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Age-related macular disease and diabetic retinopathy are chronic degenerative diseases characterised by progressive visual impairment. In Europe, age-related macular disease accounts for over 15% of blindness in adults over 50 years of age, and although the burden of diabetic retinopathy in terms of vision impairment is lower, vision loss associate...
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Context 1
... landmark Age-Related Eye Disease Study (AREDS1), a large and multicentred randomised clinical trial conducted between 1992 and 2001, evaluated the effect of micronutrient supplementation on the progression to late-stage AMD and visual loss in patients with at least intermediate-stage AMD or agerelated cataract. 45 Participants were randomly assigned to daily oral supplementation with tablets containing high doses of the antioxidants vitamin C, vitamin E, and beta-carotene or zinc and copper, or antioxidants plus zinc, or placebo (Table 1). 46 The 3640 study participants (aged 55-80 years) were followed for a mean of 6.3 years. ...Context 2
... 0.02 for omega-3). 20,21 The AREDS2 study, conducted between 2006 and 2012, thus investigated whether additional oral supplementation with lutein plus zeaxanthin and/or omega-3 long-chain fatty acids (docosahexaenoic acid plus eicosapentaenoic acid) was effective in further reducing the risk of progression to advanced AMD. 47 In AREDS2, the level of zinc in the AREDS formulation was reduced, and beta-carotene was replaced by xanthophyll (lutein plus zeaxanthin) (Table 1), which addressed concerns that beta-carotene might increase the risk of lung 48 The ambitious 25% incremental improvement over the original AREDS results was not reached; the addition of lutein plus zeaxanthin, omega-3 fatty acids or both to the formulation did not further reduce the risk of progression to advanced AMD. 48 However, secondary analyses directly comparing lutein plus zeaxanthin and beta-carotene showed an 18% reduction for development of late AMD and a 22% reduction for development of nAMD (hazard ratio (HR) ¼ 0.82, 95% CI ¼ 0.69-0.93; ...Similar publications
Background:
High myopia (HM) is a risk factor for several pathological structural changes in retinal and choroidal thickness or vessel. To date, changes in retinal and choroidal microvasculature circulations in HM have yielded inconsistent results.
Objectives:
The objective of this article was to evaluate alterations in retinal and choroidal thi...
Automatic and accurate estimation of choroidal thickness plays a very important role in a computer-aided system for eye diseases. One of the most common methods for automatic estimation of choroidal thickness is segmentation-based methods, in which the boundaries of the choroid are first detected from optical coherence tomography (OCT) images. The...
Pre-eclampsia (PE) is a hypertensive disorder characterised by systemic vascular resistance and endothelial dysfunction. It is known to influence choroidal thickness (CT). No previous studies have explored the antepartum and postpartum changes in CT with respect to the protein-creatinine ratio (PCR), a measure of proteinuria that is a clinical hall...
Background
Although choroidal thickening was reported as a sign of active inflammation in ocular sarcoidosis, there has been no research on the choroidal changes in non-ocular sarcoidosis (defined as systemic sarcoidosis without overt clinical signs of ocular involvement). Therefore, this study aimed to investigate choroidal structural changes in p...
Citations
... A large variety of substances of natural origin have attracted interest for their therapeutic potential in different retinal pathologies, and a considerable amount of both experimental and clinical data have been collected and extensively reviewed in recent years [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9]. Nutraceuticals are characterized by their important anti-oxidant capacity, acting either as inducers of anti-oxidant enzyme expression or as scavengers of reactive oxygen species [10], and by their anti-inflammatory properties [11]. ...
Nutraceuticals are natural substances whose anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties may be used to treat retinal pathologies. Their efficacy is limited by poor bioavailability, which could be improved using nanocarriers. Lisosan G (LG), a fermented powder from whole grains, protects the retina from diabetic retinopathy (DR)-induced damage. For this study, we tested whether the encapsulation of LG in liposomes (LipoLG) may increase its protective effects. Diabetes was induced in mice via streptozotocin administration, and the mice were allowed to freely drink water or a water dispersion of two different doses of LG or of LipoLG. Electroretinographic recordings after 6 weeks showed that only the highest dose of LG could partially protect the retina from diabetes-induced functional deficits, while both doses of LipoLG were effective. An evaluation of molecular markers of oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, vascular endothelial growth factor, and the blood–retinal barrier confirmed that the highest dose of LG only partially protected the retina from DR-induced changes, while virtually complete prevention was obtained with either dose of LipoLG. These data indicate that the efficacy of LG in contrasting DR is greatly enhanced by its encapsulation in liposomes and may lay the ground for new dietary supplements with improved therapeutic effects against DR.
... Oxidative stress has an important role in the pathogenesis of AMD, but the exact causal mechanism is not clear yet [5]. The overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the appearance of free radical-mediated oxidative damage with consequent hypoxia, leads to a chronic inflammatory process [5]. ...
... Oxidative stress has an important role in the pathogenesis of AMD, but the exact causal mechanism is not clear yet [5]. The overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the appearance of free radical-mediated oxidative damage with consequent hypoxia, leads to a chronic inflammatory process [5]. Retinal regeneration decreases with age [6]. ...
... These supplements also contain vitamin D (Vit D) and polyphenols (blueberry and resveratrol), contributing to improved retinal antioxidant defense. Vitamin D and dietary polyphenols protect against the damage caused by free radicals [5]. Antioxidants, such as vitamins C and E, carotenoids (lutein and zeaxanthin), polyphenols, zinc, and copper, together with a Mediterranean diet and/or dietary supplements, have been shown to reduce the risk of AMD progression to late stages [6]. ...
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a chronic progressive ocular disease and the main cause of severe visual impairment in the elderly. Vitamin D deficiency may be a risk factor for AMD. Additionally, current evidence suggests dietary advice of increasing consumption of polyphenols, which may have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. The aim of this review was to describe the roles of vitamin D levels and polyphenols in the management of AMD. The results of this review showed mixed evidence regarding the protective effect of vitamin D against AMD. Polyphenols (flavonoids group, curcumin and resveratrol) seem to play an important role as angiogenesis inhibitors, but their effect on AMD is still unclear. Vitamin D and polyphenols may both play an important role as nutritional modifiable protective factors that reduce the risk of AMD progression. However, more research is necessary to better understand the roles of vitamin D and polyphenols in different stages of the disease.
... Although eggs contain markedly less lutein than dark-green leafy vegetables, lutein bioavailability from eggs is higher than that from other food sources, possibly owing to the presence of the lipid matrix in egg yolk. 36 In a crossover trial, Chung et al. observed that lutein-enriched egg consumption led to the highest serum lutein response compared with lutein supplements and spinach. 37 In addition, the influence of egg consumption on the incidence of AMD may be potentially mediated by other nutrients and compounds in the diet. ...
Mechanistic studies have suggested that antioxidants have beneficial effects on age-related macular degeneration (AMD). This study aimed to investigate the association between the types and sources of dietary vitamin and carotenoid intakes and AMD risk in China. A matched case-control study of 260 patients who were clinically diagnosed with AMD and 260 matched controls was performed. The participants were interviewed for dietary information and potential confounders, and comprehensive ophthalmic examinations were performed. Conditional logistic models were used to estimate the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) across the categories of specific vitamins and carotenoids and their main sources. When comparing the extreme quartiles, the ORs(95% CI) were 0.30 (0.10, 0.88) for lutein and 0.28 (0.11, 0.74) for β-cryptoxanthin. The associations between AMD and other dietary vitamin and carotenoid intakes were generally weaker and non-significant. Higher intakes of spinach and egg, which are important sources of lutein, were associated with a reduced odds of AMD, with an OR comparing the highest and lowest categories of spinach being 0.42 (95%CI: 0.20, 0.88) and that comparing the highest and lowest categories of the egg being 0.52 (95% CI: 0.27, 0.98). Participants who were in the highest category of both egg intake and spinach intake had a much greater reduced odds of having AMD (OR: 0.23; 95%CI: 0.08, 0.71) than those in the lowest category of egg intake and spinach intake. In conclusion, a higher intake of lutein and lutein-rich foods was associated with a significantly decreased odds of AMD. These findings provide further evidence of the benefits of lutein and lutein-rich foods in the prevention of AMD.
... One molecule is represented by arimoclomol, which upregulates heat shock proteins protecting against neurodegeneration in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and retinitis pigmentosa [90]. Furthermore, the oxidative stress contributing to neurodegeneration can also be targeted using antioxidants and micronutrient supplementation [91,92]. The use of nutritional supplements containing antioxidants and omega 3 fatty acids in type 2 diabetes significantly reduced the oxidative load, increasing circulating antioxidants [93]. ...
Recent evidence indicates that neurodegeneration is a critical element of diabetic retinopathy (DR) pathogenesis. The neuronal cells’ apoptosis contributes to microvascular impairment and blood–retinal barrier breakdown. Therefore, neurodegeneration represents an early intervention target to slow and prevent the development of microvascular alterations visible on clinical examination. Multimodal imaging features and functional assessment can permit the identification of neuronal damage in a subclinical stage before the recognition of DR signs. Clinical features of neurodegeneration are crucial in identifying patients at high risk of developing a vascular impairment and, thus, serve as outcome measures to understand the efficacy of supplementation. The optimal approach for targeting neurodegeneration contemplates the use of topical compounds that possibly act on different elements of the pathogenic cascade. To date, clinical trials available on humans tested three different topical agents, including brimonidine, somatostatin, and citicoline, with promising results.
... Furthermore, its seems that gut microbiota may affect the metabolism of polyphenols to influence their bioactivity (Rowland et al., 2018). Finally, human and animal studies have underlined that gut microbiome composition may be influenced by several dietary nutrients such as omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, which along with other nutrients (Costantini et al., 2017) are involved in ARMD (Rinninella et al., 2018;Battaglia Parodi et al., 2020). ...
The term microbiome means not only a complex ecosystem of microbial species that colonize our body but also their genome and the surrounding environment in which they live. Recent studies support the existence of a gut-retina axis involved in the pathogenesis of several chronic progressive ocular diseases, including age-related macular disorders. This review aims to underline the importance of the gut microbiome in relation to ocular health. After briefly introducing the characteristics of the gut microbiome in terms of composition and functions, the role of gut microbiome dysbiosis, in the development or progression of retinal diseases, is highlighted, focusing on the relationship between gut microbiome composition and retinal health based on the recently investigated gut-retina axis.
