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1 The number of men and women employed in the textile industry in Odense, seen in relation to the degree of mechanization, 1855-1930 Total number of mills: 3 in 1855, 6 in 1872, 7 in 1890, 8 in 1910. Sources: Industritaellingen 1855, Til oplysning om arbejdernes Økonomiske Kaar (Indenrigsministeriet) 1872, Fabriksinspektionsprotokoller 1890 og 1910, Oversigt over det samlede antal beskaeftigede i Tekstilindustrien 1918-25, Tekstilfabrikantforeningens arkiv og Brandtaksationsprotokoller, Odense by, 1837-1889.
Source publication
From the traditional stereotyped viewpoint, femininity and technology clash. This negative association between women and technology is one of the features of the sex-typing of jobs. Men are seen as technically competent and creative; women are seen as incompetent, suited only to work with machines that have been made and maintained by men. Men iden...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... dairy industry is important for the Netherlands. The exclusion of women from the dairy industry is a striking phenomenon. As figure 10.3 shows, the percentage of women in dairying was in 1889 several times higher than that in the food industry in general. Contrary to the general trend, however, the percentage declined steadily until the Second World ...
Context 2
... first census of industrial production was carried out in Denmark in 1855, followed by a second census in 1872. The next public census was delayed until 1897, but we do have material from the local factory inspection that can fill in the gaps between 1872 and 1897. Figure 3.1 shows the number of men and women working in the textile industry in Odense in 1855, 1872, 1890, 1910, 1920 and 1930, as well as the amount of horsepower installed in the form of steam engines. I have also tried to count the number of machines. 4 Until around 1890, it is fair to say that one machine more meant that yet another working process had been mechanized. After around 1890, this correlation becomes less certain, as the new textile machines might replace more working processes or more workers. Replacement of old machines with new ones makes it even more uncertain simply to count the number of machines as a measure of an ongoing mechanization ...
Context 3
... dairy industry is important for the Netherlands. The exclusion of women from the dairy industry is a striking phenomenon. As figure 10.3 shows, the percentage of women in dairying was in 1889 several times higher than that in the food industry in general. Contrary to the general trend, however, the percentage declined steadily until the Second World ...
Context 4
... first census of industrial production was carried out in Denmark in 1855, followed by a second census in 1872. The next public census was delayed until 1897, but we do have material from the local factory inspection that can fill in the gaps between 1872 and 1897. Figure 3.1 shows the number of men and women working in the textile industry in Odense in 1855, 1872, 1890, 1910, 1920 and 1930, as well as the amount of horsepower installed in the form of steam engines. I have also tried to count the number of machines. 4 Until around 1890, it is fair to say that one machine more meant that yet another working process had been mechanized. After around 1890, this correlation becomes less certain, as the new textile machines might replace more working processes or more workers. Replacement of old machines with new ones makes it even more uncertain simply to count the number of machines as a measure of an ongoing mechanization ...
Context 5
... dairy industry is important for the Netherlands. The exclusion of women from the dairy industry is a striking phenomenon. As figure 10.3 shows, the percentage of women in dairying was in 1889 several times higher than that in the food industry in general. Contrary to the general trend, however, the percentage declined steadily until the Second World ...
Context 6
... first census of industrial production was carried out in Denmark in 1855, followed by a second census in 1872. The next public census was delayed until 1897, but we do have material from the local factory inspection that can fill in the gaps between 1872 and 1897. Figure 3.1 shows the number of men and women working in the textile industry in Odense in 1855, 1872, 1890, 1910, 1920 and 1930, as well as the amount of horsepower installed in the form of steam engines. I have also tried to count the number of machines. 4 Until around 1890, it is fair to say that one machine more meant that yet another working process had been mechanized. After around 1890, this correlation becomes less certain, as the new textile machines might replace more working processes or more workers. Replacement of old machines with new ones makes it even more uncertain simply to count the number of machines as a measure of an ongoing mechanization ...
Citations
... Niche formation, the concentration of disadvantaged groups (women, migrants and ethnic groups) in one sector of the labour market, and the relationship between the development of niches on the one hand, and gendered labour market segmentation (De Groot and Schrover, 1995) on the other, has been extensively studied, particularly in migration and ethnic entrepreneurship (Light, 2007;Schrover et al., 2007) and female entrepreneurship (Yang and Aldrich, 2014). A number of core themes can be identified. ...
In this article, we argue that entrepreneurship is a socio-spatial embedded activity and that the social construction of gender, time, space, economy and culture is manifest in the masculinities that are ascribed a normative role in entrepreneurship development policies. Drawing on feminist approaches to articulate and perform resistance to the hegemonic ‘masculinist’ discourses on entrepreneurship, we argue that women’s entrepreneurship is contextually embedded in institutional and social structures that both limit and provide opportunities for its enactment. Regional economic development policy has focused, inter alia, on stimulating and supporting women’s entrepreneurship through the establishment of women-only entrepreneurial networks to provide support, role models and access to resources. Grounded in feminist geography and based on a detailed qualitative study of network managers and members of formally established women-only networks, we provide evidence of the disconnect between the emancipatory intent and the actual impact of these initiatives. While these networks aim to empower and encourage women into entrepreneurship, in practice, they perpetuate women’s marginalisation and ghettoisation in gendered niches.
Abstract—Now a days Women have become more career-
conscious in the present eradication. They wish to pursue
careers that were previously only available to men. Women's
participation in the workforce has risen in Bangladesh day by
day. The number of women working in the information
technology industry is astounding. The purpose of this study is
to predict people thinking of women in the IT sector as their
career in Bangladesh. In this study, to investigate the prediction
of thoughts, we have used Machine Learning techniques using
Naïve Bayes with high accuracy of 98.33%. According to the
findings, the data analytics demonstrated that women have a
strong interest in careers with Information Technology. A
woman has the opportunity to perform and establish her worth
if she enters a profession or career. Employees are under
pressure to succeed to quickly advance up the corporate ladder.
The result of this research can be utilized for the empowerment
of women in IT.
The pressures of both World War I and World War II made the British Post Office a central concern in national politics. Yet this development has received little attention in the historiography of the Post Office or the British state. The demands of war and expectations for service from individuals living in a consumer society raised questions as to how to improve technology and infrastructure to satisfy these divergent needs. The Post Office’s position as a department within the Civil Service meant that debates over the nature of technology, and the levels of spending required to sustain and improve Post Office services inevitably led to heated discussions concerning the practicalities of increased spending during the economic downturns of the 1920s and 1930s, and the subsequent pre-war planning period from 1937. This article will explore these issues by examining the nature of the Government-Post Office relationship in this period, and trace how the relationship evolved to accommodate the growing needs of the domestic and wartime economy. It will show the growing centrality of the Post Office to the nation’s communications planning. Moreover, it will demonstrate how a mixture of new technology, and an adaptation of working practices helped it adapt to both the peacetime economy of the 1920s, and the pressures of the World War II.
In this article I focus on women's advancement in the Swedish labour market during more than a century. By applying a long-term perspective I give the historical background to what is commonly seen as a success story. By reassessing census and labour force survey data I show that participation rates may tell a misleading tale not only for the past but also for the present. In a long-term perspective, Sweden does not stand out as a country with high female labour force participation rates. It was not until the mid-1960s that market work came to play a larger part of women's life, since young women worked until they had children and older married women returned to the labour force after having raised a family. During the late 1960s and the 1970s, women with children under the age of seven became an integrated part of the labour force. It seemed as if welfare reforms supported women's market work in an unprecedented way; gender differences in labour force participation decreased and became very small. A reassessment of labour force participation rates together with alternative measures of market work such as at-work and market-hours rates show that similarly to how they underestimate women's market work and contributions to production during the early decades of the twentieth century, they overestimate women's market work at the end of the century, neglecting the extent to which reproductive responsibilities still interfere with women's paid work through absence and part-time work.
The making of the masters and mistresses of the nation? Engineers and nurses as occupational ideals in Finnish VET 1. Why occupational ideals? One of the most challenging issues for the researchers of vocational education and training (VET) is the persistent and universal differentiation of work, occupations and VET between men and women. Since the sex differences seem so similar all over the world, it is tempting to look for universal explanations. Such explanations could, accordingly, promote those wishing to combat or reduce the difference to search for universal solutions. However, like in the case of many other issues in VET -e.g. the role of apprenticeships or the state in VET -studying the similarities and differences only at the level of appearances may lead us to superficial and false interpretations and thus also to failing practical conclusions. Even if our evaluations of progress in approaching interpretations, which would be right and deep enough, inevitably will remain historical and relative, I nevertheless think it is worth a try. Because researchers are historically and culturally positioned, the motivation for and legitimacy of such an effort necessarily originate, at least partly, from their pre-theoretical, practical interests as co-constitutors of VET. In our time, we conceive education in the framework of a nation-state and it is this view that is most challenged by the recent developments in economy, politics, industry and VET. Therefore, it seems reasonable to start reflections from the cultural level of nation-states, in their relatedness to industry and occupational divisions. New divisions of work and new conceptions of occupation are emerging in the globalizing economies and industries, supported by information technology, transforming constellations of sex and gender relations in societal and industrial life. (Cf. Adam 1998) They are challenging educationists to develop strategies at trans-national and trans-cultural levels. This requires the development of new communicative spaces, based on mutual understanding of the historical and cultural layers, which are underpinning the prevailing arrangements (systems) of VET. As one step in developing trans-national communicative spaces, I am proposing historical and cultural analyses and interpretations of VET and gender from the perspective of occupational ideals. By occupational ideal I mean a hegemonic conception of occupational work, which is regulative for the formation of personal and collective occupational identities and of pedagogical principles in VET. The occupational ideal crystallizes certain cultural projects of working life (industry) and VET. As a hegemonic concept, it aims at power and ownership of the identification and definition of occupation.
Revue suisse des sciences de l'éducation 2/2000 357 The topic of vocational education and gender has not been of high interest in Nordic countries during last years. On the one hand, the focus has moved to issues like the knowledge society and the competitiveness of individuals and industry in the globali-sing economy, on the other hand, the strengthening feminist and post-modernist di-scourses about cultural construction of gender have had marginal interest in vocatio-nal education. The article aims at showing that there are historical, anthropological, sociological, philosophical and educational studies, which could revitalise research on vocational education and gender, proceeding from the previous phase, when the focus was on sex-segregation in the labour market and education system. In the beginning of the article, vocational education in the Nordic countries is characterised from the sex-gender perspective, with special focus on Finland. After this, some examples from efforts to overcome and to explain the gender bias are described and deficiencies are discussed. Thirdly, a «cultural approach» for discussing gender bias is suggested. In the closing section, the possibilities of de-gendering vocational education are questioned. The main message of the article is that in order to revitalise research on vocational education and gender, we need to reflect them in a wider cultural context and include the perspectives of both sexes or genders (or the whole sexual and gender order) in our analyses.
In addition to an "Introduction" (Gonon, et. al), there are these 18 essays: "Women and Men in Swiss Vocational Education (Borkowsy); "Women in Basic and Advanced Training" (Grossenbacher); "How Constitutional Change and Legal Reform Projects Foster Equal Opportunities in the Fields of Vocational Education and Higher Education in Switzerland" (Weber); "Young Women in Swiss Vocational Education and in Business 'Matura' (School Leaving Environment)" (Gonon); "16+ -- Apprenticeship Project of the Swiss Conference of Gender Equality Delegates: Improving the Prospects of Young Women at the Start of their Professional Careers" (Spring); "A Long Way to Go Vocational Schools, Teachers and Teachers' Education as a Focus for Promoting Gender Equality and Issues" (Haefeli); "Higher Education for Women in Switzerland during the 19th Century or a History of Inequality" (Crotti); "The Swiss/Dutch Institution's Master in Nursing Science Promoting Equality in the 'Most Female Among Women's Professions?'" (Ludwig); "Deficits of Professionalisation in the Field of Nursing in Germany an Historical Analysis" (Mayer); "Professional Development and Education in Health and Social Care" (Husemann); "Gender, Social Background and Choice of Profession (Berufswahl) at the Beginning and at the End of the 20th Century: Historical Findings on the Plausibility of the Current Individualisation-Thesis" (Rahn); "Gender-specific Choice of Career among Personal Development, Social Conditions and Educational Intervention" (Schulte); "The New Careworker Expanding the Apprentice System into New Fields of Work" (H st, Michelsen); "From Housework and Factory to Oil and Caring: Men in Nursing?" (Tallaksen); "From Factory and Housework to Oil and Caring: Changes in Girls' Education in the Vocational Fields during the Years of Reform 94" (Mjelde); "Male and Female Identities in Higher Vocational Education in Sweden" (Lindgren); "The Making of the Masters and Mistresses of the Nation? Engineers and Nurses as Occupational Ideals in Finnish VET" (Heikkinen); "Gendering the Theories on Professions Five Narratives" (Henriksson). Some essays have tables, figures and reference lists. (AJ)
