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The mycelial morphology of B. poitrasii in different media. A, YP medium; B, YP modified; C, optimized medium; D, YP modified with 20% sweet potato extract. All images were captured at 400X magnification.
Source publication
Benjaminiella poitrasii, a dimorphic zygomycetous fungus contains more chitosan in the mycelial
cell wall than the cell wall of its yeast form. The optimized medium containing yeast extract,
peptone, MgSO4, KH2PO4, trace metals (Fe2+, Mn2+ Zn2+ and Co2+ ) solution and 1% starch
produced 10-12 g/L(dry wt.) of mycelial biomass in 48 h in a 2L ferment...
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Citations
... FCH having 94% DDA from Benjaminiella. poitrasii has been reported (Mane et al. 2017). Recently, a similar kind of DDA (94%) of FCH from Penicillium chrysogenum MZ723110 was reported by El-Far et al. (2021). ...
Unlabelled:
Fungal chitosan (FCH) is superior to crustacean chitosan (CH) sources and is of immense interest to the scientific community while having a high demand at the global market. Industrial scale fermentation technologies of FCH production are associated with considerable challenges that frequently restrict their economic production and feasibility. The production of high quality FCH using an underexplored fungal strain Cunninghamella echinulata NCIM 691 that is hoped to mitigate potential future large-scale production was investigated. The one-factor-at-a-time (OFAT) method was implemented to examine the effect of the medium components (i.e. carbon and nitrogen) on the FCH yield. Among these variables, the optimal condition for increased FCH yield was carbon (glucose) and nitrogen (yeast extract) source. A total of 11 factors affected FCH yield among which, the best factors were screened by Plackett-Burman design (PBD). The optimization process was carried out using the response surface methodology (RSM) via Box-Behnken design (BBD). The three-level Box- Behnken factorial design facilitated optimum values for 3 parameters-glucose (2% w/v), yeast extract (1.5% w/v) and magnesium sulphate (0.1% w/v) at 30˚C and pH of 4.5. The optimization resulted in a 2.2-fold higher FCH yield. The produced FCH was confirmed using XRD, 1H NMR, TGA and DSC techniques. The degree of deacetylation (DDA) of the extracted FCH was 88.3%. This optimization process provided a significant improvement of FCH yields and product quality for future potential scale-up processes. This research represents the first report on achieving high FCH yield using a reasonably unfamiliar fungus C. echinulata NCIM 691 through optimised submerged fermentation conditions.
Supplementary information:
The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-024-03919-6.
... In fungi, however, the cell wall is made up of branching 1-3 and 1-6 glucan, while chitin is made up of 1-4 glucans. As a result, the technique for isolating chitin from fungal sources varies, but it can result in yields of 22-44 % with less reliance on chemicals (Mane et al., 2017). Extraction with alkali, 1 M NaOH at 60-120°C for 0.5-12 h, deacetylation, 2-10 % acetic acid at 50-95°C, and precipitation are common chitin extraction processes from fungus (with alkali up to 2 N NaOH). ...
... As a potential source of chitosan, zygomycetous fungi, such as Absidia coerulea, 4 Benjaminiella poitrasii, 5 Cunninghamella elegans, 6 Gongronella butleri, 7 Mucor rouxii, 8 Mucor indicus, 9 and Rhizopus oryzae, 10 have been studied. Chitosan extraction has also been reported from other fungi from different classes such as Ascomycetes (Metarhizium, Myrothecium) 11 and Basidiomycetes (Agaricus bisporus, Lentinus edodes, Pleurotus sajor-caju) to name a few. ...
... The media components and other incubation parameters to produce B. poitrasii biomass were applied as mentioned earlier. 5 For production of exclusively yeast biomass of B. poitrasii, spores (1.6 × 10 7 sporangiospores/100 mL) were inoculated into 1% YPG medium and incubated at 37°C for 48 h. After 48 h, the yeast biomass was harvested as mentioned in above section, while the mycelial biomass was harvested by filtration. ...
... After 48 h, the yeast biomass was harvested as mentioned in above section, while the mycelial biomass was harvested by filtration. 5 The biomass was further dried at constant temperature in a hot air oven at 50°C. ...
... However, in the case of fungi, the cell wall is made up of branched − 1-3 and − 1-6 glucan, and CT is composed of − 1-4 linkages. Hence, the isolation procedure of CT from fungal sources varies and can provide yields of up to 22-44% with lower dependence on chemicals ( Mane et al., 2017 ). A typical extraction process of CT from fungi follows extraction (with alkali usually 1 M NaOH at 60-120 °C for 0.5-12 h), deacetylation (2-10% acetic acid at 50-95 °C), and precipitation (with alkali up to 2 N NaOH). ...
Chitin (CT), an abundant biopolymer, next to cellulose, constitutes a vital renewable resource obtained from diverse biological sources. Chitosan (CS), its main derivative, is valued for its 'tunable' feature that facilitates numerous optimizable applications in multiple industrial sectors. The CS market is escalating exponentially, while crustaceans are majorly exploited to meet the growing demand. From the sustainability perspective, exploring alternative sources rich in CT is essential for an economical route for CS production; this can also offer a new range of functionalities and applications. This work attempts to review the properties and applications of CT and CS, based on their source (marine, terrestrial, and fungi), chemistry (structural modifications, molecular weight, and degree of deacetylation), and extraction method (chemical and biological). Critical comparisons have been made considering research reports published during the past decade. While the existing application-range for CT and CS is vast, this work concludes with future research challenges and perspectives.
... Benjaminiella Arx 1981, Mycotyphaceae, Mucorales, Mucoromycetes, Mucoromycota, three species, type: B. poitrasii (R.K. Benj.) Arx, in soil, cosmopolitan, seeHoffmann et al. (2013; phylogeny),Joshi et al. (2013; dimorphism mechanism),Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted),Walther et al. (2013; phylogeny),Benny et al. (2016b; classification),Mane et al. (2017; Chitosan production),Pathan et al. (2017; reference genes for quantitative realtime RT-PCR), cultures and sequences are available. Bifiguratus Torr.-Cruz & Porras-Alfaro 2017, Mucoromycotina genera incertae sedis, one species, type: B. adelaidae Torr.-Cruz & Porras-Alfaro, from photosynthetic tissue of Leucobryum in Arizona, USA, see Torres-Cruz et al. (2017), cultures and sequences are available, genomes available: B. adelaidae strain AZ0501 [28876195] genome available at NCBI. ...
Compared to the higher fungi (Dikarya), taxonomic and evolutionary studies on the basal clades of fungi are fewer in number. Thus, the generic boundaries and higher ranks in the basal clades of fungi are poorly known. Recent DNA based taxonomic studies have provided reliable and accurate information. It is therefore necessary to compile all available information since basal clades genera lack updated checklists or outlines. Recently, Tedersoo et al. (MycoKeys 13:1–20, 2016) accepted Aphelidiomycota and Rozellomycota in Fungal clade. Thus, we regard both these phyla as members in Kingdom Fungi. We accept 16 phyla in basal clades viz. Aphelidiomycota, Basidiobolomycota, Blastocladiomycota, Calcarisporiellomycota, Caulochytriomycota, Chytridiomycota, Entomophthoromycota, Glomeromycota, Kickxellomycota, Monoblepharomycota, Mortierellomycota, Mucoromycota, Neocallimastigomycota, Olpidiomycota, Rozellomycota and Zoopagomycota. Thus, 611 genera in 153 families, 43 orders and 18 classes are provided with details of classification, synonyms, life modes, distribution, recent literature and genomic data. Moreover, Catenariaceae Couch is proposed to be conserved, Cladochytriales Mozl.-Standr. is emended and the family Nephridiophagaceae is introduced.
... Doiphode et al. [43] reported isolation of chitosan from B. poitrasii. The nutritional and other fermentation parameters were optimized for biomass production and the chitosan production was increased from 83 mg to 510 mg/L medium [62]. Further 15-20% increase in the chitosan contents was reported after the enzymatic deacetylation using CDA produced extracellularly by Metarhizium anisopliae [12]. ...
Chitosan, a β-1,4-linked glucosamine polymer is formed by deacetylation of chitin. It has a wide range of applications from agriculture to human health care products. Chitosan is commercially produced from shellfish, shrimp waste, crab and lobster processing using strong alkalis at high temperatures for long time periods. The production of chitin and chitosan from fungal sources has gained increased attention in recent years due to potential advantages in terms of homogenous polymer length, high degree of deacetylation and solubility over the current marine source. Zygomycetous fungi such as Absidia coerulea, Benjaminiella poitrasii, Cunninghamella elegans, Gongrenella butleri, Mucor rouxii, Mucor racemosus and Rhizopus oryzae have been studied extensively. Isolation of chitosan are reported from few edible basidiomycetous fungi like Agaricus bisporus, Lentinula edodes and Pleurotus sajor-caju. Other organisms from mycotech industries explored for chitosan production are Aspergillus niger, Penicillium chrysogenum, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and other wine yeasts. Number of aspects such as value addition to the existing applications of fungi, utilization of waste from agriculture sector, and issues and challenges for the production of fungal chitosan to compete with existing sources, metabolic engineering and novel applications have been discussed to adjudge the potential of fungal sources for commercial chitosan production.
Conventionally, the commercial supply of chitin and chitosan relies on shellfish wastes as the extraction sources. However, the fungal sources constitute a valuable option, especially for biomedical and pharmaceutical applications, due to the batch-to-batch unsteady properties of chitin and chitosan from conventional ones. Fungal production of these glycans is not affected by seasonality enables accurate process control and, consequently, more uniform properties of the obtained product. Moreover, liquid and solid production media often are derived from wastes, thus enabling the application of circular economy criteria and improving the process economics. The present review deals with fungal chitosan production processes focusing on waste-oriented and integrated production processes. In doing so, contrary to other reviews that used a genus-specific approach for organizing the available information, the present one bases the discussion on the bioprocess typology. Finally, the main process parameters affecting chitosan production and their interactions are critically discussed.
Cancer, a malignant disease with a high mortality rate in the world, has not been effectively treated despite the continuous improvement of medical levels. Common drug therapies for cancer treatment have numerous shortcomings including serious side effects, inefficiency, and high cost during the treatment process. As a biopolymer with abundant sources, easy modification, and non-toxicity, chitosan can serve as an ideal carrier for the delivery of anticancer drugs. In this review, we have classified and discussed different forms (nanoscale and non-nanoscale) of anticancer drug carriers where chitosan is used as basic material. The paper has also highlighted their role in cancer treatment and described the release of anticancer drugs from these carriers. Finally, we have proposed the application prospects of chitosan-based delivery systems for anticancer drugs by comparatively evaluating the role of chitosan in anticancer drug delivery.
