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The number of apiaries and bee hives infected with Nosema in the districts of Hatay region (NP; Nosema positive).
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The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence of nosemosis by using microscopic and molecular (Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)) methods in honey bees of Hatay province, and to investigate the effects of beekeepers' attitudes and behaviors and apiary conditions on the spread of disease through a survey study. In the study, adult bee samples w...
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Organisms that can detect parasites may have a greater likelihood of avoiding exposure to them. We would expect hosts that share an evolutionary history with a parasite to be more likely to detect and avoid it compared to novel hosts. Nosema ceranae is a gut parasite of the Asian honey bee, Apis cerana , that has relatively recently been detected i...
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... The minimum number of apiaries to be sampled in Bolu province were determined using the following formula according to the literatures (1) (Águila and González-Ramírez, 2014;Can and Yalçın, 2015;Zerek, 2021). ...
Bolu province has a potential to progress in beekeeping due to its rich flora and vegetation. However, the amount of honey production per beehive in the province of Bolu is 8-10 kg, which is below the average (14.4 kg) of Turkey. Honey bee diseases and parasites are among the most important factors that retard the development of beekeeping and limit production efficiency in Turkey. In this study, it was aimed to evaluate the presence of varroosis and nosemosis in honey bee samples in different districts of Bolu. The presence of nosemosis and varroosis diseases in bee colonies in Bolu province are documented for the first time. Nosemosis was the most common disease. 190 of the 3030 examined bee samples were infected by Nosema spp. Average of the nosemosis infection was 6.3%. On the other hand, Varroa infestation was observed in the six of nine localities examined in Bolu province. 118 of the 3753 examined bee samples were infected by Varroa mites. Total infection ranged from 0.6 to 19.2%. This study has shown a prevailing higher percentage of infested with Varroa mites and Nosema spp. in Bolu region and revealed that the beekeepers in the Bolu region should be informed in detail about the precautions to be taken in the monitoring and controlling varroosis and nosemosis.
... The key to successful beekeeping is maintaining healthy and robust bee colonies capable of high productivity during the honey collection period, successful wintering, rapid growth of brood in the spring period, and the production of healthy offspring (Al Naggar et al., 2022;Pfeiffer & Crowder, 2022). Infectious diseases of bees inhibit the development of bee colonies and can cause fatalities (Al Naggar et al., 2022;Cohen et al., 2022;Zerek et al., 2022). Thus, an essential component of the development of "infectious-safe" beekeeping is the timely detection of these diseases, the application of etiotropic and pathogenetic therapy to bees, and the implementation of preventive measures in apiaries to increase the resistance of bee colonies to infectious diseases (Al Naggar et al., 2022;Tehel et al., 2022). ...
The well-being of apiaries is a priority in the state's economic, social, and environmental aspects. There is a state monitoring system to ensure proper control over the prevalence of infectious, invasive, and viral diseases. This system systematically monitors the spread of diseases that cause significant economic problems. Solving these problems will further shape the state's favorability to ensure the export of beekeeping products to European countries. Data on the spread of infectious and invasive diseases of bees from official departments of the State Production and Consumer Services of particular regions. In work, such data were processed in the Volyn region from 2017 to 2022, including a plan for determining the incidence and incidence rates in this region. The results show that nosemosis and varroosis were the most common diseases in the Volyn region during the studied period. It was established that the indicator of bee colonies with the Varroa destructor mite in all analyzed years exceeds the incidence of nosemosis by 8.03 % (2020) – 24.49 % (2021). Moreover, the highest incidence of both diseases during the studied period was registered in 2021. In 2017, American foulbrood (AFB), created by a bacterium, was recorded in this region. The spread of bacterial diseases in bees is given. From the analyzed data, it is possible to note the imperfection of the monitoring system, as the research plans include a wide range of invasive diseases, but a small share is allocated to bacterial infections. Unplanned beekeeping studies include invasive and infectious diseases: bee bacteriosis and viral pathologies. The main problem is the low percentage of certified private farms. As a result, it is challenging to analyze damage to apiaries by contagious bee diseases. Thus, it is necessary to improve the state monitoring system, owing to which it will be possible to diagnose planned not only infectious and invasive diseases but also other diseases of bees that cause massive destruction of hives in apiaries of our state.
... In the Hatay region, N. ceranae was reported in 89% and N. apis in 11% of 85 hives with colony losses between 2007-2009 (Muz et al., 2010). In another study conducted with the molecular method in 2019 (Zerek et al., 2022), N. ceranae was seen in 20% of the examined colonies, while N. apis was not found at all. In this study, Nosema spp. ...
Nosemosis is a dangerous and contagious disease that affects the digestive system of adult honey bees, causes bee losses, and is common in the world and in Turkey. Amoebiasis caused by Malpighamoeba mellificae does not lead to serious problems in strong colonies alone. However, when it progresses with nosemosis, it may cause significant losses by increasing the virulence and mortality of the disease. In this study, it was aimed to investigate the prevalence of nosemosis and amoebiasis diseases by microscopic method in beekeeping enterprises in Hatay province. The study, in which the majority of the samples were composed of mobile beekeeping enterprises, was carried out in the spring of 2021. In the study, adult worker bee samples were collected from 343 hives in 62 beekeeping enterprises in 4 districts of Hatay province. According to the results of the microscopic examination, the rates of Nosema spp., M. mellificae and mixed infections in beekeeping enterprises were 21%, 15% and 29%, respectively; and they were determined as 17%, 5% and 8% in the hives in these enterprises, respectively. As a result, nosemosis and amoebiasis diseases were detected in 65% of the enterprises in Hatay, in 30% of the hives of these enterprises. Although Nosema spp. and M. mellificae infections, were observed together in this study, the absence of significant clinical symptoms and bee losses, led to the conclusion that it would not pose a serious risk in resistant colonies.
Nosemosis, one of the most important honeybee diseases, causes colony losses and low productivity worldwide. A national study were carried out to presence of nosemosis throughout Türkiye, determine the prevalence of Nosema cereane and Nosema apis , and perform the network analyses of the parasites. Specimens were collected from hives with no clinical signs. A total of 1194 European honey bee colonies in 400 apiaries from 40 provinces of Türkiye were examined by microscopic and molecular techniques. Nosemosis were found in all of 40 provinces. The prevalence ratio were 64.3 ± 3,0, 95%CI in apiaries and 40.5 ± 2,9, 95%CI in hives. N. ceranae DNA were detected all of positive hives, while N. ceranae and N. apis co-infection in only four colonies. In the last two decades, it has been observed that nozemosis has spread to all provinces and its prevalence has increased in all regions of Türkiye. All of the N. ceranae or N. apis samples examined were 100% identical within themselves. Network analysis showed that they were within largest haplotype reported worldwide.
Nosemosis is the most common disease in honey bee Apis mellifera L., and is a major issue related to bee health worldwide. Therefore, the purpose of this research study was to determine prevalence of microsporidia parasitic infection of the genus Nosema spp. in East Kazakhstan Region (EKR). In the years of 2018 –2021, 394 honey bee samples were collected at 30 apiaries located in four districts of East Kazakhstan Region (Katon-Karagay, Urzhar, Borodulikhinsky, and Shemonaikhinsky). In order to determine the level of infestation, firstly, the presence of Nosema spp. spores was detected using optical microscopy, and then the average amount of spores per bee was counted using a hemocytometer. The degree of nosemosis prevalence was determined in points by means of a semi-quantitative method, and as a percentage from the total of samples and of the amount of positive tests. At the outcome of the study, microsporidia of the genus Nosema spp. were detected in 23.3% of cases (92 samples). Prevalence at its low degree was found in six samples (1.5%), at an average degree in 55 samples (14%), and at a high one in 31 samples (7.9%). This research study proved that microsporidia of the genus Nosema spp. are widely spread at the apiaries of East Kazakhstan Region in different orographic and climatic conditions. Notwithstanding that it was impossible to statistically determine any significant differences between the dependence of nosemosis prevalence and the apiary location, this indicator is actually higher in the mountainous regions than in the steppe. Concurrently, a close inverse correlation was recognized between the amount of spores in one bee and the level of infestation in bee families from the duration of the vegetation season at the apiary location. This gives grounds to assert that the environmental factors have an impact on formation and development of nosemosis. The results of the research presented in the article indicate the need for further research aimed at increasing the number of studied apiaries, and above all the use of molecular biology methods to distinguish the species that cause nosemosis infection (PCR).
