. Another advantage is desired in standard parameters. ...
Objective: Changing contour lines of the external nose following traumatic, aesthetic and tumour surgeries have become very trendy. The goal of this research is to study the several soft tissue landmarks, measurements (linear distances, ratios, angles) of the external nose and its nasal indicis using a computer program. Methods: Face region were taken a photographs of the two hundred adults. Analyses of linear (the lengths of nares, nasal bridge, and columella and nose height, nares width) and angular analyses (angles of nasofrontal, nasolabial and nasal tip) were computed and averaged for gender with age. As for the shape of the nose, it was categorized as subunits: nasal tip (sharp, normal, wide, protrusive and asymmetric), nasal base (normal, wide, asymmetric) nasal alae (normal, thick, thin, asymmetric), nares (normal, horizontal and asymmetric) and columella (normal, wide, short and bifid) nasal base, nares, nasal alae, columella and classified subunit as normal, protrusive, sharp, asym-metric, and wide. Results: The nose height have to 49.05 ± 3.48 mm in young male adults, 50.37 ± 2.33 mm in young female adults. Distance lengthwise the nasal bridge have to 48.60 ± 3.24 in males, 37.09 ± 5.49 females. The two mean measured nasal lengths were significantly greater in men. At the same time, angular measurements for nasolabial and interalar were higher in males. Nasal tip angle was 127.47 ± 82.9° in males, 75.8° in females. On average, young male adults had larger nasal linear distances such as nasal bridge length, nares lengths and nares widths relation of height than young female adults (p;<0.01); No gender differences were observed for columella widths and to nose height ratio (p;<0.01). The nasofrontal, nasal tip, nasolabial and interalar angles showed statistically significant differences among young male adults and young female adults (p;<0.05). The nasolabial angle exhibited considerable variability. The shape details of nares was showed large variability. Nasal base, nasal tip and nasal alae shapes were similar, nares asymmetry was more frequently compared with other features. Conclusions: The Anatolian people's nose exhibits wide nasal tip, has a wider nasal base, and is more thicker at the alae, with wider definition of the columella. The significant gender differences of nasal shapes were found. The wide and sharp features of nasal tip were related to an important features in men, whereas asymmetric nares were dominant in young female adults. Using digitized reference details, this study helped define the best cosmetic surgery recreate the nose and increase the success of customized therapy. Also, our findings facial alteratios, facial reconstruction, personal identification, Trauma assessments may also have data banks based on age and gender.
... 1,2 Philtrum is 1 of the most significant features of the face that gives the upper lip its natural shape. 3,4 Primary or secondary reconstructive surgical treatment to the philtral region may be required in cases of lip defects such as cleft lip (complete, incomplete, and microforms), holoprosencephaly, fetal alcohol syndrome, and secondary cleft lipnose deformity, and deformity after tumor resection or traumatic injury. 3,5,6 . ...
... 3,4 Primary or secondary reconstructive surgical treatment to the philtral region may be required in cases of lip defects such as cleft lip (complete, incomplete, and microforms), holoprosencephaly, fetal alcohol syndrome, and secondary cleft lipnose deformity, and deformity after tumor resection or traumatic injury. 3,5,6 . A simple suture can provide a repair that is wanted, but the repair may scar an unwanted result that disrupts facial aesthetic. ...
... A simple suture can provide a repair that is wanted, but the repair may scar an unwanted result that disrupts facial aesthetic. 3 Philtral area irregularities and asymmetries can be caused by a large number of congenital, traumatic, neoplastic, and vascular disorders. 5,7 By offering cosmetic, functional, and psychological outcomes as part of the treatment, the surgical procedure to be performed is expected to give satisfactory results. ...
The lips play an important role in evaluating and recognizing the craniofacial complex and our perception of facial beauty and attractiveness. The aim of this study was to evaluate the anthropometric measurements of the lips of Turkish young adults and to look for sexual dimorphism. Anterior view photographs were taken of 100 females and 100 males who volunteered to participate in the study. Seven landmarks were determined, stomion (st), sublabiale (sl), subnasale (sn), labiale superius (ls), labiale inferius (li), crista philtre (cp), and chelion (ch). Then, using these landmarks, lower lip height (st-sl), upper lip height (sn-st), philtrum length (sn-ls), upper vermilion height (ls-st), lower vermilion height (li-st), cutaneous lower lip height (li-sl), philtrum width (cp-cp), and mouth width (ch-ch) were measured. It was observed that there was a statistical difference between genders in the parameters of st-sl, sn-st, sn-ls, li-sl, and ch-ch (P = 0.001, for these parameters). Besides, using these distances, 6 anthropometric ratios (ls-st/li-st, sn-ls/ls-st, li-sl/li-st, sn-st/st-sl, cp-cp/ch-ch, and ls-li/ch-ch) were calculated. Among the ratios investigated, sn-ls/ls-st, li-sl/li-st, and cp-cp/ch-ch were statistically significantly larger in males compared females (P = 0.012, P = 0.002, and P = 0.001, respectively). We believe that the results obtained in this study regarding lip anthropometry will help determine the standard values that can be used for the Turkish population aged 18 to 25.
... If the disease presents with typical features of malabsorption and positive celiac serology, the suspicion and diagnosis is not difficult; but in the absence of gastrointestinal or classical symptoms the diagnosis may be tricky. For that reason defining some other clinical characteristics of celiac disease may be helpful at least to suspect the disease and may facilitate the diagnosis (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9). ...
... Standardization with the Frankfort horizontal plane is achieved in many studies with craniofacial anthropometric measurements (3,4,17). In profile view, Frankfort horizontal plane is the line connecting the highest point of the opening of the external auditory canal and the lowest point on the infraorbital margin (10). ...
Background: To examine the craniofacial morphologic features of children with celiac disease and to investigate the presence of specific features in this disease.
Methods: Totally 100 celiac patients between the ages of 3 and 17 years who were diagnosed with celiac disease by biopsy and age-and sex-balanced 100 healthy children were included in the study. Photographs of the children were taken using a SLR digital camera the same person at a natural head position. The parameters specified on the photograph were measured with ImageJ 1.50b software. Twenty eight landmarks were identified on the photos. Using these landmarks, 41 distances and 5 angles were measured. Thirty eight anthropometric ratios were calculated.
Results: Twenty seven distances, 1 angle and 9 ratios were determined shorter; 3 distances, 2 angles and 7 ratios were determined larger in patients with celiac disease compared with the healthy individuals in statistically significantly.
Conclusions: There were significant alterations in some craniofacial morphometric parameters in children with celiac disease when compared with healthy controls. However, since the data is limited, a clear conclusion could not be achieved about a morphological feature directly associated with celiac disease in children. Further prospective studies with longer follow-up periods are warranted to determine the effects of celiac disease on craniofacial morphological measurements.
... 20 The redesigning the asymmetries or defects on the upper lip, and philtrum region that can be caused by not only embryological procedures but also traumas, carcinomas, and vascular disorders, play role at the surgery with the expectation of esthetic, functional, and psychological outcome. 21,22 In this case, the anatomical dimensions of facial soft-tissue structures like the nose, lips, chin, etc are important organs for the description of human morphology and individual identification and recognition in forensic sciences. [23][24][25][26] Forensic facial reconstruction in forensic sciences also named as facial approximation is a technique that tries to identify and recognize by estimating the facial appearance the deceased person via the skeletal remains of the skull. ...
Background:
Lips and mouth are the most recognizable parts of the lower face. The morphometry of the facial organs is important for the balance of the face. Besides congenital anomalies occur on the lips, some kinds of deformities might be seen because of trauma or carcinoma. In this respect, lips are in the study of plastic surgery, maxillofacial surgery and orthodontics. Lip morphology also takes an important role in forensic facial reconstruction (facial approximation).
Materials and methods:
Twenty parameters on the soft tissue and 12 parameters on the hard tissue were measured on three dimensional (3D) computed tomography (CT) images belonging 50 individuals (25 female, mean age 35.40 ± 9.97; 25 male, mean age 34.32 ± 11.06).
Results:
Statistical significance was observed on 4 parameters measured at soft tissue and 6 parameters measured in hard tissue. Statistical significance was not seen between the measurements taken bilaterally. Fourteen equations were developed in order to estimate the lip morphometry using the morphometric traits of hard tissue.
Conclusion:
We hope that the results of current study will be useful at surgery and forensic sciences.
... Volume restoration and contouring procedures symmetrically accentuate thighs and buttocks and help to establish ideal buttock projection and waist-to-hip ratios [3,10,11,15,18,[27][28][29][30]. Quantitative methods like digitalized photogrammetry and three-dimensional imaging have proven to be invaluable and practical tools to assess ideal waist-to-hip ratios, gluteal beauty, smooth and symmetry of the buttocks [5,30]. ...
... Well-projected buttocks in continuum with a uniform line drawn from waist to knee on front view makes a natural and aesthetically appealing curve (Figs. 1, 2) [3,10,11,15,18,[28][29][30][31]. Although female and male icons studied are represented as an ideal forms of beauty, they have unique characteristics and may not represent the average body type or the aesthetic ideals of the general population [5]. In the quest to better define the "ideal" buttocks, previous studies assume interdependence among variables such as region, sex, age, occupation, and anatomical details, yielding a waist-to-hip ratio that appear most pleasing across most cultures and geographical locations [10, 11, 15, 18, 27-29, 33, 35]. ...
Background:
As buttocks region is one of the most characteristic features of the ideal female body figure, the popularity of gluteal region contouring is on the rise. Perception of body form is influenced by its shape and size. Interventions to modify the form of this region are often difficult due to influence. The aim of this study is to investigate the attractiveness of various buttock shapes with the aid of a dedicated software.
Methods:
Standard personal photographs of the lower body were obtained from 200 healthy volunteers. Linear analyses were made and anatomical perception was calculated according to reference points.
Results:
Compared to males, all measurements concerning buttock dimensions were a significantly greater in females. Proportional assessments revealed that in females, the most attractive buttock waist-to-hip ratio was 0.75 from the posterior view. This ratio was 0.85 in males. From the lateral view, the most attractive buttocks have a waist-to-hip ratio of 0.70 in females. Positioning of the lateral prominence at the inferior gluteal fold was rated by 25% of the respondents as the most attractive in males from the posterior view. From the lateral view, the most prominent portion positioned at the midpoint (a 50:50 vertical ratio) was considered the most attractive for females.
Conclusions:
These results suggest that utilizing digitalized reference values for a given body region may be an invaluable tool for determination of the correct fat volume, thus individualization of body contouring procedures. With the help of certain software, this research has shown that it is possible to measure the parameters of buttock, which may in turn be used to offer the best solution for any individual in quest for an improved buttocks form. New ideal waist-to-hip ratios of 0.7 update the previous standards.
... Medium and full lip types were the significant proportion in males, and in females, medium was predominant. They also concluded that very thin lip types are rare in both sexes [62]. Heidekrueger et al. ...
Background:
Patients often seek guidance from the aesthetic practitioners regarding treatments to enhance their 'beauty'. Is there a science behind the art of assessment and if so is it measurable? Through the centuries, this question has challenged scholars, artists and surgeons.
Aims and objectives:
This study aims to undertake a review of the evidence behind quantitative facial measurements in assessing beauty to help the practitioner in everyday aesthetic practice.
Methods:
A Medline, Embase search for beauty, facial features and quantitative analysis was undertaken.
Selection criteria:
Inclusion criteria were studies on adults, and exclusions included studies undertaken for dental, cleft lip, oncology, burns or reconstructive surgeries. The abstracts and papers were appraised, and further studies excluded that were considered inappropriate. The data were extracted using a standardised table. The final dataset was appraised in accordance with the PRISMA checklist and Holland and Rees' critique tools.
Results:
Of the 1253 studies screened, 1139 were excluded from abstracts and a further 70 excluded from full text articles. The remaining 44 were assessed qualitatively and quantitatively. It became evident that the datasets were not comparable. Nevertheless, common themes were obvious, and these were summarised.
Conclusion:
Despite measures of the beauty of individual components to the sum of all the parts, such as symmetry and the golden ratio, we are yet far from establishing what truly constitutes quantitative beauty. Perhaps beauty is truly in the 'eyes of the beholder' (and perhaps in the eyes of the subject too).
Level of evidence v:
This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .
