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There are few published reports on canine Babesia, Ehrlichia, Anaplasma, Hepatozoon and haemotropic Mycoplasma infections in India and most describe clinical disease in individual dogs, diagnosed by morphological observation of the microorganisms in stained blood smears. This study investigated the occurrence and distribution of canine tick-borne d...
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This thesis focuses on the molecular characterization of recognized and new species of tick-borne pathogens to characterize their genetic diversity and evolution. Two bacteria of the family Anaplasmataceae are used as model organisms: Anaplasma marginale and Ehrlichia canis. A new organism, named Ehrlichia mineirensis, was isolated and characterize...
The study of canine vector-borne diseases in the Philippines started in the 1970s but only gained interest in the past decade. Characterization of such diseases in the Philippines remains incomplete, thus, it is necessary to obtain additional information on the prevalence and diversity of canine tick-borne diseases in the country. In this study, bl...
Citations
... This study investigated the prevalence of tick-borne pathogens H. canis from infested police dogs in Egypt and found that the prevalence was 10% with PCR using the 18S rRNA gene. Previous research recorded that the prevalence of H. canis from dogs by PCR was 11.4% in Thailand [31] 30% in India [46], 57.8% in Italy [42], 32.5% in Italy [20], 14% in Italy ( [43] and 88.8% in South Africa [39]. In addition, [14] illustrated that 13.5% of domestic dogs were positive for Hepatozoon spp. ...
Background
Hepatozoon canis is a protozoan parasite transmitted to dogs through ingesting the arthropod vector (hard ticks), which contains mature protozoal oocysts harboring infectious sporozoites.
Aims
This study aims to evaluate the blood parameters, biochemical assays and histopathological appraisal of infected police dogs with Hepatozoon canis , from kennels in the police academy of Egypt during 2020–2021.
Methods
Red blood cells count, hemoglobin, hematocrit, blood platelets and white blood cells count from collected blood samples were analyzed, and serum albumin, creatinine, urea, aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase were analyzed from serum samples. Polymerase chain reaction amplified the 18S ribosomal RNAgene of the Hepatozoon species for genetic analysis, and the deoxyribonucleic acid products were sequenced and added to GenBank.
Results
The present study resulted in 5% of the police dog population being infested with Rhipicephalus sanguineus . This study registered the sequences of the Hepatozoon canis 18S ribosomal RNAgene in Egypt for the first time in Genbank (MW362244.1–MW362245.1). The biochemical assay revealed that the parasite severely affected the protein, significantly increasing serum albumin in positive polymerase chain reaction testing dogs.
Conclusion
A thorough inspection discovered that 100 police dogs had clinical symptoms like fever, emaciation and anemia, while the other 200 were healthy and had no evident clinical indicators.
... [9]. Among these Babesia spp., B. vogeli is the most widely distributed species in tropical and subtropical areas and transmitted by Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato [10][11][12]. In adult dogs, B. vogeli causes mild disease, while it causes severe illness, including death in pups [13]. ...
... Unfortunately, B. vogeli remains unreported or overlooked in Bangladesh. On the other hand, B. gibsoni is distributed mainly in Asia, including Bangladesh [14,15], India [3,10], Japan [16], China [17], and Malaysia [18]. Rhipicephalus sanguineus and Haemaphysalis longicornis have been reported as the putative vectors of B. gibsoni [10,11,16]. ...
... On the other hand, B. gibsoni is distributed mainly in Asia, including Bangladesh [14,15], India [3,10], Japan [16], China [17], and Malaysia [18]. Rhipicephalus sanguineus and Haemaphysalis longicornis have been reported as the putative vectors of B. gibsoni [10,11,16]. Besides vector-borne transmission, B. gibsoni has been reported to be transmitted by transplacental transmission [19], blood transfusion from the infected donor [20], and direct transmission through aggressive fighting [21]. ...
... The treatment of E. canis infections is considered effective when dogs improve clinically, haematology and biochemistry results return to regular, and the microorganism is no longer detectable in the body. The few studies that examined the prevalence of canine ehrlichiosis in India using a regular examination of stained blood smears found prevalences of 0.35% (n = 752) in Punjab, 18.9% in Nagpur (n = 238), and 55% in stray dogs in Maharashtra [14]. Kumar et al. [15] reported 3.55 % prevalence of E. Canis in and around Meerut region of Uttar Pradesh. ...
A six-year-old Labrador retriever dog with a history of fever, inappetence, and unilateral epistaxis was presented to the Referral Veterinary Clinical Complex, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar. Clinical examination revealed the dog had pyrexia, an enlarged peripheral lymph node, and the presence of ticks on the body. The dog was suspected of having a haemoprotozoan infection, and a thin peripheral blood smear was submitted to the Division of Parasitology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatanagar, Bareilly, for examination. A blood smear was screened for haemoprotozoan examination using Giemsa's stain, Case Study Chandrakant et al.; Uttar Pradesh 52 which showed positivity for Ehrlichia canis. Treatment was initiated with Doxycycline at 10 mg/kg B.wt. orally once for 28 days, along with supportive therapy, which resulted in a significant improvement in the dog's condition. An incidence of E. canis was reported from the Bareilly district of Uttar Pradesh.
... Vector-borne pathogens (VBPs), Babesia gibsoni, Babesia vogeli, Hepatozoon canis, Ehrlichia canis, Anaplasma platys, and potentially haemotropic mycoplasmas are canine bloodborne pathogens transmitted by tick-vectors that have been identified as ubiquitous across tropical Asia [1][2][3][4]. Infection with these pathogens can result in significant clinical disease from the direct effects of the pathogen itself and the host immune response with potentially fatal consequences. Babesia gibsoni and E. canis can cause severe pathology, whereas subclinical infection predominates in B. vogeli, H. canis, and haemotropic mycoplasma infections. ...
... Identification of Ehrlichia morulae through light microscopy is challenging as they are transient in the blood and low in number [38] and can be confused with cells granules [39], contributing towards false positive results. With the exception of H. canis, the prevalence of the Rhipicephalus linneai-transmitted pathogens, B. vogeli, E. canis, and A. platys in this study were significantly lower than those reported in the surveys of stray dogs in neighbouring India [1,2]. The prevalence of H. canis and haemotropic mycoplasmas in owned dogs in Sri Lanka are comparable to those reported in stray dogs in India [1]. ...
... With the exception of H. canis, the prevalence of the Rhipicephalus linneai-transmitted pathogens, B. vogeli, E. canis, and A. platys in this study were significantly lower than those reported in the surveys of stray dogs in neighbouring India [1,2]. The prevalence of H. canis and haemotropic mycoplasmas in owned dogs in Sri Lanka are comparable to those reported in stray dogs in India [1]. ...
Vector-borne pathogens (VBPs) cause significant diseases in dogs in the tropics. In Sri Lanka, the scarce availability of previous studies on canine VBPs has hampered an accurate evaluation of their prevalence in pet dog populations. In this study, we collected demographic, clinical, and environmental data together with whole blood from 423 pet dogs from three geoclimatic zones in Sri Lanka. All blood samples were screened using a previously validated multiplex qPCR assay to detect the six most prevalent canine VBPs in tropical Asia. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to investigate environmental and host factors as predictors of VBP infections. Overall, 254 dogs (60.1%, 95% CI: 55.3-64.6%) were infected with one or more VBPs. Babesia gibsoni was the most prevalent VBP with 37.4% (95% CI: 32.7-42.2%) of dogs infected followed by Hepatozoon canis (21.04%, 95% CI: 17.25-25.24%), haemotropic mycoplasmas (10.2%, 95% CI: 7.5-13.4%), Babesia vogeli (5%, 95% CI: 3.2-7.5%), Ehrlichia canis (4.5%, 95% CI: 2.7-6.9%), and Anaplasma platys (3.8%, 95% CI: 2.12-6.1%). Predictors of VBP infections included tick infestation for H. canis (p = 0.05) and A. platys (p = 0.01), as well as age for B. gibsoni (p = 0.01) and H. canis (p = 0.05) infection. Local breed (p = 0.004), male dogs (p = 0.001) and flea infestation (p = 0.04) were significantly associated with haemotropic mycoplasma infections suggesting direct-blood exchange through fighting and fleas as a possible means of transmission for these pathogens. Clinical results suggest that B. gibsoni and E. canis caused clinically significant disease, especially in exotic breeds such as German shepherds and Rottweilers compared to the local breeds (p<0.001). Measures such as educating pet dog owners on the importance of being vigilant on ectoparasite infestation of their pets, preventing pet dogs from interacting with stray or community dogs, and the compliant use of effective ectoparasiticides will be crucial for effective control of VBPs in pet dogs in Sri Lanka.
... percent worldwide (Murphy et al., 1998;Dagnone et al., 2003;Bulla et al., 2004;Macieira et al., 2005;Diniz et al., 2007;Carvalho et al., 2008;Alexandre et al., 2009;Dagnone et al., 2009;Faria et al., 2010;Silva et al., 2012). In Indian scenario, a few published reports are available on the prevalence of CME, but, are least reliable due to inappropriate sampling; 50 percent in Chennai and 20.6 percent from four different regions of India were reported (Lakshmanan et al., 2007;Abd Rani et al., 2011). Ehrlichiosis could be observed in dogs of all age groups, whereas, German shepherd breed is more susceptible. ...
... Hemotropic mycoplasma prevalence was reported in dogs as follows; 1.2% in Switzerland (Wengi et al., 2008), 15.4% in France (Kenny et al., 2004), 9.5% in Italy , in Spain 14.9% (Roura et al., 2010), 10.6% in Greece (Tennant et al., 2011), 12.3% in Romania (Hamel et al., 2012 , 7.7% in Nigeria (Aquino et al., 2016), 6.9% in Brazil (Valle et al., 2014), 12.2% in India (Abd Rani et al., 2011), and in the USA 1.3% (Compton et al., 2012), 22.9% (Guo et al., 2017) and 15.3% (Aktas and Ozubek, 2018) in Türkiye. The prevalence of hemotropic mycoplasma was detected to be 12% in this study, which is similar to the prevalence values observed by Guo et al. (2017), and Aktas and Ozubek (2018). ...
Hemotropic mycoplasmas are uncultured bacteria that cause different degrees of hemolytic anemia in infected hosts. Molecular approaches are used to diagnose hemotropic mycoplasmas since they are difficult to identify using conventional methods. The aim of this study was to use molecular approaches to determine hemotropic mycoplasmas in dogs. Blood samples were collected in tubes (with EDTA) from 100 dogs. After DNA extraction, 100 DNA samples were investigated by PCR. Hemotropic mycoplasma was detected in 12 (12%) samples and positive samples were subjected to Sanger sequencing. Mycoplasma haemocanis was detected in 6 (50.0%) of the samples, Candidatus Mycoplasma hematoparvum in 5 (41.6%), and Candidatus Mycoplasma haemominutum in 1 (8.4%) of the samples after typing 12 PCR positive amplicons using Sanger sequencing. Anemia was found in 5 (83.3%) Mycoplasma haemocanis positive dogs while 3 (60.0%) were Candidatus Mycoplasma haematoparvum positive dogs. As a consequence of this research, hemotropic mycoplasmas were determined in dogs using molecular methods.
... Blood smear examination is less reliable method as compared to PCR, which was highly sensitive method in the diagnosis of B. gibsoni infection in dogs, which can detect the initial stage of disease, may ensure precise clinical intervention to reduce the fatality in animals and prevent progression to the chronic form of disease (Abd Rani et al., 2011). Babesia causes severe injuries to the host body system depending on the virulence and pathogenicity of the parasite and severity of injuries depends on the age and hygiene of the host (Abhinaya et al., 2019). ...
The objective of the present study was to detect Babesia gibsoni infection in dogs which are presented to Veterinary Clinical Complex, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Veterinary Education and Research, Puducherry. A total of 85 dogs with clinical signs such as inappetence, fever, enlarged lymph nodes and tick infestation were screened. The diagnostic efficacy of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique has been compared with blood smear examination to detect B. gibsoni infection in dogs. By blood smear and PCR examination, six (7.1%) dogs and 28 (42.4%) dogs were positive for B. gibsoni infection respectively. Clinical examination of dogs with B. gibsoni showed tick infestation, anorexia, dullness, pyrexia, pale/congested conjunctival mucus membrane, tachypnoea and swollen lymph nodes. In addition, few dogs had icterus and haemoglobinuria. Laboratory examination of blood samples of B. gibsoni dogs revealed significant reduction in haemoglobin, PCV, erythrocyte count, platelet count and serum albumin levels. Significant increase in levels of ALP, globulin, bilirubin, BUN and creatinine were recorded.
... Increasing antigen loads in the context of sustained inflammation creates conditions where T cell exhaustion occurs, leading to disease progression [77]. Overall, evidence of tick-borne infections in dogs has been causally associated with CanL progression and serves as a sentinel of reported cases in humans not only in the U.S. [99][100][101] but in countries where vector-borne transmission of Leishmania occurs, like Brazil [102], India [103], the Middle East [104], and Mediterranean regions [20]. We propose reducing tick-borne diseases through available preventatives and interventions will make a significant difference in CanL control and prevent spread of L. infantum between dogs and humans. ...
Canine leishmaniosis (CanL) is a zoonotic disease caused by protozoan Leishmania infantum. Dogs with CanL are often coinfected with tick-borne bacterial pathogens, including Borrelia burgdorferi in the United States. These coinfections have been causally associated with hastened disease progression and mortality. However, the specific cellular mechanisms of how coinfections affect microbicidal responses against L. infantum are unknown. We hypothesized that B. burgdorferi coinfection impacts host macrophage effector functions, prompting L. infantum intracellular survival. In vitro experiments demonstrated that exposure to B. burgdorferi spirochetes significantly increased L. infantum parasite burden and pro-inflammatory responses in DH82 canine macrophage cells. Induction of cell death and generation of mitochondrial ROS were significantly decreased in coinfected DH82 cells compared to uninfected and L. infantum-infected cells. Ex vivo stimulation of PBMCs from L. infantum-seronegative and -seropositive subclinical dogs with spirochetes and/or total Leishmania antigens promoted limited induction of IFNγ. Coexposure significantly induced expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines associated with Th17 differentiation and neutrophilic and monocytic recruitment in PBMCs from L. infantum-seropositive dogs. Excessive pro-inflammatory responses have previously been shown to cause CanL pathology. This work supports effective tick prevention and risk management of coinfections as critical strategies to prevent and control L. infantum progression in dogs.
... It has also been called tracker dog disease and tropical canine pancytopenia because of its origin in military dogs in Vietnam. It has been reported as very common disease from subtropical and tropical areas of the world (Abd Rani et al., 2011) [1] . Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato, is commonly available in tropical and subtropical areas of the world in the rural and urban areas, which is the major reasons for the common occurrence of E. canis (Aktas et al., 2015) [3] . ...
... It has also been called tracker dog disease and tropical canine pancytopenia because of its origin in military dogs in Vietnam. It has been reported as very common disease from subtropical and tropical areas of the world (Abd Rani et al., 2011) [1] . Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato, is commonly available in tropical and subtropical areas of the world in the rural and urban areas, which is the major reasons for the common occurrence of E. canis (Aktas et al., 2015) [3] . ...
... Higher to our study, than the study of Díaz-Regañón et al., (2012) [15] obtained the prevalence of 27.14% (19/70). Very high sero-prevalence 80% (48/60) was found by Singla et al., (2011) [40] using Immunocomb(®) Dot-ELISA and study of Kukreti et al., (2018) [22] has a finding of 57.5% (293/510) by ELISA, 50% (49/98) in Chennai (Lakshmanan et al.,2007) [23] and 20.6% from four different regions of India (Abd Rani et al. 2011) [1] . Lower prevalence (1.5%) in comparison to our study was reported in the findings by SNAP 4Dx ® test (IDEXX Laboratories) and negative by PCR (Dzięgiel et al., 2016) [16] , 7.6% (Piantedosi et al., 2017) [36] , 0.7% by canine point-ofcare ELISA kit in dogs in Washington, Oregon, and California (Carrade, Foley, Sullivan, Foley & Sykes, 2011) [11] and 0.8% in dogs in North America (Beall et al., 2012) [5] . ...
Canine ehrlichiosis is a tick-borne disease caused by an obligate intracellular alpha-proteobacterium, Ehrlichia canis transmitted by Rhipicephalus sanguineus characterized by thrombocytopenia, variable leucopenia, anaemia, fever, anorexia, lymphadenopathy, haemorrhages in mucous membrane, peripheral oedema, emaciation and hypotensive shock leading to death. Methods: Among the febrile dogs presented to 8 different veterinary hospitals and clinics of Kathmandu valley, 270 samples were randomly selected and tested by SensPERT E. canis Antibody Test Kit. Positive samples were tested for morula detection by blood smear microscopy and measurement of hematological and biochemistry parameters. Questionnaire was done for risk factor analysis. Results: Overall seroprevalence by Rapid antibody test was 11.85% (32/270) and prevalence of 4.07% (11/270 by blood smear microscopy. Variation in prevalence of E. canis with housing, history of anorexia, hemorrhage in mucous membrane and edema were statistically significant (p<0.05) and that with sex, location and age groups were found statistically insignificant (p>0.05) in dogs seropositive by rapid test. In dogs positive to blood smear similarity was found except housing was found statistically not significant (p>0.05). In hematological and biochemical parameters variation in monocyte, hemoglobin, packed cell volume, platelets, albumin and glucose with reference value were found statistically significant by z test (p<0.05) and WBC, Neutrophil, Lymphocyte, Eosinophil, Basophil, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, blood urea nitrogen, serum creatinine, total/direct bilirubin, SGPT (ALT), SGOT (AST), ALP and total protein were not statistically significant (p> 0.05) in febrile dogs positive by rapid test. Moreover, in dogs positive by smear microscopy significant relation was seen also in Eosinophil (p< 0.05). Febrile dogs with hemorrhage in mucous membrane, edema anorexia are most prone to get infection with E canis (p<0.05). Similarly, febrile dogs with hematological and biochemical parameters like thrombocytopenia, monocytopenia, low packed cell volume, low hemoglobin, decreased albumin and glucose level strongly suggest an infection with Ehrlichia infection.
... Amongst 6936 blood samples of canines screened, 2.65% (184/6936) and 0.63% (44/6936) blood samples were found positive for Babesia and Ehrlichia infection, respectively (Table 1, Fig. 1 & 2). Canine Babesia, Ehrlichia, Anaplasma, and Hepatozoon infections are the reported diseases in India (Abd Rani et al., 2011) and can be diagnosed by morphological observation of the microorganisms in stained blood smears (Irwin, 2005;Harrus and Waner, 2011). ...
... Similar findings have been reported by Bhadesiya and Raval (2015), Bilwal et al. (2017), and Murabiya et al. (2018) from the Anand and Junagadh District of Gujarat. Abd Rani et al. (2011) reported the incidence of E. canis (20.6%) and B. gibsoni (0.2%) in four cities in India. Singh et al. (2012) reported 8.26% prevalence of Babesia gibsoni from Ludhiana by microscopic examination of Giemsa stained blood smears. ...
The present study was executed to know the prevalence of Babesia and Ehrlichia infection in canines of the northern region of Gujarat, India. A total of 6936 dogs presented at the Veterinary Clinical Complex, Sardarkrushinagar and Deesa from 2017 to 2021 were screened using the microscopic method for haemoprotozoal diseases, viz.,Babesia and Ehrlichia. The age, sex, and breed-wise prevalence were estimated for both the diseases. The overall 3.29% (228/6936) prevalence of haemoprotozoal diseases was observed during the study period. A higher prevalence of Babesia (2.65%; 184/6936) was observed compared to Ehrlichia (0.63%; 44/6936). No significant difference was observed between sex with respect to the prevalence of these infections. The prevalence of haemoprotozoan infections was significantly higher in dogs aged 1-5 years, followed by less than one year. Among all breeds, the prevalence of Babesia was significantly higher in German shepherd followed by non-descript breed and Labrador retriever dogs; whereas, Ehrlichia was significantly higher in Labrador retrievers followed by non-descript dogs.
