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The number of individuals caught from five families collected using the bait traps at various height levels. Cryptarcha strigata (Fabricius, 1787) (a total of 3315 individuals), Glischrochilus hortensis (Geoffroy, 1785) (891 individuals), Protaetia marmorata (Fabricus, 1792) (821 individuals), Quedius dilatatus (Fabricius, 1787) (643 individuals), Cychramus luteus (Fabricius, 1787) (452 individuals), Soronia grisea (Linnaeus, 1758) (361 individuals), and Glischrochilus grandis (Tournier, 1872) (194 individuals) had the greatest numbers in beer traps. The following 15 species were found at all studied heights (Dendroxena quadrimaculata (Scopoli, 1771), Quedius dilatatus, Protaetia marmorata, Cantharis nigricans O.F. Müller, 1776, Cryptarcha strigata, Cryptarcha undata (G.-A. Olivier, 1790), Cychramus luteus, Glischrochilus grandis, Glischrochilus hortensis, Glischrochilus quadripunctatus (Linnaeus, 1758), Soronia grisea, Dinoptera collaris (Linnaeus, 1758), Leptura quadrifasciata Linnaeus, 1758, Leptura thoracica (Creutzer, 1799), Rhagium mordax (De Geer, 1775), Anisandrus dispar (Fabricius, 1792)). The greatest species diversity (58 species) was recorded at a height of 1.5 m, the smallest one (40 species)-at of 7.5 m (Table A1). According to the average number of specimens, the highest numbers were obtained at heights of 1.5 and 3.5 m (on average of sampling point, 427 and 428 specimens, respectively). The minimum number of specimens was caught at a height of 12 m. The relative number of saproxylic beetle species was lower at low altitude, whereas at other altitudes it increased slightly. At heights of 3.5-12 m, the number of saproxylic species was almost the same (Table A1). The relative number of anthophilic species was also lower at low altitude. However, at other heights it sharply increased (Table A1). The calculated Shannon's and Simpson's diversity indices showed the following results. The maximum values of the Shannon's diversity index and the minimum values of the Simpson's diversity index are typical for a height of 1.5 m. Conversely, the minimum values of the Shannon's diversity index and the maximum values of the
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Studies on the vertical distribution of arthropods in temperate forests have revealed the uneven vertical distribution of communities. Many factors influence these patterns simultaneously. However, there are still many questions related to the vertical distribution of Coleoptera in deciduous forests of the temperate zone. The research was carried o...
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There are few studies on the vertical distribution and seasonal activity of arthropods in open habitats (in glades) in temperate forests due to methodological problems associated with the arrangement of certain structures for trapping. However, glades in forests are places of significant biodiversity of native animals, which are attracted to such a...
Forest edges, which are ecotones, have a significant impact on the spatial distribution of many Coleoptera species. This research was carried out in 2020–2022 on the territory of the Republic of Mordovia (the center of the European part of Russia). Beer traps (with a bait made of beer with sugar) were used to collect Coleoptera. Four plots were sel...
Usage of a variety of non-trivial ways to study Coleoptera gives unexpected and original results. The studies were conducted using simple traps with fermenting baits in the central part of European Russia. There were 286 trap exposures, and 7906 Coleoptera specimens (208 species from 35 families) were collected. The largest number of species belong...
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... G. quadripunctatus and Rh. mordax are commonly found in subcortical habitats of both coniferous and deciduous trees, where they feed on decaying tree sap from various tree species [70,71]. ...
Fires can significantly impact forest ecosystems. However, studies on the effects of fires on insect communities in post-fire plots in natural forests are rare. This study presents an analysis of the Coleoptera fauna in the forests of the Mordovia State Nature Reserve (European Russia) in 2022 and 2023 after a fire. Insects were sampled from burned plots (9) in 2010 and 2021, as well as unburned (control) plots (2), and alpha diversity was compared. After processing the material, we examined a total of 12,218 Coleoptera specimens from 38 families and identified 194 species. The families Nitidulidae, Cerambycidae, Elateridae, and Scarabaeidae were the most abundant across all plots. Cerambycidae, Elateridae, Nitidulidae, Staphylinidae, Coccinellidae, and Scarabaeidae exhibited the greatest species diversity. In total, 17 species were found on all plots, including Cetonia aurata, Protaetia cuprea volhyniensis, Trogoderma glabrum, Carpophilus hemipterus, Epuraea biguttata, Glischrochilus grandis, Glischrochilus hortensis, Glischrochilus quadripunctatus, Soronia grisea, Pediacus depressus, Chrysanthia geniculata, Anastrangalia reyi, Leptura quadrifasciata, Leptura thoracica, Lepturalia nigripes, Rhagium mordax, and Anisandrus dispar. Only five species exhibited preferences for certain plots. Maximum abundance and species diversity were observed on unburned (control) plots. The plots where fires occurred in 2010 and 2021 had the lowest total abundance values for Coleoptera. These fires destroyed almost all potential sites for beetle settlement, feeding, breeding, and shelter. Traps recorded a higher abundance of Coleoptera in the first year after fires compared to the second year. The Coleoptera fauna showed the greatest similarity on the control plots.
... Coleoptera are one of the most important groups of insects. In all ecosystems they are an important component of the fauna [9][10][11]. The superfamily Scarabaeoidea numbers over 35,000 species worldwide [12]. ...
The biology and population dynamics of Anoplotrupes stercorosus was studied in forest ecosystems of central European Russia (2007-2023). During the study period, 6738 individuals were collected from 256 habitats. In open biotopes, Anoplotrupes stercorosus was caught only occasionally or no specimens were found at all. The species is most abundant in mixed forests with a pronounced shrub layer and grass cover, complex pine forests and deciduous forests. Seasonal population dynamics varies in different habitats. It can be with one, two or three population peaks. The possibility of using Anoplotrupes stercorosus as a bioindicator of forest ecosystem condition was studied. The abundance of the species was found to be very low on burned areas.
... Por ejemplo, Yoshimoto et al. (2007) registran a Cryptarcha lewisi Shuckard en savia fermentada de árboles, Wenzel (2006) a Cryptarcha strigata Fabricius en savia que brotan de roble, haya y álamo, y a Cryptarcha undata Olivier en cebos de etanol y ácido acético. Ruchin et al. (2021) a Cryptarcha strigata en fermento de cerveza con azúcar, Ruchin et al. (2022) a Cryptarcha strigata y Cryptarcha undata en fermento de cerveza, azúcar y miel; Otero et al. (2003) a Cryptarcha undata en cebo de cerveza, vino tinto, zumo de melocotón y 10% de sal; Powell et al. (2017) a Cryptarcha ampla Erichson en trampas con heces de cerdo, Halik & Bergdah (2002) a Cryptarcha ampla enterrándose en cancros y heridas de curculio, Ewuim et al. (2011) a Cryptarcha sp. en vino de la palma Raphia hookeri G. Mann & H.Wendl, y Cline et al. (2015) en trampas de fruta y melaza. ...
In prickly pear (Opuntiaficus-indica(L.) Mill.) of the semiarid forest of Ayacucho, Chryptarchasp. infests and damages the tender organs of the cactus. The objective of the study was to determine the damage of the insect during a year and its behavior. Fortnightly during the year, in 60 prickly pear plants, the number of young leaves, flower buds, flowers and green fruits, healthy and damaged by the insect and its behavior were monitored. Using the PAST 4.12 software, the annual cycle of damage occurrence and the annual cycle of the vegetative period of the prickly pear were diagrammed, to relate them to the climatic seasons; likewise, the principal component analysis (PCA) to establish the most affected tender organs and the period of infestation to the cactus. It turned out that during theyear the flower bud and the green fruit were significantly damaged. It infests the tuna mainly from November to March of the following year, which corresponds to the hot and humid season; in which it managed to damage 35.9% of flowers, 14.7% of tender leaves, 9.7% of green fruits and 0.7% of flowers. It has phytophagous and saprophagous behavior, being attracted by the juice of ripe fruit damaged by other agents, by the ferments of the stems of the prickly pear and other cacti in the process of putrefaction, and by the fresh feces of the pig.
... Previously, few localities of this species were known in the region. However, the use of crown fermental traps has given much more information on the species distribution and abundance [18,43]. There are currently 25 known localities in the region. ...
... The species was thought to be scarce in the northern regions of Russia, while it is more common in southern regions [45]. However, as the studies using fermental traps showed, the distribution of P. fieberi is much wider, and the abundance in some localities is one of the highest among all Cetoniinae species [18,43]. At present, more than 50 localities are known in the Republic of Mordovia. ...
(1) Background: Beetles in the superfamily Scarabaeoidea are one of the most important groups of Coleoptera. They are found in various ecosystems all over the world and belong to coprophagous, necrophagous, saproxylophagous, phyllophagous and rhizophagous types. The aim of the study is to describe the fauna and distribution of Scarabaeoidea in the Republic of Mordovia (central part of European Russia); (2) Methods: The study was conducted from 2003 to 2023. Collection material (specimens from 1972 and 1986) was also used. Specimens were collected using traditional Coleoptera collecting methods (manual collecting, light trap, collection of rotten remains and pitfall traps). For each observation, the coordinates, number of specimens and dates were recorded; (3) Results: The dataset contains 3198 occurrences. We examined 11,011 specimens of Scarabaeoidea. The dataset contains information on 88 species of Scarabaeoidea. Of these, five species (Aphodius pedellus, Nobius serotinus, Phaeaphodius rectus, Planolinus fasciatus and Onthophagus medius) are listed for the region for the first time. Another seven species are additionally known from others taken from the literature (but were not found during the present field survey); (4) Conclusions: Species diversity of Scarabaeoidea of Mordovia accounts for 95 species from 4 families (Geotrupidae, Trogidae, Lucanidae and Scarabaeidae). Ten species (Protaetia marmorata, Anoplotrupes stercorosus, Cetonia aurata, Protaetia cuprea volhyniensis, Oxythyrea funesta, Platycerus caraboides, Serica brunnea, Melolontha hippocastani, Trichius fasciatus and Protaetia fieberi) constitute the main population of Scarabaeoidea fauna given in the dataset. The species diversity of Scarabaeoidea of the Republic of Mordovia is roughly similar in number of species to that of neighboring or more northern regions.
... Studies that focus on the spatial distribution of saproxylic beetles in forests used different sampling approaches, which might have a significant effect on the results and their interpretation. While most studies used window-flight traps (Prochazka et al., 2018;Ulyshen & Hanula, 2007;Vodka & Cizek, 2013;Wermelinger et al., 2007), other traps such as malaise traps (Hardersen et al., 2014), yellow pan traps (Wermelinger et al., 2007), fermental traps (Ruchin & Egorov, 2021), or sticky traps (Graf et al., 2022;Saint-Germain et al., 2007) have also been used previously. Further, some studies have been based on rearing insects emerging directly from dead wood substrate (Bouget et al., 2011;Seibold et al., 2018;Vodka et al., 2009), whereas other studies counted emergence holes on a substrate (Albert et al., 2012;Zhang et al., 1993) or directly examined a substrate for the occurrence of beetles using bark peeling (Cadorette-Breton et al., 2016;Foit, 2010). ...
The spatial distribution of saproxylic beetles landing and climbing stems of 12 grown and healthy Scots pine trees ( Pinus sylvestris L.) was examined in detail during a 3‐year trial. The beetles were sampled using sticky traps attached to the tree trunk at three tree parts (i.e., the trunk base, middle part of the trunk, and trunk in crown). Each tree part was sampled using two sticky traps facing opposite cardinal directions (north and south).
In total, 4063 individuals representing 169 taxa of saproxylic beetles were yielded in the 1405 obtained samples.
Remarkable interstrata diversification of saproxylic beetle assemblages reflecting distribution of breeding substrates in the forest stand was observed. Overall, species richness decreased considerably from the trunk base to the crown, with intermediate values for the middle part of the trunk. However, the abundance of mycetophages and saproxylophages decreased from the trunk base to the crown, with xylophages being the most abundant in the tree crown.
The cardinal direction exhibited overall weak effects on abundance, species richness, and composition, but the occurrence of a few particular species was significantly associated with the south (13 species) or north (3 species) facing part of the trunk.
Our results suggest that primary attraction and random landing strategies are combined during the substrate selection by many species.
High variability in the importance of the studied explanatory variables was observed among taxa, which shows how the species composition recorded in any study might alter its general outcomes.
... The undergrowth layer was represented by maple, elm, buckthorn, rowan, small linden and oak trees. The herbaceous tier was represented by various types of sedges (Carex), violets, lily of the valley, compound and rosaceae plants [13]. ...
... In most cases, various designs of traps for passive insect fishing are used for these purposes. At the same time, traps with baits are also used, which attract insects with the help of various substances and substrates [13,14,16,17]. In our study, traps with baits made of beer and sugar were used. ...
The vertical distribution of insects was studied in deciduous forests of the temperate zone (the center of European Russia). During the research, 81342 individuals from 10 insect orders (Dermaptera, Blattodea, Hemiptera, Hymenoptera, Coleoptera, Neuroptera, Trichoptera, Lepidoptera, Diptera, Mecoptera) were collected. Diptera, Lepidoptera and Coleoptera were the most numerous. The total number of Coleoptera and Diptera was higher at an altitude of 1.5 m, and Lepidoptera prevailed at an altitude of 12 m. Species from the orders Hymenoptera, Dermaptera, Neuroptera and Trichoptera dominated the tree crowns. The number of Blattodea was higher in the lower tiers of the forest. The seasonal dynamics of the number of insects in traps tended to increase significantly by September. But each order had its own dynamics of numbers during the season.
... The traps were placed on wooden tripods at a height of 1.5 m above the soil surface, which corresponds to the optimal height of beetle flight [34]. Thus, in open ecosystems, the trap was located above the level of the herbaceous tier. ...
Usage of a variety of non-trivial ways to study Coleoptera gives unexpected and original results. The studies were conducted using simple traps with fermenting baits in the central part of European Russia. There were 286 trap exposures, and 7906 Coleoptera specimens (208 species from 35 families) were collected. The largest number of species belonged to the families Cerambycidae (35 species), Curculionidae (26 species), and Elateridae (25 species). One species each was noted in 12 families. Traps were applied in five open habitats (dry meadow, shore, floodplain meadow, cuttings under power lines, and glade in woods). Only 13 species were common to all habitats: Cetonia aurata, Protaetia marmorata, Dasytes niger, Cryptarcha strigata, Glischrochilus grandis, Glischrochilus hortensis, Glischrochilus quadrisignatus, Soronia grisea, Notoxus monoceros, Aromia moschata, Leptura quadrifasciata, Rhagium mordax, Anisandrus dispar. Dry meadows were dominated by C. aurata, A. murinus, and P. cuprea volhyniensis. A shore was dominated by C. strigata, G. grandis, G. hortensis, S. grisea, and A. dispar. The dominant species in floodplain meadows were G. hortensis, S. grisea, and A. dispar. On cuttings under power lines, the most numerous were C. aurata, P. cuprea volhyniensis, and C. viridissima. In forest glades, the maximum abundance data were obtained for G. grandis, C. strigata, and A. dispar. The Shannon index was greatest in meadow habitats of varying degrees of moisture, while it was minimal on the shore. The increase in the Simpson index was also characteristic of the shore. These data indicate reduced species diversity combined with the dominance of several species in this biotope. The maximum species diversity with the highest level of species alignment was characteristic of meadow plots, while lower values were obtained under power lines and in forest glades. We recommend the usage of fermental traps with beer for ecological studies of the Coleoptera fauna in open biotopes.
... marmorata, C. strigata, G. grandis, and S. grisea). Earlier, it was shown that Protaetia marmorata prefers tree crowns for its habitat and is more often found in traps in the first tier [22,60]. Apparently, in this case, this preference is influenced by the life cycle of the species, during which larval development occurs in the hollows of dead oaks and feeding of adults on sap flowing from tree trunks [61]. ...
... According to our results, Glischrochilus grandis prefers the lower forest tiers inside forest patches (the abundance of this species is relatively lower on forest edges). A similar effect has been reported previously in deciduous forests [60]. This species is often found on decaying tree sap from birch and oak trees, on rotting berries, and on corkscrews. ...
... Cryptarcha strigata has previously been shown to occur slightly more frequently at 3.5 m in the forest interior. However, Soronia grisea was also found more frequently along with Cryptarcha strigata [60]. Both species are confined to oak, aspen, and mixed plantations with the presence of oak, where they often occur on the sap of Q. robur, Salix and P. tremula [63,64]. ...
Forest edges, which are ecotones, have a significant impact on the spatial distribution of many Coleoptera species. This research was carried out in 2020–2022 on the territory of the Republic of Mordovia (the center of the European part of Russia). Beer traps (with a bait made of beer with sugar) were used to collect Coleoptera. Four plots were selected for the research, which differed in the composition of plants on the edges, adjacent open ecosystems, and types of forest ecosystems. The forest adjoined closely to this open ecosystem. Inside the forest interior, at 300–350 m, a control inner section of the forest with a closed canopy was selected. There were eight traps on each site: edge–below, edge–above, forest interior–below, and forest interior–above, with two traps in each plot. These traps were located at a height of 1.5 (below) and 7.5 m (above) above the ground on tree branches. In total, more than 13,000 specimens from 35 families were recorded. Cerambycidae, Nitidulidae, Curculionidae, and Elateridae had the greatest species diversity. Nitidulidae (71.6% of all individuals), Curculionidae (8.3%), Scarabaeidae (7.7%), and Cerambycidae (2.4%) predominated in total number. There were 13 species common to all plots. At the same time, only four species were found in all traps (Protaetia marmorata, Cryptarcha strigata, Glischrochilus grandis, and Soronia grisea). The abundance of P. marmorata on all plots at an altitude of 7.5 m on the edges was greater. G. grandis prevailed in the lower traps. The abundance of C. strigata and S. grisea varied depending on the location of the trap on different plots. The general pattern was the greatest species diversity of Coleoptera on the edges in the lower traps. At the same time, the total number of all species on the edges was lower. At the edges, the Shannon index was practically always higher or equal to similar indicators in traps located in the forest interior. According to the average values of all plots, it turned out that the number of species of saproxylic Coleoptera prevails inside forest areas, and the largest number of saproxiles was found in the upper traps. An interesting feature for all plots was a more significant relative number of anthophilic species at the edge in the upper traps.
... Knowing how this three-dimensional heterogeneity affects the spatial and temporal distribution of invertebrates and vertebrates is important for designing conservation measures [5][6][7][8][9]. The forest canopy, as the top layer of vegetation formed by tree crowns, is a particularly important habitat and resource used by vertebrate and invertebrate forest animals [10][11][12][13][14]. The technical ability of researchers to access the canopy has made it possible to detect vertical stratification in forests, i.e., clear boundaries in communities across the entire vertical from the ground to the upper forest tiers [15]. ...
... In our study of the spatial distribution of Lepidoptera, we used beer traps, which are baited, easy to make, and have been used to study seasonal rhythms of abundance [40], height distribution [13], and post-fire insect fauna [41]. Our research objectives included: (a) study the vertical distribution of Lepidoptera in deciduous and pine forests; (b) study the vertical distribution in large glades; and (c) study the spatial distribution at forest edges. ...
Temperate forests are highly complex ecosystems in which many aspects of invertebrate distribution and abundance remain poorly understood. In order to accumulate data on the vertical and temporal distribution of forest Lepidoptera in the Republic of Mordovia (central European part of Russia), specimens were collected with beer-baited traps from April to October in 2019–2022. Traps were deployed at different heights above ground level (i.e., 1,5, 3,5, 7, and 12 m) in deciduous forests, pine forests, forest edges, and forest glades. Over the four-year sampling period, over 69,000 specimens of Lepidoptera were collected and examined. In deciduous forests, maximum abundance was observed at 12 m above ground level, whereas in pine forests, maximum abundance was observed at 7 m. In both forest types, the lowest abundance was observed at the lowest sample sites (i.e., 1.5 m above ground level). In forest glades in 2020, maximum abundance was observed at 2 m, with abundance showing a conspicuous decline with trap height above the ground. However, this pattern was not repeated in subsequent years. Lepidoptera exhibited various patterns of seasonal abundance among habitat types, but most showed bi- or trimodal patterns (corresponding with spring summer and fall), with the greatest number of specimens captured in late summer or autumn. Forest edges showed the greatest abundance of all sampled habitat types.
... At the same time, such traps are most actively used to study the biodiversity of Coleoptera, as well as to study the distribution in the space of forest ecosystems of individuals and species of this group of insects [4,5,21,22]. Since different species appear in traps in different habitats, they can be placed in open woodlands, on the edges, at different heights [22][23][24]. Traps with baits are convenient to place and use in protected areas, since the maintenance of such traps is easier in these areas, which people visit rarely, and the risk of vandalism is reduced. In addition, the species diversity and abundance of insects in protected areas are usually much higher than adjacent territories [25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33], which affects the effectiveness of such traps for full-scale faunal studies. ...
Monitoring Coleoptera diversity in protected areas is part of the global ecological monitoring of the state of ecosystems. The purpose of this research is to describe the biodiversity of Coleoptera studied with the help of baits based on fermented substrate in the European part of Russia (Smolny National Park). The research was conducted April–August 2018–2022. Samples were collected in traps of our own design. Beer or wine with the addition of sugar, honey, or jam was used for bait. A total of 194 traps were installed. The dataset contains 1254 occurrences. A total of 9226 Coleoptera specimens have been studied. The dataset contains information about 134 species from 24 Coleoptera families. The largest number of species that have been found in traps belongs to the family Cerambycidae (30 species), Nitidulidae (14 species), Elateridae (12 species), and Curculionidae and Coccinellidae (10 species each). The number of individuals in the traps of these families was distributed as follows: Cerambycidae—1018 specimens; Nitidulidae—5359; Staphylinidae—241; Elateridae—33; Curculionidae—148; and Coccinellidae—19. The 10 dominant species accounted for 90.7% of all detected specimens in the traps. The maximum species diversity and abundance of Coleoptera was obtained in 2021. With the installation of the largest number of traps in 2022 and more diverse biotopes (64 traps), a smaller number of species was caught compared to 2021. New populations of such species have been found from rare Coleoptera: Calosoma sycophanta, Elater ferrugineus, Osmoderma barnabita, Protaetia speciosissima, and Protaetia fieberi.
