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Reuse of wastewater for agriculture and green spaces purposes is significant. A mean yearly precipitation in Esfahan is 150 mm. The drinking water and agriculture usually used underground resources in the city. Gray water recycling is known as a suitable option today. Delivering all the water requirements of a home from refined water rises the cost...
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... Recovery of gray water at the place of production ① Green Gravel Water Recovery: This method provides significant savings in the water needed to irrigate the green space. But this method requires relatively sophisticated facilities, so that gray water is refined and reused by sub-surface irrigation systems, and its health aspects should be taken into account (Figure 2). ② Recovering gray water from less polluted areas for non-drinking water requirements: In this way, some parts of gray water can be recovered for other residential uses. ...
Citations
... In general, flood-dependent areas relies on the potential of water in the atmosphere, the earth, and the air systems, which results in the depletion of atmospheric resources and the concentration of snow in the ground on the surface of the earth [19] . Considering that the primary source of floods is josamine and the flood potential depends on the volume of surface water and the duration of water drainage from the surface of the earth. ...
Undoubtedly, the flood is known as a natural disaster. But in practice, the flood is considered the most terrible natural disaster in terms of mortality and financial losses. In this regard, a worrying trend is the increasing trend of mortality and flood damage in the world in recent decades. The increase in population and assets in the floodplain the changes in hydro systems and the destructive effects of human activities have been a major cause of this trend. In this chapter, due to the importance of this natural phenomenon in the ZayandehRud basin, the general study of flood and its effective factors in creating it, based on library studies and reports, and the collection of flood statistics in the basin during a 40-year period and the damage caused by this flood, has been attempted. With the causes and factors influencing the flooding and also the use of EXCEL software for various damages caused by these floods in high risk cities of this basin, has been identified. In general, the cause of many floods in the central parts of Iran, including ZayandehRud basin, is high rainfall. The causes of these rainfall are also related to the Elenino and Lenina phenomenon, as well as the passage of low pressure systems, which after affecting a large amount of steam from the Mediterranean, affect the western parts of the province that overlooks the Zagros mountains.
... The aspects that effect lead time of forecast in the project of FFWS for a catchment contain topographic and hydro-meteorological structures of the basin, the dynamics of basin reaction, and the availability of data [14][15][16][17]. Furthermore, restrictions on the level of services (the frequently forecasts are originated and updated, reliability, etc.) are largely determined through the cost of data collection, modelling constraints, trained professionals, FFWS infrastructure, trans-boundary issues, and institutional factors [18][19][20][21][22]. Figure 1 presents various rainfall-runoff models for flood forecasting and warning system which examined in this study. Advances in flood forecasting have been emphasized in some reviews ( [23][24][25][26][27] including a special issue on 'River flow forecasting'. ...
... which gives v(t)= β −t for r = 1 and v(t) = (1+t) β −t for r = 2. Taormina and Chau [49] proposes that choosing r to be 2 or 3 provides sufficient flexibility of the impulse response function, provided the moving average parameters {ωi} can take on negative values so as to lower the recession limb. To make the model more physically intuitive the equal root parameterisation B is substituted by the time to peak, tpeak, of the impulse response function of v(B):l/8(B) as given by Equation (19). This is obtained from the solution of dv(t)/dt = 0 for t. ...
Selecting a rainfall-runoff model for use in flood forecasting is not a direct decision and actually may contain the selection of more than one. There are a range of rainfall-runoff models for flow forecasting. They range in type from transfer function (empirical black box), through lumped conceptual to more physically-based distributed models. The rainfall-runoff models also are often accompanied by updating techniques for taking account of recent measurements of flow so as to improve the accuracy of model predictions in real-time. Against this variety of available modelling techniques, this study improved understanding of the most important and well known rainfall-runoff models for flood forecasting and highlighting their similarities and differences. Six models are selected in this study: the Probability Distributed Moisture (PDM) model, the Isolated Event Model (IEM), the US National Weather Service Sacramento model, the Grid Model, the Transfer Function (TF) model and the Physically Realisable Transfer Function (PRTF) model. The first three are conceptual soil moisture accounting models, with the Grid Model having a distributed formulation, whilst the TF and PRTF are “black box” time-series models. Also new model for the forecasting (e.g neural network (NN), fuzzy rule-based are reviewed. An important feature of the use of rainfall-runoff models in a real-time forecasting environment is the ability to integrate recent observations of flow in order to develop forecast performance. The available methods for forecast updating are reviewed with specific reference to state correction and error prediction techniques.
... Javadinejad et al. [11] surveyed river in China, and the calculated OWQI showed very poor quality of that river during the survey period. Javadinejad et al. [12] examined the water quality of a river in Malaysia using a special water quality index and showed that agricultural activities and livestock farms around the river whose sewage entered the river led to a decrease in water quality. An investigation by Javadinejad et al. [13] on the Atarabanki River and the Taladata canal in the Indian Paradipia region indicated that river water quality deteriorated due to industrialization and human activities. ...
Providing fresh water suitable for drinking and farming and living organisms in the ecosystem is essential. To evaluate water quality, qualitative indicators are often employed for managing water resources and water quality protection and pollution abatement. This study evaluated the quality of Borkhar basin water resources using three different water quality indices, including National Institutes of Health Water Quality Index (NIHWQI) having nine parameters, the Oregon Water Quality Index (OWQI) having eight parameters, and the Canadian Water Quality Indices (CWQI) with 22 main parameters. Using data for a period of 30 years, NIHWQI, OWQI and CWQI were used. To analyze water quality of the entire basin for current and future time. Results showed that water quality of the basin was in a very moderate range according to NSFWQI, and was in a very bad range accordingly to OWQI. Water quality forecasts showed that future water quality would be bad, based on OWQI and moderate based on NSFWQI, whereas based on CWQI, it will be good for drinking, and bad for aquatic animals, recreation, irrigation, and livestock use.
... However, in managing drought crisis, emphasis on planning and preparation and reduction of drought crisis, and with the application of this kind of management at the time of drought and drought preparedness can be done to counteract the drought [15], [16], [17] . This phenomenon can occur in each region with varying intensity and continuity, and can affect the human and the environment [18], [19] . Therefore, droughts in recent years in most dry and semi-arid countries have led to a sharp drop in groundwater aquifers and a decrease in surface water resources, and eventually a large population of the country faces a depression crisis [20] , [21] . ...
Different sets of dry spell length such as complete series, monthly maximum, seasonal maximum, and annual maximum are applied and modeled with different probability distribution functions (such as Gumbel Max, generalized extreme value, Log-Logistic, generalized logistic, inverse Gaussian, Log-Pearson 3, generalized Pareto) to recognize in which duration, dry spells cause drought. The drought situation and temporal analysis in the North of Iraq region were done using the SPI index and by software of DrinC at a time scale of 3.6 and 12 months. Because of applicability, availability of data and the aim of the study, SPI is selected to analyze the dry spells in this study. Based on the maximum length of the available statistical period, the statistics for the years 1980 to 2019 were used from nine meteorological stations for analysis. The results of the study showed the severity of drought during the study period which related to dry spells. The results of this research confirm the variation of drought occurrence with varying degrees in different time and different dry spells condition in Iraq.
... Additional fuzzy subdivided technique is "Bayesian combination modelling". The observed distribution of data is simulated by means of a combination of a limited amount of element distributions in this method, so as to distinguish the quantity of distributions, their elements, and target memberships [34]. The method based on completely probabilistic and uncertainty that may obviously described in regards to characteristic of data, group arrangement and the last categorization selected. ...
... The method based on completely probabilistic and uncertainty that may obviously described in regards to characteristic of data, group arrangement and the last categorization selected. Various reasonable categorizations has been made, which subsequently have been graded on their assessed borderline probabilities in order to choose the most economical classification which is certified to take the maximum subsequent probability; the probability of the model take place accurate assumed the data [34]. (Table 1) shows some samples of hydrologic ...
Hydrologic classification is the method of scientifically arranging streams, rivers or catchments into groups with the most similarity of flow regime features and use it to recognize hydrologically homogenous areas. Previous homogeneous attempts were depended on overabundance of hydrologic metrics that considers features of variability of flows that are supposed to be meaningful in modelling physical progressions in the basins. This research explains the techniques of hydrological homogeneity through comparing past and existing methods; in addition, it provides a practical framework for hydrological homogeneity that illustrates serious elements of the classification process.
... [29] Commonly a gamma distribution can match (applying the maximum likelihood method) the sum of the observed rainfall, while further distributions can be applicable as well. [30] In order to contrast the SPI values over several times, the quantiles of gamma distribution are converted into standard normal variables. Thus, the negative principles of SPI show smaller than median precipitation and positive principles represent bigger than median situations. ...
The effect of meteorological and hydrological droughts is very important in arid and semi-arid regions. Analyzing these effects on groundwater supplies plays an important role for water management in those regions. This paper aims to characterize droughts in the Isfahan-Borkhar basin, an arid area of Iran. The observed hydro-climatic data (for the period of 1971-2005) were used for hydro-meteorological projections (for the period of 2006-2040). Meteorological and surface hydrological drought evaluated by Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI), Standardized Runoff Index (SRI), and the effect of hydro-meteorological droughts on groundwater was investigated by Groundwater Resources Index (GRI). Results showed that dry and wet conditions would occur in the region in the initial and subsequent decades, based on the three indices. There was a significant association between SPI, SRI, and GRI at the time scale of 12 months. The SPI estimated using only meteorological variables alone and it is useful for estimating meteorological drought forecasts. However, SRI and GRI can represent hydrological drought that computed using catchment discharge, soil moisture and groundwater level. Results showed a considerable alteration in time of drought outlines across the area and association between the variables of predicted precipitation, temperature and the kind of indices. The projection of all three drought indices indicated drier conditions in the future period (2006-2042). The results provide reasonable management strategy for management of water resources in arid coastal plains.
... The most important dust hotspots and susceptible areas as mentioned before, due to the underlying land of Khuzestan plain and its coverage by alluvial sediments of the fourth period, many of its areas are either hotspots or exposed to becoming the area with the focus of dust [21,22] . ...
In this research, the catchment area of the Karkheh River has been investigated in order to investigate the relationship between the sediment and the effect of climate change on the phenomenon of microstrip. In the first step, to determine the relationship between the grains and sediments, it is necessary to determine the origin of sedimentation and its gradation. Accordingly, some sediment samples were taken from the river bed. Sediment aggregate size measurement is an important tool for studying its origin. Currently, for statistical purposes, many samples are used, but these methods are time-consuming and difficult. The size of the sediment in the study of origin, and its relationship with the microorganisms , is an important factor. Therefore, the use of modern methods is essential. In the present study, the data of the sediment samples were introduced into the acetate gradient (statistical analysis program) to determine the texture and granulation of the sediment. The results showed that sand gravel texture is. Then sampling and testing on the microscopes showed that they are also of sandy origin, so it can be assumed that abrupt grafting of microspheres after sediment can cause sediment in the river. In addition, in order to investigate the effect of climate change on the micrographs, the relationship between three climatic parameters including rainfall, minima and relative humidity with the number of days with a rigorous refreshment for two years of 2015 and 2016 were analyzed. The results showed that, with increasing temperature and decreasing precipitation and relative humidity, the number of days with the coarse cutter increases, and as a result, it can be caused by sedimentation as part of sedimentation in the river.
... So today, one of the most important concerns about climate hazards is the occurrence of heat waves that affect human societies extensively [22][23][24][25] . The incidence and severity of heat waves in parts of the world have increased in recent years [26][27][28] . The French heat wave in the summer of 2003, as well as the heat of the summer of 2010, covered a large part of the northern hemisphere such as Russia, Kazakhstan, Iran, China, Africa and parts of Europe [29,30] . ...
The purpose of this research is to identify the heat waves of the South Sea of Iran and compare the conditions in the present and future. To reach this goal, the average daily temperature of 35 years has been used. Also, in order to predict future heat waves, the maximum temperature data of four models of the CMIP5 model series, according to the RCP 8.5 scenario, has been used for the period 2040-2074. In order to reverse the output of the climatic models, artificial neural networks were used to identify the thermal waves, and the Fumiaki index was used to determine the thermal waves. Using the programming in MATLAB software, the days when their temperature exceeded 2 standard deviations as a thermal wave were identified. The results of the research show that the short-term heat waves are more likely to occur. Heat waves in the base period have a significant but poorly developed trend, so that the frequency has increased in recent years. In the period from 2040 to 2074, the frequency of thermal waves has a significant decreasing trend, but usually with low coefficients. However, for some stations from 2040 to 2074, the frequency of predicted heat waves increased.
... Resilience in various aspects such as socioecology of the economic psychology of other dimensions of science can be arranged. The definition of social resilience among them is the ability of a group or community to deal with external pressures and external interventions resulting from sociopolitical and environmental changes Javadinejad et al, 2020 [21]. In other words, resilience increases the capacity and ability to cope with stress and pressure, and this is considered a rule or antithetical solution to vulnerability. ...
California is severely exposed to drought and damage due to the climate change and drought belt, which has a major impact on agriculture. So, after the drought crisis, there are various reactions from farmers. The extent of the damage caused by the socioeconomic, environment and the extent of the resistance of farmers to this crisis is manifested in a variety of ways. Recognizing the population’s resilience and the involved human groups is a tool for preventing a catastrophe-based increase in life-threatening areas in high-risk areas. Sometimes the inability to manage this phenomenon (especially under the climate change) leads to farmers’ desertification and agricultural land release, which itself indicates a low level of resilience and resilience to the crisis. The recent drought under the climate change condition in California and the severity of the damage sustained by farmers continue to be vulnerable. The present study seeks to prioritize and prioritize resilience of farmers to the crisis under the climate change. This study simulated drought condition with using PDSI value for current and future time period. In order to calculate PDSI values, the climatic parameters extracted from CMIP5 models and downscaled under the scenario of RCP 8.5. Also in order to understand the resilience of the agriculture activities under the climate change, this study was performed using statistical tests and data from the questionnaire completed in the statistical population of 320 farmers in the Tulare region in California. The findings of the research by t test showed that the average level of effective factors in increasing the resilience of farmers in the region is low. This is particularly significant in relation to the factors affecting government policies and support. So that only the mean of five variables is higher than the numerical desirability of the test and the other 15 variables do not have a suitable status for increasing the resilience of the farmers. Also, the results of the Vikor model showed that most of the impact on their resilience to drought and climate change was the development of agricultural insurance, the second important impact belongs to drought monitoring system, climate change and damage assessment, and variable of attention to knowledge is in third place of the important factor.
... (2) Increasing energy reserves and energy productivity: If technologies and energy efficiency methods are integrated into different greenhouse gas emitters, they can provide the same goods and services with the least energy or use the potential of unlimited energy [15][16][17] . These include insulation and use of low-energy bulbs, designing heating and cooling systems in buildings, developing fuel productivity in transport, or altering the energy basis of automobiles (such as hybrid fuels, hybrid batteries, biofuels), the modal shift of goods and Passengers from road to rail, burning waste and methane revival of burial wastes will improve energy and optimize heat and energy in the industry [18,19] . ...
Increasing the concentration of greenhouse gases causes rising in global warming and carbon dioxide emissions. With further efforts to reduce carbon dioxide, it is possible to prevent the warming of the earth, but the effects of climate change that we have already created can not be reduced. Recent observed and predicted alterations in the global climate require a double policy to react to the decline in climate alteration and its adjustment (coexistence) to explain the key factors and their effects. Measures to reduce climate alteration through decreasing greenhouse gas releases or removing them from the atmosphere are possible. Execution of more reduction measures at the present time will require less adaptation in the future. Meanwhile, inadequate measures to curb climate change presently increase the risk of catastrophic consequences, so that adjustment costs will rise unreasonably and adaptive capacity will face further constraints. Climate change adaptation measures concentrate in increasing our capability to deal with or prevent damaging effects or the use of new circumstances. Increasing temperature and changes visible today due to climate change mean that adaptation strategies should be applied. In this paper, strategies for reducing climate change and adaptation are reviewed and various strategies are presented. Meanwhile, this paper looks at the economies affected by climate change, our involvement to climate alteration, and the ways in which the economy has influenced climate change and the ways in which it can provide logical options.
