Figure 20 - available via license: Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Content may be subject to copyright.
Source publication
p>This paper introduces a procedure for the modelling of a Photo ــ Voltaic (PV) cell and the application of maximum power point tracking (MPPT) in step-by-step with MATLAB/Simulink. The model of one diode is used to explore the characteristics of I ــ V and P ــ V curves of 60W PV module. Due to the non-linear and time varying of PV characteristic...
Similar publications
Solar energy is one of the most promising sources of energy to meet the ever-increasing demand for electricity in the world. But due to the low efficiency of solar photovoltaic (PV) cells and the dependence of their performance on environmental conditions, it is necessary to monitor the maximum power point (MPP) of the photovoltaic system. Hence, v...
Ensuring the optimal performance of photovoltaic systems necessitates the development of a maximum power point tracker MPPT aimed at extracting the utmost power from the photovoltaic array. This study delves into the efficacy of a fuzzy logic controller compared to conventional controllers designed for tracking the maximum power point. The simulati...
The single ended primary inductance (SEPI) converter topology performs operation like buck-boost converter but with no reversal of polarity and no electrical stress on components. Input voltages of SEPI converter are kept 20 volts and maintained a constant voltage of 12V at output side. This converter circuit is simulated in MATLAB/SIMULINK using p...
Frequency regulation is an important issue in isolated microgrids with inertia‐less variable renewable energy sources such as wind turbines (WTs) or photovoltaics (PVs) due to the small inertia of the overall system. Synthetic inertia control (SI) using the kinetic energy of WT can provide the microgrid with virtual inertia to mitigate frequency fl...
Citations
... Such techniques are categorized as conventional and intelligent techniques. The perturbation and observation (P&O) [6], Incremental conductance (IC) [11], Fractional open circuit voltage (FOCV) [12], Fractional short circuit current (FSCC) [13], are classical methods. P&O and IC methods are popular and widely used because of their easy and cost effective implementation. ...
This paper proposes a dynamic maximum power point tracking (MPPT) controller for a solar photovoltaic (SPV) system with a battery charging circuit. The voltage and current, and consequently the maximum available power of SPV panels vary based on environmental conditions. To operate SPV system at maximum power point under different weather conditions, a cascaded (PI-PD) controller with PSO gain scheduling is suggested in this paper. Also, the FOPI control is applied to an accurate dynamic model of the buck converter to function as a charge controller. For tuning the FOPI controller parameters, a stochastic inertia weight GWO algorithm is employed which maintains an appropriate balance between detection and hunting strategies, and gives the fittest wolf position during iterations. The proposed algorithm is compared with the original GWO algorithm to show its superiority. The accuracy of the proposed cascaded controller used in the SPV system to find MPP ranges from 96.05% to 98.87%. The goal of this study is to operate the SPV panel at maximum power point under variable atmospheric conditions to increase efficiency at a lower cost. It also provides appropriate current and voltage for faster battery charging, thereby increasing the life span of the battery. The system is implemented and analyzed in MATLAB/Simulink, and results are validated.
... The perturb and observe (P&O) algorithm is the most frequently used because of its ease of implementation [10]. However, the INC (conductance increment) algorithm is also more widely used in major projects, and is closer in consequence to the P&O algorithm, but its performance may differ from that of P&O [10], [12]. In addition, there are two other types of algorithms that have the same concept. ...
This study presents a pioneering methodology for implementing the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) controller, based on fuzzy logic. Through a comprehensive performance analysis, we evaluate its effectiveness compared to the widely used perturb and observe (P&O) algorithm, which is a common MPPT technique. The main objective of our proposed MPPT approach is to improve the performance of a photovoltaic (PV) system. To evaluate the performance of the proposed MPPT controller and compare it with the P&O algorithm, we designed and simulated both controllers using MATLAB/Simulink. We also implemented a prototype of the controllers using an Arduino Mega board, and evaluated their performance under real operating conditions. The experimental results unequivocally confirm that the fuzzy logic-based MPPT controller outperforms the P&O algorithm in terms of performance, speed and accuracy. The fuzzy logic controller offers greater accuracy in tracking the maximum power point under various environmental circumstances, including variations in solar irradiation and connected load. Overall, this work contributes to the development of efficient and reliable MPPT controllers for PV systems, and provides a comparison of the performances of two popular MPPT techniques. Future research could explore other MPPT techniques and evaluate their performance using similar experimental setups.
... In this simulation, we consider an irradiation value of 1000 W/m2 and maintain a constant temperature of 25°C. These parameters are chosen to meticulously evaluate the efficacy of the Perturbation and Observation (P&O) strategy employed in the DC/DC converter [11]. The simulation outcomes unveil the remarkable adaptability and stability of the photovoltaic (PV) system across diverse irradiation conditions. ...
... A schematic diagram equivalent circuit, Figure 1, represents a standard PV cell [16,17]. The correlation between its output parameters at the working point, described in Equation (1), while Equation (2), establishes the dependency of the light current (I ph ) on both the PV module surface temperature and solar radiation [16][17][18][19][20][21][22]. ...
... In the same way, a PV system consists of multiple modules connected to achieve the required output voltage and power values. The relation between the PV system's output current and output voltage consists of N s panels in series and N p string in parallel, as in Equation (3) [21]. ...
This paper presents a technique to quickly determine the potential maximum power point (MPP) of a photovoltaic system using the duty cycle (D) of the DC/DC converter. The proposed method depends on estimating the open‐circuit voltage (Voc) and short‐circuit current (Isc) values under different operating conditions. It is an adapted version derived from the conventional Perturb and Observe (P&O) algorithm, designed to restrict the search area for the MPP. The working conditions, including temperature variations, irradiance, or both, are simulated in the PSIM environment and experimented with a simulator with parameters satisfied according to the proposed operating conditions. The research objective of this study also involves operating under partially shaded conditions. When comparing the results of this research with those obtained from the traditional P&O method and the Variable Step Size Perturb and Observe (VSSP&O) approach, it becomes evident that the proposed solution excels in terms of both convergence speed and performance, particularly when operating under partial shade conditions. In addition, this study's methods of determining Isc, Voc, and Dmp can be widely applied in low‐voltage and power systems.
... Photovoltaic characterization plays an essential role in understanding the behavior and performance of solar cells and systems [11][12]. It aids researchers, manufacturers, and system designers in optimizing PV technology, improving efficiency, and developing more reliable and cost-effective solar energy solutions [13]. ...
The characterization of photovoltaic (PV) panels is crucial both in post-manufacturing quality control and operational phases. To achieve this purpose, models of equivalent electronic circuits are utilized. The modeling of photovoltaic panels can be simulated using single-diode and double-diode models. These models differ in the number of parameters due to the inclusion of one or two diodes, resulting in non-linearity within the mathematical descriptions of these systems. In this study, a single-diode model with 5 parameters has been employed to analyze the system’s behavior. Sensitivity analysis and a comparative study of two different numerical methods were conducted to assess the estimation of the maximum power. Furthermore, the internal and external factors influencing the performance of photovoltaic panels were studied and analyzed. To simulate panel degradation, both the serial resistance and temperature were considered as slow time-varying internal and external parameters, affecting the I-V characteristic and the Maximum Power Point. This work presents a comparative study of heuristic search algorithms applied to the two models, accompanied by a simulation of a real-time application.
... There are two types of operation points (OP) in this graph. For any OP like point 1 on the left side of the MPP, the voltage should be increased, and for any OP like point 2, the voltage should be decreased [28]. ...
Energy crisis and power shortage are major concerns in Iran nowadays, where people experience several blackouts during the day. On the other hand, potable water scarcity is another trend in Iran. In this study, the design and dynamic modelling of a stand-alone hybrid PV-Battery-RO system are discussed for a house in Sinak village, Tehran, Iran. Site characteristics are analyzed in the first part to estimate the house load and deferrable RO load. In the second part, the system has been modelled in HOMER pro software to determine the size of the photovoltaic panels and battery. Moreover, complete electrical details of the system such as system autonomy, unmet load and excess energy have been described. In the third part, dynamic modelling of the small-scale RO unit based on a transfer function is described. The introduced transfer function correctly simulates the system's output flow rate in response to input water pressure variations. Electrical dynamic modelling of the PV-battery system has been designed in MATLAB/Simulink. The results prove that introduced model can simulate the system's behavior in four conditions: normal operating conditions, zero irradiance conditions, maximum irradiance conditions, and net-zero energy conditions. The battery supports the system, and PV arrays power the loads with a fixed and stable voltage and frequency in all the conditions.
... They adopt using renewable energy sources for these educational buildings, such as Photovoltaic (PV) system [14] on the available roofs and parking areas. PV system energy production is weather dependent, they required continuous monitoring [15], maximizing produced power by adopting MPPT modules with optimization techniques [16][17][18], cleaning spicily in the dusty area which can be held by using cleaning robot [19], using energy storage system such batteries [20]. In 2017 [21], the Chinese government announced the "Energy Supply and Demand Revolution Strategy (2016-2030)" in response to the conflicts of rising building energy consumption with global warming, resource constraints, and environmental damage, Zhou et al. [22] conducted an extensive examination in the form of a questionnaire into the energy consumption of colleges and universities in the Chinese province of Guangdong, covering the use of electricity, water, gas, and cooling energy. ...
Gibbs measures based on 1d (an)harmonic oscillators as mean-field limits Abstract. University campuses' Buildings have been increased energy consumption due to their great potential for energy reduction due to the low building densities within the campus. Their operation schedule during vacations coincides with peak energy demand seasons. This study conducted an on-site survey College of Electrical and Electronic Technology Campus in Baghdad, Iraq, to determine its current energy consumption patterns due to COVID-19 restrictions and low students' density. On the same matter, in this article, energy-saving plans is proposed based on the analysis of the building's potential for energy consumption load type. For this purpose, a methodology has been developed to expose the energy consumption and demand load characteristics. The conducted study aimed to classify and present all the matters conducted to the electrical loads. Electrical loads are mainly classified into cooling, heating, office, lights, and other loads. A step forward to reaching the net-zero energy building was through descriptive statistics. Based on this study, the coincidental characteristics of the energy use. The data from the entire campus was analyzed, and the coincident rates for individuals of the university campus were determined accordingly. The research results show that the most significant energy consumption is cooling, 66% of the total load due to the high temperature in the country, while the rest loads were (9% Heating, 6% Lighting, 15% Office equipment, and 4% the other laboratory equipment and other loads) to determine those buildings with great potential to improve operation. The database reveals that the classification of buildings based on their similarity is the most essential part of energy benchmarking for public buildings. Overall, the findings of this research could help identify better-targeted energy efficiency methods for the buildings understudy in the future by evaluating their performance against various indicators and setting a baseline to compare similar structures in hot and dry climates.
... In addition, it began to develop technologies like Electric Vehicles (EV) and Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEV), forming a pollution-free, tenable transportation solution alternative to the gasoline-powered Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) vehicles. Over the past decades, the direction concerning developing Energy Storage System (ESS) for incorporating using renewable energy in a wide area of applications [2][3][4]. Electrochemical ESS in the form of batteries is universally employed to store electrical energy due to their high energy and power density [5]. ...
... In [18], proposed the cell balancing based on MOSFET internal resistance by adjusting MOSFET in linear mode, enabling current balancing control for reduced time balancing in addition to reducing circuit size. 4 battery was applied in 1P4S string shape, utilizing master and slave microcontrollers for more accurate measurement and control. Also, BMS functions contain overcharge and over-temperature protection. ...
Lithium-ion batteries (Li-ion) are the first option in applications that demand energy storage devices due to their high capacity, high depth of discharging, high energy density, long life cycle, no effect memory, and low self-discharge capability. Li-ion of necessity must be controlled in anticipation of an operation to be in a safe situation and get the best performance, so it must be utilized battery management system (BMS). BMS functionality monitors, control, and protects the battery pack from over-discharge, active balancing cells, and over-temperature. This paper utilized BMS to compare several charge methods to validate an efficient approach for maintaining battery performance. Proposed state I multi-stage current (MSC) based on Fuzzy Logic Controller (FLC) depending on the state of charge (SoC) as input for specifying the charging current as FLC output. State II, based on FLC, considers the temperature as a factor with SoC in specifying charging current. The state II charge method prefers because the rising temperature during the charging process reduces other charge methods, preserving the battery performance and life cycle.
... where Vpv and Ipv are the output voltage (V) and current (A) of PV, respectively; Iph is the light current (A); I0 is the reverse saturation current of the diode (A); q is the electron charge (1.602 × 10 −19 C); K is the Boltzmann constant (1.381 × 10 −23 J/K); Tc is the cell temperature (K); Rs, Rsh are series and shunt resistance, respectively (Ω); n is diode ideality factor (dimensionless). In which the light current Iph depends on the solar irradiation and the working temperature of the PV cell, as stated in (2) [20,21]. ...
... Furthermore, under the same operating conditions, its slope depends on the Rsh value ( Figure 4). Therefore, surveying the working regions of PV modules under In which the light current I ph depends on the solar irradiation and the working temperature of the PV cell, as stated in (2) [20,21]. (2) where I sc is short circuit current (A); T ref is the temperature at standard condition (K); W is the solar irradiance level (W/m 2 ); W ref is the irradiance level at standard state (W/m 2 ); α i is the temperature coefficient of I sc (mA/ • C). ...
... However, output parameters are measured and stored based on the duty cycle value at specific times. It is necessary to determine the value of d at 0.4 Voc of PV modules according to Equation (21). Equation (21) shows that the linear range is d ≥ 0.80 for PV module MSX-60. ...
The maximum power point tracking (MPPT) solutions improve power generation efficiency, quickly stabilizing the output waveform of photovoltaic (PV) systems under variable operating conditions. Along with new algorithms, improved and adjusted methods to exploit energy from PV systems are increasingly being researched and proposed. However, the proposed solutions based on the traditional algorithms and their improvements have poor performance, while the advanced algorithms or hybrid methods bring high performance but need to be simplified, and the response speed is higher. Moreover, a suitable PV configuration makes choosing a simple but highly efficient algorithm, especially in low-power PV system applications such as rooftop solar power, traffic lights, and moving vehicles…where the number of PV panels is insufficient to implement flexible configurations. This paper proposes a modified version of the Perturb and Observe (MPO) algorithm to improve MPPT performance and increase convergence speed in the parallel structure of PV panels. The Short-Circuit Current (Isc) and Open-Circuit Voltage (Voc) are calculated directly at specific operating conditions to quickly determine the potential maximum power point (MPP) that will reduce power interruptions and increase power generation efficiency compared to periodic updates. Therefore, the proposed solution converges faster, with higher efficiency, and the output signal in static and dynamic MPPT situations is more stable. The results show that the highest efficiency in simulation and experiment is 99.99% and 99.93%, respectively, while the convergence speed is 0.01 s and 0.03 s, respectively. They are better than the traditional Perturb and Observe (P&O) algorithm, the Variable Step Size Perturb and Observe (VSSP&O) method, and the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) technique under the same operating conditions. In addition, its performance and convergence speed are also compared with the latest introduced algorithms. The results show that it is valuable and reliable for parallel PV configuration.
... From the flowchart shown in Fig. 2, notice that the P&O MPPT determinations compare the change in PV power, ∆P, and change in PV voltage, ∆V, for two points, K and K-1, on a P-V curve to identify the maximum power point. The main disadvantages of this technique are inability to deal with rapid weather changes, high oscillations around the MPP, the slow response, and failure to track GMPP under PSC [18], [19]. ...
Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) algorithms play a critical role in maximizing the output power of solar panels. Different MPPT techniques are evaluated based on several criteria, such as tracking speed, simplicity, and accuracy with changes in solar irradiance and ambient temperature. Under partial shading conditions (PSCs), conventional techniques fail to track global maximum power points (GMPP). This paper aims to present an automatic and accurate method to fix the complexity of determining the accurate lookup table data in an automatic and fast process under uniform irradiance conditions (UICs) and PSCs. The proposed method runs the photovoltaic (PV) module with all potential irradiance and temperature. It automatically calculates the perfect voltage reference (Vref) for all potential PV system cases. The Vref is collected in an array, sent into a two-dimensional lookup table, and used for controlling the boost converter. Simulation results verify the effectiveness of the proposed method. In addition, a comparison was also made with the conventional perturb and observe (P&O) method. Under UICs, the proposed method takes less time than the conventional P&O algorithm to reach the MPP. The time difference between them is ?t = 0.133 sec and ?t = 0.04 sec for the first scanning process at t = 0 sec and sudden change irradiance at t = 1.5 sec, respectively. As for PSCs, the proposed method reached the GMPP during pattern 104 (first peak) without any power loss, while the P&O MPPT was able to track the GMPP but with power losses of 2729.97 watts. ABSTRAK: Algoritma Penjejakan Titik Kuasa Maksimum (MPPT) memainkan peranan penting dalam memaksimumkan kuasa keluaran panel solar. Teknik MPPT yang berbeza dinilai berdasarkan beberapa kriteria seperti kelajuan pengesanan, kesederhanaan, dan ketepatan dengan perubahan dalam sinaran suria dan suhu ambien. Di bawah keadaan teduhan separa (PSC), teknik konvensional gagal menjejak titik kuasa maksimum global (GMPP). Kajian ini bertujuan bagi membentangkan kaedah automatik dan tepat bagi membetulkan kesusahan dalam menentukan carian data berjadual secara tepat, automatik dan pantas di bawah keadaan sinaran seragam (UIC) dan PSC. Kaedah yang dicadangkan menjalankan modul fotovoltaik (PV) dengan semua potensi sinaran dan suhu dan mengira rujukan voltan sempurna (Vref) secara automatik bagi semua kes yang berpotensi dalam sebarang jenis sistem PV. Vref dikumpul dalam tata susunan, dihantar ke dalam jadual carian dua dimensi, dan digunakan bagi mengawal penukar rangsangan. Keputusan simulasi mengesahkan keberkesanan kaedah yang dicadangkan. Perbandingan juga dibuat dengan kaedah konvensional perhati dan ganggu (P&O). Di bawah UIC, kaedah yang dicadangkan mengambil masa yang lebih singkat berbanding algoritma konvensional P&O bagi mencapai MPP. Perbezaan masa antara keduanya adalah masing-masing, ?t = 0.133 saat dan ?t = 0.04 saat bagi proses pengimbasan pertama iaitu pada t = 0 saat dan sinaran perubahan mendadak pada t = 1.5 saat. Bagi PSC, kaedah yang dicadangkan mencapai GMPP semasa corak 104 (puncak pertama) tanpa kehilangan kuasa manakala MPPT P&O dapat mengesan GMPP tetapi dengan pengurangan kuasa sebanyak 2729.97 watt.
