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The number and proportion (out of the total species number) of the common species between provinces.
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The distribution of Tettigoniinae (Orthoptera, Tettigoniidae) specieswithin four phytogeographical provinces in Turkey is reviewed and presented onthe basis of field and collection studies during 1987–2001 andmiscellaneous data from previous literature. One hundred and sixty speciesbelonging to 28 genera have been recorded. The Anatolian species co...
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Modern rapidly expanding cities generate intricate patterns of species diversity owing to immense complexity in urban spatial structure and current growth trajectories. We propose to identify and uncouple the drivers that give rise to these patterns by looking at the effect of urbanism on species diversity over a previously unexplored long temporal...
Citations
... Our results show the importance of rural mosaics for Orthoptera conservation. The rural landscape is characterized by a small-scale mosaic of agricultural fields and natural vegetation that includes a variety of microhabitats, which, in turn, results in a wide range of feeding resources, refuge places and sites for oviposition [43]. Our results are in line with other studies in the Mediterranean area, underlining the importance of rural mosaics as habitats that favor Orthoptera assemblages [44,45]. ...
In response to the ongoing global extinction, conservationists must prioritize future conservation investments to ensure that such measures are biologically effective and economically viable. To propose an effective conservation plan for Orthoptera assemblages on Cyprus Island, we introduce the Standardized Conservation Index (StCI), a biodiversity index accounting for the conservation value (ci), presence, dispersal ability, endemism and conservation status of a species. We evaluated the effect of eleven environmental variables on StCI, ci, species richness and the Shannon–Wiener diversity index, using linear and generalized linear models. Species and environmental data were collected in 60 localities that were placed along four elevational zones and included seven habitat types. Our results revealed the importance of rural mosaics and forests for the conservation of Orthoptera. The Shannon–Wiener diversity index failed to show the importance of high-altitude forests. The Orthoptera species diversity was favored by flower heads and the soil humidity, while rock cover and high shrubs had a positive and negative effect, respectively, on the StCI and ci values. Our results underline the value of StCI in complementing traditional diversity indices, as a scale-independent index that can be used for different taxa to prioritize sites of conservation concern.
... Due to these kinds of influences, Anatolian biodiversity has reached 169 mammal [2], 491-512 bird [3], 139 reptile [4], 35 amphibian [5], 33,820 insect [6], and 12,000 plant [7] species. A large proportion of them live in the Taurus Mountains, which extend along the Mediterranean coast in the WP [8][9][10]. In addition, there are unique endemic species in the Taurus Mountains [7] and Taurus-specific genetic structures of widespread populations, e.g., mammals [11], birds [12], amphibians [13], and relict species from the last glacial period, e.g., Orthoptera, [14]. ...
The Taurus Mountains in the Mediterranean Coastal Basin, considered a biodiversity hotspot, have a rich biodiversity in the Western Palearctic. The number of marble quarries in the Taurus Mountains has dramatically expanded over the past ten years. The objectives of this study are to (i) determine the impacts of quarrying on wildlife and (ii) determine the potential impacts of quarrying on the future of Taurus. A total of 57,547 photos and video images were analyzed on 5447 photo-trap days in two areas, the marble quarries and the control areas. Using 97 randomly selected marble quarries, the area they cover and their annual growth rates were determined. The most commonly seen animals were the wolf (Canis lupus), fox (Vulpes vulpes), lynx (Lynx lynx), and wild boar (Sus scrofa) in the control area, and the jackal (Canis aureus) and hare (Lepus europaeus) in the marble quarries (p < 0.001). Additionally, we found a significant positive correlation between the distance from the geographical center of the marble quarries and the number of dates of wolf, fox and wild boar sightings, with a significant negative correlation for hares (p < 0.05). A positive correlation was found between the area of marble quarries and the duration of operation (R = 0.89, p < 0.00). The waste from quarries, which makes up 79.7% of the total land used for this purpose, is the greatest cause of habitat degradation. According to calculations, even if no new marble quarries are built as of right now, 7.14% of the Taurus Mountains may have disappeared by the year 2027, and by the year 2032, 8.25% of the Taurus ecosystems may have disappeared completely. The Taurus Mountains, a center of Western Palearctic biodiversity, are being threatened by marble quarries. This study advances our knowledge of how marble quarries may affect wildlife. New strategies must be developed as soon as possible to protect the Taurus Mountains, the hotspot of the Mediterranean basin.
... Such a perspective is misleading phylogeographically, as are several lineages that specifically originated and evolved here, such as several genera of Pamphagidae [31,32], some lineages of Gomphocerinae [33], and many lineages of Ensifera [9,12,34]. As suggested by both early [34] and recent studies [9,25,27,35], the reverse case, i.e., defining Anatolia as a centre of radiation and dispersing from Anatolia to the surrounding geographic area, seems much more likely. Documenting all incompatible or inadequate accounts on Anatolian biogeography is beyond the aims of The above-mentioned preliminary studies, which were followed by many subsequent publications, indicate the necessity of a definition considering the vegetation of the area and pose significant questions to be answered. ...
... Such a perspective is misleading phylogeographically, as are several lineages that specifically originated and evolved here, such as several genera of Pamphagidae [31,32], some lineages of Gomphocerinae [33], and many lineages of Ensifera [9,12,34]. As suggested by both early [34] and recent studies [9,25,27,35], the reverse case, i.e., defining Anatolia as a centre of radiation and dispersing from Anatolia to the surrounding geographic area, seems much more likely. Documenting all incompatible or inadequate accounts on Anatolian biogeography is beyond the aims of the present study, but all indicate the necessity of a reconsideration, particularly with respect to the distribution pattern of Caelifera diversity. ...
... The second module of the study involves classifying Anatolian short-horned grasshoppers according to their eco-geographic preferences. The eco-geographic preferences of the species/subspecies were classified according to the phytogeographic provinces of Anatolia defined by Zohary [30], consisting of four sections: Mediterranean, Euro-Siberian, Irano-Anatolian, and Mesopotamia (see also [25,49]) ( Figure 2). This classification was deemed reasonable considering that locusts and short-horned grasshoppers are herbivorous insects, thus leading to the expectation of a coupling between plant and grasshopper compositions. ...
Biogeographically, Anatolia harbours a rich diversity of short-horned grasshoppers (Orthoptera, Caelifera). The number of species recorded from Anatolia so far stands at 300. They inhabit diverse habitats ranging from arid Eremial to Euro-Siberian-like montane meadows, aligning with the topographical and climatological heterogeneity of Anatolia. Alongside some swarming species, the pest potential of several pullulating species needs attention. This is especially important concerning global warming, a scenario expected to be more severe in the Northern Mediterranean Basin in general and Anatolia specifically. A faunal list of biogeographic Anatolia, the area extending from the Aegean Sea in the west to the intermountain basin of the Caucasus in the northeast, the lowlands of Lake Urmia in the east, and Mesopotamia in the southeast, was developed. The recorded species were classified according to the phytogeographical provinces of Anatolia. Distributions of the species with the potential for pullulating were modelled using ecological-niche-modelling approaches for the present and future. The results have the potential to lead to the development of a concept that merges biogeography and the pest potential of certain Anatolian grasshopper species. Our results reveal the following: (i) Acrididae and Pamphagidae are the most diverse families represented in Anatolia; (ii) roughly 40% of Caelifera and 71% of Pamphagidae are endemics, suggesting Anatolia is a biodiversity hotspot; (iii) according to Caelifera diversity, the phytogeographical provinces of Anatolia follow an order of Irano-Anatolia, Euro-Siberia, Mediterranean, and Mesopotamia; and (iv) based on ecological modelling and personal observations, Dociostaurus maroccanus, Locusta migratoria, Calliptamus italicus, Heteracris pterostichus, Notostaurus anatolicus, Oedipoda miniata, and O. schochii should be monitored regarding their pest potential.
... With 146 species and 42 subspecies organized in two subgenera and 17 species groups, Poecilimon (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae) constitutes the most diverse genus of bush crickets in the Western Palaearctic and includes a high number of narrowly distributed taxa (Cigliano et al., 2023;Çıplak, 2003; for a recent revision of the genus, see Borissov et al., 2023). Most taxa are distributed in Anatolia, Aegean, and Ponto-Caspian regions, encompassing the Mediterranean, Irano-Anatolian, and Caucasus biodiversity hotspots (Borissov et al., 2023;Cigliano et al., 2023). ...
Identifying the drivers of microgeographic speciation (i.e., speciation over small, local geographic scales) is key to understand the origin of speciose groups. Here, we use genomic data to infer the demographic processes underlying diversification in Poecilimon luschani (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae), a species complex belonging to the most diverse genus of bush crickets from the Mediterranean region (>170 taxa) that comprises three recognized subspecies with small allopatric distributions in the topographically complex Teke Peninsula, southwestern Anatolia. Phylogenomic reconstructions that include all other taxa within the species group confirmed that subspecies of P. luschani originated from a common ancestor during the Pleistocene, supporting recent (<1 Ma) diversification within a small geographical area (ca. 120 × 80 km). Genetic clustering analyses corroborated the distinctiveness of each subspecies and the cohesiveness of their respective populations, with abrupt genetic discontinuities coinciding with contemporary range boundaries. Indeed, our analyses uncovered the presence of two sympatric cryptic sister lineages that diverged <300 ka ago and do not admix despite being co-distributed. Collectively, these results support that all lineages within the complex represent independently evolving entities corresponding to full-fledged species. Statistical evaluation of alternative models of speciation strongly support a scenario of divergence in isolation followed by a period of limited gene flow during the last glacial period, when all lineages experienced marked expansions according to demographic reconstructions. Our study exemplifies how localized allopatric divergence and fast evolution of reproductive isolation can promote microgeographic speciation and explain the high rates of endemism characterising biodiversity hotspots.
... Anatolia is possibly one of the most complex refugia for being a crossroad between Caucasus, Middle East, and Balkans (Chobanov et al., 2017;Çıplak, 2004Çıplak et al., 2015;. In addition, the heterogeneous topography and climatic diversity contribute to the peculiarity of Anatolia, especially for cold demanding taxa, which constitute an important fraction of its biodiversity (Çıplak, 2003Kaya & Çıplak, 2016. Thus, cold demanding lineages distributed in Anatolia are most suitable for the investigation of the genetic structure and taxonomy of glacial relicts in the rear edges. ...
The stabilized and the trailing edge glacial relicts are candidate model organisms to be used to link taxonomy to phyloge- ography. We attempted to establish such a link by considering the taxonomy and phylogeography of the genus Anterastes, consisting of glacial relict taxa/populations. Species delimitation tests indicated 13–22 candidate species in the genus. Analyses suggested inversely related genetic and phenotypic divergence. By integrating these results, we reached the follow- ing conclusions. (i) The plausible taxonomical composition is recognizing 16 species in the genus; of these three are new, A. kizkayasiensis sp. n., A. muratdagensis sp. n., and A. boreoanatoliensis sp. n., and the last two are cryptic. (ii) Generic radiation corresponds to three stages as Pliocene, Pleistocene prior to mid-Pleistocene Transition (MPT), and post-MPT. The ultimate ancestor of two species, corresponds to the first and of other 14 to the second and proximate ancestor of all species to the third period. These ages suggest that the pre-MPT ancestors are stabilized edge while those of post-MPT are trailing edge populations. (iii) Since members of the genus demand cold habitats, the isolated relict ancestors on highlands evolved under similar selection pressures, and this led to a conserved phenotype, consequently to cryptic or morphologically poorly diverged species, as genetic data indicate each constitutes a reproductively isolated distinct phylogenetic unit. (iv) Although morphological diagnosability is poor, each species fulfills criteria of several species concepts and can be differentiated by clear allopatric range, providing one of five criteria assumed by Darwin for species delimitation.
... The Aegean area is well-known for its high biodiversity and endemism (Sfenthourakis et al., 2018). Among various groups with well outlined endemic species complexes (e.g., Allegrucci et al., 2017;Çıplak et al., 2022;Fattorini, 2002;Jesse et al., 2011) a typical example of diversification are the orthopterans, for which the Aegean in a broad sense (including the neighbouring mainland) is a centre of endemism for many genera, some tribes and even subfamilies (Çıplak, 2003Çıplak et al., 2021;La Greca, 1999;Ünal, 2016). One of the most peculiar groups that define the faunal physiognomy of the northeastern Mediterranean is the hyperdiverse bush-cricket tribus Barbitistini with over 300 known taxa (280 species) (Cigliano et al., 2021), of which ca. 80% occur within the territories formerly included in the Aegean. ...
Our study focuses on the origin, dispersal patterns, evolutionary strategies and systematics of Poecilimon, the largest bush-cricket genus in the Palaearctic with over 150 taxa described. We employ phylogenetic and divergence time estimation analyses based on multilocus sequence data (ND2 + COI + 12 S + 16 S + ITS+28 S), perform ancestral area reconstruction, and track the evolution of behavioural (evolution of sound communication) and morpho-physiological traits (body size and shape, and spermatophore size) in this genus. Based on our results, we propose a revised systematics of Poecilimon, including description of a new species, P. nivalis sp. n., and hypothesize three stages in the evolution of Poecilimon. (1) In the early evolution of the genus in Tortonian, when open dry habitats appeared in the Eastern Mediterranean, diversification rates were low and speciation was possibly induced by vicariance and habitat fragmentation; physiology and morphology during this period retained their ancestral states but the evolution of main lineages may have been accompanied by behavioural specializations. (2) Climate cooling and aridification during the Messinian induced dispersals and adaptation to new habitats, followed by physiological and behavioural adaptations; major clades formed or started diversifying. (3) Starting at the end of Messinian and continuing through the Plio- and Pleistocene, a few dispersal events from Anatolia to the Balkans took place and climatic oscillations were followed by allo- and parapatric divergence of habitat specialists, while ecological adaptations enhanced song diversity and led to morpho-physiological changes.
The paper can be viewed here:
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/share/author/U9SFHGQJAZ58QVDH9NRC?target=10.1111/syen.12580
... Türkiye üç tarafı denizlerle çevrili, Asya, Avrupa ve Kuzey Afrika arasındaki bir kara köprüsü olarak eşsiz coğrafi konumuyla ve tipik birkaç doğal iklim bölge kompleksini içine alan, Palearktik batı bölgesinin biyoçeşitliliği en zengin bölgelerinden biridir. Türkiye eşsiz coğrafi konumuyla çok sayıda endemik tür içeren zengin bir flora ve faunaya sahiptir (Myers vd., 2000;Çıplak, 2003, 2004Konstantinov vd., 2009;Ekiz vd., 2013, Conservation International, 2015. Ayrıca, Türkiye, Yakın Doğu ve Akdeniz gibi önemli iki gen merkezinin kesişim noktasında yer almaktadır. ...
Türkiye birkaç doğal iklim bölge kompleksini içine alan ve eşsiz coğrafi konumuyla çok sayıda endemik tür içeren zengin bir flora ve faunaya sahiptir. Zengin orman habitatına sahip ülkemiz heyelan, yangın, küresel ısınmaya bağlı iklim değişiklikleri vb. abiyotik etmenler ile zararlı, hastalık ve hatalı tarımsal uygulamalar gibi biyotik etmenlere bağlı olarak ormanlık alanlarının azalması ve sürdürülebilirliğinin tehlike altına girmesiyle karşı karşıya gelmiş durumdadır. Bu çalışma kapsamında, Ağrı, Ardahan, Bayburt, Bingöl, Erzurum, Iğdır, Kars ve Muş İllerine 2021 yılının nisan-eylül aylarında her ay en az bir kez gidilerek özellikle geçitler ve ormanlık alanlarda atrap, japon şemsiyesi, aspiratör ve çukur tuzaklar kullanılarak, ağaçlarda zararlara neden olan Cerambycidae türleri ile konukçuları tespit edilmiştir. Çalışma sonucunda, Lepturinae, Spondylidinae, Cerambycinae ve Lamiinae olmak üzere dört altfamilyaya ait 11 tür elde edilmiştir. Lepturinae’ye ait, Akimerus berchmansi Breit Erzurum, Rhagium (Hagrium) bifasciatum F., R. (Megarhagium) fasciculatum Faldermann ve R. (Rhagium) inquisitor schtschukini Semenov Ardahan, Cerambycinae’ye ait Cerambyx (Cerambyx) cerdo cerdo L. Kars, Isotomus comptus comptus Mannerheim Ardahan, Xylotrechus (Rusticoclytus) rusticus L. Bayburt, Lamiinae’ye ait Monochamus (Monochamus) galloprovincialis transitivus Lazarev ise Erzurum ili için ilk kayıt niteliğindedir. Elde edilen Cerambyx cinsine ait türlerin popülasyon yoğunluklarına bağlı olarak larvalarının çam ormanlarında kabuk altı odun dokusunda galeriler açarak ağaçların kurumasına neden olduğu, erginlerinin ise özellikle meşe ormanlık alanlarında ağaç yapraklarında beslenerek zararlı olduğu tespit edilmiştir.
... Anatolia harbours diverse and unique biodiversity, the distribution pattern of which shaped by dynamic geographic history and diverse current topography and climate (Kosswig 1955;Çıplak 2003Şekercioglu et al. 2011). Along with the high rate of endemic species, Anatolian biodiversity consists of several endemic or predominantly Anatolian generic lineages. ...
Anatolia harbours diverse and unique biodiversity. Nearly half of the genera and more than 80% of the species belonging to the tettigoniid subfamily Tettigoniinae are endemic to Anatolia. Although the Anatolian Tettigoniinae have been well studied, proper documentation of Tettigoniinae biodiversity requires studies using contemporary approaches and techniques. We attempted to study the taxonomy, phylogeny, and phylogeography of the Bolua, a monotypic genus endemic to northwest Anatolia. Species delimitation tests applied to three mitochondrial and two nuclear gene segments indicated three putative species in the genus. Analyses suggested inversely related genetic and phenotypic divergence. By integrating these results, we reached the following conclusions. (i) The plausible taxonomic composition recognizes three species in the genus; the type species Bolua turkiyae and two new species B. balikesirensis sp. n. and B. bursaensis sp. n., (ii) the radiation steps in Bolua correspond to the starting of the Pliocene, Mid Pleistocene Transition (MPT) and end of cold periods of Günz and Riss glacial. By considering intra generic divergence steps and habitat preference plus the distribution pattern of the species, ecological speciation seems to be the mode of generic radiation, (iii) possibly due to habitat conservatism, the isolated relict populations on highlands evolved under similar selection pressures, and this led to a conserved phenotype, consequently morphologically poorly diverged species, though genetic divergence is deep and (iv) although morphological diagnoses is poor, genetic divergence between species is deep, and each species fulfils the criteria of several species concepts.
... Türkiye, due to its role as a bridge, provides a natural pathway for the spread of species between Asia and Europe. Being located on the transition point between the continents of Europe, Asia, and Africa; surrounded by different seas on three sides; and having different altitudes caused it to have three phytogeographical regions (Mediterranean, Irano-Turanian, and Euro-Siberian) and many different climatic conditions (Davis, 1971;Davis et al., 1988;Demirsoy, 1999;Çıplak, 2003). Türkiye's climate diversity makes it one of the most important countries in its geographical area in terms of biodiversity. ...
... Due to its location, the province of Van encompasses a great diversity of habitats and species that are ecologically, economically, and scientifically important as it is on the routes of these gates. Unfortunately, there is not enough information about the wild mammals in order to maintain the biodiversity and conservation of these (Albayrak, 1987;Alp, 1999;Yiğit & Çolak, 1998a,b;Coşkun & Ulutürk, 2001, 2003Yiğit et al., 2006a,b;Coşkun et al., 2012;Toyran et al., 2018). Apart from these, it is stated that some wild mammals may also be distributed in this region due to their distribution in the nearby regions. ...
During the field and monitoring studies carried out in 352 different localities between 2013 and 2014, a total of 25 species were recorded by direct and indirect observation techniques in Van province in the East Anatolian Turkey. Of these, following one species (Oryctolagus cuniculus) is endangered, two species (Capra aegagrus and Ursus arctos) are vulnerable, two species (Spermophilus xanthoprymnus and Lutra lutra) are near threatened and others are least concern category according to IUCN. As a result of the findings, it was determined that rodents and carnivores have the highest rate of species in the study area and special efforts should be spent to protect important mammals in the priority areas, especially in Saray-Keçikayası, Çatak-Sak, Çatak-Dalbastı, and Gürpınar-Çepkenli villages. This dataset provides reliable records that contribute to increasing knowledge on the distribution of mammal species in Van.
... Tettigoniidae Krauss, 1902 is a family of the suborder Ensifera includes 17 subfamilies, which contains almost 6,000 species, in 1070 genera and in the Palearctic region, it is represented by six subfamilies (Çıplak, 2003;Mahasneh and Katbeh-Bader, 2004;Krištín and Kanuch, 2007;Sevgili et al., 2011;Taylan et al., 2019). One of them is the subfamily Saginae in which the predatory bush crickets genus Saga Charpentier, 1825 represent one of the largest Palearctic Orthoptera, with 16 species, ten inhabit Asia (Azerbaijan, Armenia, Caucasus, Turkey, Syria, Palestine, Lebanon, Jordan, Israel, Iran and Iraq), the rest occur in Europe (Uvarov, 1938;Rentz and Colless, 1990). ...
... For identifying the specimens, several keys were used (Kaltenbach, 1967;Bei-Bienko, 1964;Ragge, 1964;Kaltenbach, 1990;Çıplak, 2003;Mahasneh and Katbeh-Bader, 2004;Şirin et al., 2019;Khudhur and Ahmed, 2020). Then insects were deposited in the Insect Museum-Plant Protection Department, Directorate of Agriculture Researches, Ministry of Agriculture and Water Resources, Erbil, Iraq. ...
The predatory bush crickets Saga ephippigera Fischer Von Waldheim, 1846 is the largest Iraqi orthopterans and one of the most active and successful predators in the Kurdistan region. The nymphs and adults prey on all the stages of various species of insects. Twelve adult specimens were collected from Erbil Province during May 2018 and June 2021. Morphological structures of the adult insects were described and illustrated in details; important taxonomic characteristics of body regions with their appendages were chosen; and the results indicated the importance of morphological characteristics which confirmed the identification of this species correctly.
