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The new position sensing element: (1) pulsed current conductor, (2) magnetostrictive delay line, (3) soft magnetic material, (4) moving permanent magnet and (5) search coil.
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In this paper, after an introduction to the basics of magnetostriction and magnetostrictive materials, some of their uses and applications are presented. New position sensors based on the magnetostriction effect and the magnetostrictive delay-line technique are presented with respect to their applicability in engineering systems. It is also shown t...
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... The use of magnetoelastic materials in the design and production of contact-less sensors owes much to their characteristic property of exhibiting shape changes under external magnetic fields. Conversely, these materials also emit magnetic flux when suffering shape deformation due to external loading, with flux dynamics related to those of the imposed loading [1][2][3][4][5]. Then, if magnetoelastic strips are, for instance, clamped on both sides and subjected to variable magnetic fields, the resulting shape changes will cause the strip to vibrate. ...
The contact-less sensing and fault diagnosis characteristics induced by fixing short Metglas® 2826MB ribbons onto the surface of thin cantilever polymer beams are examined and statistically evaluated in this study. Excitation of the beam’s free end generates magnetic flux from the vibrating ribbon (fixed near the clamp side), which, via a coil suspended above the ribbon surface, is recorded as voltage with an oscilloscope. Cost-efficient design and operation are key objectives of this setup since only conventional equipment (coil, oscilloscope) is used, whereas filtering, amplification and similar circuits are absent. A statistical framework for extending past findings on the relationship between spectral changes in voltage and fault occurrence is introduced. Currently, different levels of beam excitation (within a frequency range) are shown to result in statistically different voltage spectral changes (frequency shifts). The principle is also valid for loads (faults) of different magnitudes and/or locations on the beam for a given excitation. Testing with either various beam excitation frequencies or different loads (magnitude/locations) at a given excitation demonstrates that voltage spectral changes are statistically mapped onto excitation levels or occurrences of distinct faults (loads). Thus, conventional beams may cost-efficiently acquire contact-less sensing and fault diagnosis capabilities using limited hardware/equipment.
... SOT offers a novel and useful control of DWs using electric currents for device applications, although some challenges such as efficient magnetisation switching without out-of-plane fields have to be overcome. DWs in nanowires can also be controlled using applied strain in magnetostrictive materials, in which strain mediates magnetisation changes via inverse magnetostriction, also called the 'Villari effect' 107 . Metallic magnetostrictive nanostructures are often coupled to underlying piezoelectric materials to allow strain in the piezoelectric to be created via electric potentials applied to patterned contacts before being transmitted to the magnetic element ( Figure 5 (a)). ...
Domain walls (DWs) in magnetic nanowires are promising candidates for a variety of applications including Boolean/unconventional logic, memories, in-memory computing as well as magnetic sensors and biomagnetic implementations. They show rich physical behaviour and are controllable using a number of methods including magnetic fields, charge and spin currents and spin-orbit torques. In this review, we detail types of domain walls in ferromagnetic nanowires and describe processes of manipulating their state. We look at the state of the art of DW applications and give our take on the their current status, technological feasibility and challenges.
... Therefore, magnetostrictive materials can convert magnetic energy into mechanical energy through the so-called Joule effect. Vice versa, when MR materials are subjected to mechanical strains, the direction and magnitude of the measured magnetic field are affected by the inverse magnetostrictive effect (i.e., the Villari effect) [308]. Due to the bidirectional nature of this energy exchange, magnetostrictive materials can be employed for both actuation and sensing. ...
In the era of digitalization, there is a huge focus on capturing data from manufacturing processes and systems. Since the promotion of Industry 4.0, the industrial marketplace has been crowded with solution providers who excel in capturing and aggregating data on the cloud and presenting it on dashboards. From machine states to production targets, this type of data has become more readily available from tools, controllers, switches, and factory bus systems. As the industry pushes deeper into the machine for information and aspires to have smart machines that can feel and react to experiences during the manufacturing process, then more sophisticated technology is necessary. Strain sensor technology is a logical measurement principle to address this challenge for many industrial sectors. For researchers and industrialists to progress toward the smart machine agenda, there must be a firm grasp of the “technology-solution fit,” i.e., what strain technology could provide the most appropriate solution. This paper presents a review of the state of the art in strain sensors that are foreseen as frontrunners to enable next-generation smart components and intelligent tools. The review focuses on industrial strain sensing technologies that are at a mature place on the technology readiness levels (TRLs) and present themselves as highly practical solutions for smart components and digitized machines, considering sensitivity, powered or passive, wired or wireless, and robustness. Through this review, researchers and industrialists will have a suite of solutions to move on with their innovative designs of smart machines based on embedded strain sensor technology.
... Alongside magnetic field and temperature, they are a crucial factor influencing magnetic properties. This phenomenon is commonly employed in stress and torsion sensors, where the variation in the material's magnetic properties is utilized for sensing purposes [5][6][7][8][18][19][20][21][22]. Magnetostriction also has an impact on various inductive or transport magnetic effects [20][21][22]. ...
... This phenomenon is commonly employed in stress and torsion sensors, where the variation in the material's magnetic properties is utilized for sensing purposes [5][6][7][8][18][19][20][21][22]. Magnetostriction also has an impact on various inductive or transport magnetic effects [20][21][22]. ...
We studied the magnetostriction coefficients, λs, Curie temperature, Tc, and their dependence on annealing conditions in Fe47Ni27Si11B13C2 and Co67Fe3,9Ni1,5B11,5Si14,5Mo1,6 amorphous glass-coated microwires with rather different character of hysteresis loops. A positive λs≈20x10-6is observed in as-prepared Fe47Ni27Si11B13C2, while low and negative λs ≈-0.3x10-6 is ob-tained for Co67Fe3,9Ni1,5B11,5Si14,5Mo1,6 microwire. Annealing affects the magnetostriction coeffi-cients and Curie temperatures, Tc, of both Fe47Ni27Si11B13C2 and Co67Fe3,9Ni1,5B11,5Si14,5Mo1,6 glass-coated microwires in a similar way. Observed dependencies of hysteresis loops, λs and Tc on annealing conditions are discussed in terms of superposition of internal stresses relaxation and structural relaxation of studied microwires. We observed linear λs dependence on applied stress, σ, in both studied microwires. A decrease with applied stress is observed for Co-rich mi-crowires with negative magnetostriction coefficient. In contrast, a linear increase of the magne-tostriction coefficient with applied stress is observed for Fe-Ni- rich microwires with positive magnetostriction coefficient. Observed results are discussed in terms of influence of internal stresses and short range atomic rearrangements induced by annealing on hysteresis loops, magnetostriction coefficients and Curie temperatures of studied microwires.
... In this work, we explore the phenomenon of magnetostriction, by which the dimensions of a solid change in response to an applied magnetic field (forced magnetostriction) or the development of intrinsic magnetic order (spontaneous magnetostriction). This effect has found widespread application in both established and emerging technologies, [17] including sensors, actuators, and transducers; [18] biomedical devices; [19] SONAR; [20,21] zero-or negative-thermal-expansion materials; [22] and straintronics for energy efficient computing, [23] among others. However, a comprehensive understanding of the magnetostrictive effects observed in many classes of magnetic materials is lacking, particularly for spontaneous magnetostriction. ...
A comprehensive x‐ray scattering study of spontaneous magnetostriction in hexagonal MnTe, an antiferromagnetic semiconductor with a Néel temperature of TN = 307 K, is presented. The largest spontaneous magnetovolume effect known for an antiferromagnet is observed, reaching a volume contraction of |ΔV/V| > 7 × 10⁻³. This can be justified semiquantitatively by considering bulk material properties, the spatial dependence of the superexchange interaction, and the geometrical arrangement of magnetic moments in MnTe. The highly unusual linear scaling of the magnetovolume effect with the short‐range magnetic correlations, beginning in the paramagnetic state well above TN, points to a novel physical mechanism, which is explained in terms of a trilinear coupling of the elastic strain with superposed distinct domains of the antiferromagnetic order parameter. This novel mechanism for coupling lattice strain to robust short‐range magnetic order casts new light on magnetostrictive phenomena and also provides a template by which the exceptional magnetostrictive properties of MnTe might be realized in a wide range of other functional materials.
... SOT offers a novel and useful control of DWs using electric currents for device applications, although some challenges such as efficient magnetisation switching without out-of-plane fields have to be overcome. DWs in nanowires can also be controlled using applied strain in magnetostrictive materials, in which strain mediates magnetisation changes via inverse magnetostriction, also called the 'Villari effect' 107 . Metallic magnetostrictive nanostructures are often coupled to underlying piezoelectric materials to allow strain in the piezoelectric to be created via electric potentials applied to patterned contacts before being transmitted to the magnetic element ( Figure 5 (a)). ...
Domain walls (DWs) in magnetic nanowires are promising candidates for a variety of applications including Boolean/unconventional logic, memories, in-memory computing as well as magnetic sensors and biomagnetic implementations. They show rich physical behaviour and are controllable using a number of methods including magnetic fields, charge and spin currents and spin-orbit torques. In this review, we detail types of domain walls in ferromagnetic nanowires and describe processes of manipulating their state. We look at the state of the art of DW applications and give our take on the their current status, technological feasibility and challenges.
... In this work, we explore the phenomenon of magnetostriction, by which the dimensions of a solid change in response to an applied magnetic field (forced magnetostriction) or the development of intrinsic magnetic order (spontaneous magnetostriction). This effect has found widespread application in both established and emerging technologies [17], including sensors, actuators, and transducers [18]; biomedical devices [19]; SONAR [20,21]; zero-or negative-thermal-expansion materials [22]; and straintronics for energy efficient computing [23], among others. However, a comprehensive understanding of the magnetostrictive effects observed in many classes of magnetic materials is lacking, particularly for spontaneous magnetostriction [24]. ...
We present a comprehensive x-ray scattering study of spontaneous magnetostriction in hexagonal MnTe, an antiferromagnetic semiconductor with a Neel temperature of $T_{\mathrm{N}} = 307$ K. We observe the largest spontaneous magnetovolume effect known for an antiferromagnet, reaching a volume contraction of $|\Delta V/V| > 7 \times 10^{-3}$. This can be justified semiquantitatively by considering bulk material properties, the spatial dependence of the superexchange interaction, and the geometrical arrangement of magnetic moments in MnTe. The highly unusual linear scaling of the magnetovolume effect with the short-range magnetic correlations, beginning in the paramagnetic state well above $T_{\mathrm{N}}$, points to a novel physical mechanism, which we explain in terms of a trilinear coupling of the elastic strain with superposed distinct domains of the antiferromagnetic order parameter. This novel mechanism for coupling lattice strain to robust short-range magnetic order casts new light on magnetostrictive phenomena and also provides a template by which the exceptional magnetostrictive properties of MnTe might be realized in a wide range of other functional materials.
... The solutions presented there usually use magnetostrictive sensors. A description of the basics of the measurement method is provided in [14]. They mainly differ in the location of the magnetostrictive sensor. ...
The article presents the results of selected works related to the wider subject of research conducted at the Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Shipbuilding at the Gdańsk University of Technology, regarding designing various on board devices with hydraulic drive for ships and other offshore facilities. One of the commonly used these mechanisms are hydraulic actuators with the measurement of the piston rod extension. The issue of precise measurement of the piston rod extension is extremely important in modern technologies of construction, assembly and precise displacement and positioning of large and heavy, both land and ocean engineering objects or structural elements with the use of several large hydraulic cylinders working in parallel. The article presents a one of two new patented P.425099 – A device for measuring the extension of a hydraulic cylinder piston rod. [1].
... All magnetic materials are principally magnetostrictive and can be categorized based on either their magnetostriction constant or the fundamental displacement mechanism [15]. When a magnetostrictive material is magnetized, it will deform or strain as the material converts magnetic to mechanical energy, and vice versa. ...
... There are two types of magnetostrictive materials: synthetic and composite [15]. Rare earth/transition metal sandwiches form the basis of synthetic magnetostrictive materials as hetero-structures. ...
... A transition in magnetization is generally caused either by temperature change or exposure to magnetic flux [16]. All magnetic materials exhibit magnetostrictive properties, albeit at a very different scale, and can thus be thus categorised on the basis of their magnetostriction constant and the inherent displacement process [17]. ...
