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Rapid transformation across all sectors through Saudi Arabia's vision 2030 initiatives led to an increase in construction activities. However, the construction industry has been already facing huge cost and time overruns, affecting all stakeholders. The aim of this study is to identify and explore the influential risk factors that lead to completio...
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... addition, analysing the risks of each group in order to identify the most important group of risk in building projects in Saudi Arabia, as shown below in Table 4. The results revealed four groups as the most important groups with score more than 0.45, which include client-related risks, contractor-related risks, labour-related risks, and design-related risks, all of which were found to have a greater impact on both cost and time overruns. ...Similar publications
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... Furthermore, the literature acknowledges various simple relative ranking techniques, including the Relative Importance Index (RII) as one of the most used methods used to assess risk factors in construction and dispute-related research (Alshihri et al. 2022;Gunduz et al. 2015;Kassem 2022). RII is a method used for assessing and ranking the importance or significance of various factors or criteria in a decision-making process. ...
This paper proposes a hybrid conceptual and performance assessment integrated dispute risk system that enables construction professionals to evaluate, track, and manage construction disputes. It establishes a correlation between dispute-contributing factors and their respective pre-construction stages, facilitating early dispute detection and mitigation before the construction phase. This method can be applied to gauge the effectiveness of the pre-construction phase in relation to its influence on the emergence of disputes. Through an extensive literature review, expert interviews, and the Delphi technique, 48 key risk factors were identified and categorized into four groups. Eighteen experts were selected using purposive sampling, and their survey responses were checked for normality and reliability using the Shapiro-Wilk test and Cronbach’s alpha. The Delphi method was employed to reach a consensus among the panelists after two rounds of evaluation, using the nonparametric statistical parameters, such as Kendall’s coefficient of concordance and Chi-squared. Subsequently, the inter-rater agreement (IRA) was measured, and the dispute factors were ranked. Based on the ranking results, a novel integrated hybrid system was formulated that synergistically combines a hybrid conceptual and performance assessment framework with a fuzzy logic–structural equation model (SEM). The proposed hybrid system includes two key components: a unique conceptual and performance assessment framework and a hybrid model that combines fuzzy logic and SEM. This combined approach captures uncertainty and ambiguity in assessing dispute risks related to probability and severity, providing a more precise evaluation of disputes in construction projects. Additionally, the introduction of new dispute categories specifically targeting the pre-construction phase proactively deals with potential disputes before the construction begins. This advanced integrated hybrid system can be an effective pre-construction assessment tool for evaluating and managing various dispute factors, enabling project managers to proactively assess, manage, and mitigate construction disputes between project parties.
... Payment delays in Saudi Arabian public construction projects pose significant challenges to contractors and subcontractors, affecting project timelines, financial stability, and industry confidence [1][2][3]. The definition of payment delays in this study includes terms of non-payment, late payment, or partial payment. ...
... Payment delays in public construction projects have been a persistent challenge in the Saudi Arabian construction industry. Timely payment is crucial for the financial viability of contractors and subcontractors and for the successful completion of projects [2]. Several research works have looked into the issue of project delays in Saudi public construction projects, e.g., [2,13,15,16,[21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31]. ...
... Timely payment is crucial for the financial viability of contractors and subcontractors and for the successful completion of projects [2]. Several research works have looked into the issue of project delays in Saudi public construction projects, e.g., [2,13,15,16,[21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31]. These references discuss various factors causing delays in construction projects, including the delay of payments. ...
Many scientific publications pointed out delays in the progress of payments by owners as one of the top direct causes of project delays and disputes. This research investigates the causes of payment delays and explores deliberate delay tactics and their reasons within Saudi Arabian public construction projects. This research employs a robust mixed methodology, an extensive literature review, and preliminary semi-structured interviews to identify the causes of payment delays and possible tactics and reasons for deliberate delays or procrastinated payment. Subsequently, a questionnaire survey is distributed among experienced personnel. The survey aims to verify the results of the first phase, assess occurrence rates of the causes of payment delays, study tactical forms used by parties to delay payment, and identify reasons for such practices. The findings of the study reveal that the contractual issues group has the highest score for occurring, deliberate disruptions occur although they are not prevalent, tactics to deliberate delays exist and are practiced, and all the possible forms of deliberate delays under investigation and reasons for deliberate delays are confirmed valid. This study provides valuable insights for businesses and policymakers seeking to comprehend the issue of payment delays in Saudi Arabian public construction projects.
... The table shows that research on delays in construction projects have been conducted across different countries and project types, including infrastructure (H. M. Ahmed, Assefa, and Kassa 2023;Melaku Belay et al. 2021;Negesa 2022;Zafar et al. 2022), building (Alshihri, Al-Gahtani, and Almohsen 2022;Namous and Al Battah 2021;Sanyal 2020) projects. Similarly, research on cost overruns have been conducted worldwide, covering a diverse range of project types such as infrastructure (Al Hosani, Dweiri, and Ojiako 2020; Alhammadi and Memon 2020; Ayat et al. 2023;Mahmud, Ogunlana, and Hong 2021;Melaku Belay et al. 2021;Pham et al. 2020), and building (Alshihri, Al-Gahtani, and Almohsen 2022). ...
... M. Ahmed, Assefa, and Kassa 2023;Melaku Belay et al. 2021;Negesa 2022;Zafar et al. 2022), building (Alshihri, Al-Gahtani, and Almohsen 2022;Namous and Al Battah 2021;Sanyal 2020) projects. Similarly, research on cost overruns have been conducted worldwide, covering a diverse range of project types such as infrastructure (Al Hosani, Dweiri, and Ojiako 2020; Alhammadi and Memon 2020; Ayat et al. 2023;Mahmud, Ogunlana, and Hong 2021;Melaku Belay et al. 2021;Pham et al. 2020), and building (Alshihri, Al-Gahtani, and Almohsen 2022). Most existing research on quality primarily focuses on quality management and has been conducted in countries such as England, Malaysia, the United States, and Indonesia (Alawag et al. 2023;Keenan and Rostami 2021;Lee, Jallan, and Ashuri 2020;Okifitriana and Latief 2021). ...
... (6) Indoor air quality standards where, basically, indoor air quality standards aim to ensure that buildings have adequate ventilation and are free from pollutants that could harm occupants' health; this can include requirements for ventilation systems, air filters, and indoor air quality monitoring [23,24]. Overall, construction projects could be affected by the changes in laws and regulations related to changes in design codes by having a delayed project timeline due to additional time required for project planning and design review, increased construction costs due to additional materials, labor, or equipment to meet new standards, increased risk of noncompliance and possibility of penalties, increased complexity of the project design and construction methods, and delayed availability of construction materials [25][26][27][28][29]. ...
... This could result in delays and increased costs for the construction project. Overall, changes in material usage codes can have significant impacts on construction projects, requiring construction teams to be adaptable and well-informed in order to ensure that their projects remain in compliance with current regulations [29,30]. Overall, construction projects could be affected by changes in laws and regulations related to changes in material usage codes by having increased costs due to the need to purchase new materials that meet the new standards, delays in project due to contractors' need to take additional time to source and incorporate the new materials into the construction process, increased liability for contractors due to contractors having to ensure that they are using materials that meet the new standards to avoid legal actions, increased need for training and education to ensure ability of construction workers to use new materials and equipment, changes in building design due to new materials having different properties that require different design considerations and a possible impact on sustainability, as new materials may have different environmental impacts than the materials they replace [30][31][32]. ...
Citation: Mattar, Y.; Alzaim, M.A.; AlAli, M.; Alkhatib, I.; Beheiry, S.
... In practice, the normative duration is determined based on averaged data of individual construction activities, for instance, in Poland, using KNR [19]. Additionally, external factors, such as the occurrence of risk events, can influence the duration and cost of each construction activity, either increasing or decreasing it [36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44]. The authors of this article consider risk events solely as negative occurrences that may prolong construction duration. ...
One of the most pressing issues in the implementation of construction projects is the extension of planned deadlines, significantly impacting project costs. This situation often arises due to inaccurate estimation of construction durations, which rely on normative values without accounting for factors hindering construction progress. Consequently, this article aims to develop an innovative approach for assessing construction durations, considering specific risk factors and their influence on construction activities. Given the difficulty of determining risk factors and their effects during the design phase using classical probability theory, characterized by unknown probability distributions, it is highlighted that this scenario represents planning and implementation under conditions of non-statistical uncertainty. Therefore, the article proposes an approach utilizing elements of fuzzy set theory, particularly fuzzy rules and linguistic variables, to determine delays in individual construction tasks. The proposed approach involves estimating extensions of construction timelines based on a specified probability level of occurrence for risk events and their impact. Additionally, the article provides a theoretical description of the proposed approach and practical calculation examples, demonstrating that the authors’ approach significantly enhances the accuracy of construction timeline forecasts, providing more reliable data for project planning and management.
... Particularly, the inclination towards sustainability. [2]. The exploration of pozzolanic materials has presented a notable obstacle to the advancement of national development. ...
... Guru mengarahkan aturan main, Kegiatan sebelum bermain yaitu berdoa, pengarahan, informasi tujuan pembelajaran, melatih fokus, tidak memilih teman, prosedur bermain, bertanggung jawab dengan alat main, kerja sama dan disiplin. Pijakan inti dalam bermain antara lain memperhatikan, berkreasi dan mengevaluasi (Alshihri, Al-Gahtani, & Almohsen, 2022). Dengan adanya pijakan bermain, agar peserta didik memahami alur permainan dengan tepat. ...
This research aims to determine the planning, implementation, inhibiting and supporting factors of the central method in learning Arabic, especially maharah istima. The research method used in this research is a descriptive qualitative method. The data collection techniques used in this research are observation, interviews and documentation. The results of this research show that (1) There are 2 central method planning for learning Arabic, namely: Teacher mental preparation, Teacher administration, APE/Learning Tools (2) Implementation of the Arabic language learning process using the central method, there are 3, namely: Opening Activities, Activities core, and final activities. (3) There are 3 factors inhibiting the application of the central method in maharah istima' learning, namely: time effectiveness, lack of teacher creativity and student adjustment. (4) Supporting factors for the application of the central method in maharah istima' learning, there are 5, namely, infrastructure, special teacher training, teacher allowances, student motivation and support from parents, especially in class IV SD Tazkia Global Islamic School.
... Methods Field [26] Relative important index (RII) Construction projects in the oil and gas sector [27] Artificial neural network Pile construction risks [28] Agile methodology Risks management of software projects [29] Partial least square-structure equation model (PLS-SEM) Pile construction risks [30] RII Risk assessment of time and cost overrun [31] PLS-SEM+RII Pipeline project DBNs act as an expansion of Bayesian networks (BNs) when variable dependencies are modeled over time [32]. BNs, as graphical models, exemplify probabilistic associations between variables, aiding cognition in uncertain circumstances. ...
The precast concrete production process faces uncertainties and risks that reduce the efficiency of the Saudi precast concrete industry. Assessing the risk factors' interdependence yields better results than considering individual analyses only. The previous precast risk studies did not consider the interdependencies among risk factors concerning different process stages. This paper aims to identify precast risk factors and prioritize their importance in Saudi Arabia. Using a dynamic Bayesian network, the assessment considers the interrelationships among the risk factors and different production stages. The risk factors were collected from previous studies, evaluated, and classified into the five construction stages by performing structured interviews with ten experts. The probabilities of the root risks and conditional probabilities of intermediate and leaf risks were assessed based on the ten experts. Then, a Monte Carlo simulation was utilized to provide the status of these probabilities, which were considered input data for the GeNIe program. The main results revealed that erection productivity is the highest risk, with a probability value of 0.87. In addition, the design schedule's significance directly impacts production capacity, resulting in a probability value of 0.74. However, the site management risk is low, with a 0.32 probability value. This paper assists practitioners in optimizing construction schedules.
... Unprecedented disruptions caused by travel restrictions, health issues and reduced staff were also encountered, and a shortage of skilled workers was exacerbated by limited training and apprenticeship opportunities (Zamani et al. 2021;Alsharef et al. 2021). Significant disruptions occurred in the global supply chain, and increase in the timeline in production and transportation, along with rising costs, impeded the update of projects and escalated expenditures, making it necessary for construction companies to reassess their purchasing best practices and explore alternative vendors (Adepu et al. 2023b;Alshihri et al. 2022;Adepu et al. 2023c). ...
... Travel restrictions and health concerns caused labor shortages that disrupted productivity and extended project timelines, and the shortage was made more serious by the reduced training opportunities that were available during the pandemic (Alsharef et al. 2021;Rouhanizadeh and Kermanshachi 2021;Zamani et al. 2021;. Challenges in obtaining required construction materials and limited access to heavy machinery delayed projects, and the rapidity with which changes were necessarily made it difficult to develop and implement efficient project planning and scheduling (Alshihri et al. 2022;Sun and Xu 2021;Sami Ur Rehman et al. 2022). Lockdown measures and site closures disrupted construction timelines, and pandemic-induced remote work hindered effective collaboration between all the involved parties (Esa et al. 2020;Kaklauskas et al. 2021). ...
... Furthermore, the financial decline resulted in contractors deferring payments to subcontractors. Disruptions in the supply chain, coupled with erratic price changes, compelled contractors to alter (Sami Ur Rehman et al. 2022) their orders, leading to revisions in material qualities and costs that affected timelines and financial plans (Alshihri et al. 2022). Table 1 lists the factors leading to extended construction timelines amid the pandemic. ...
The study aimed to identify the key elements that influenced building activities during the COVID-19 pandemic and to explore strategies for addressing these issues in subsequent emergencies. A comprehensive review of the literature was conducted to pinpoint the causes of delays in construction timelines amidst the pandemic. Subsequently, a survey was created using these insights and disseminated to industry experts to gather their views on the identified contributing factors. A total of 103 completed responses were received to the questionnaire, and a principal component analysis (PCA) was performed of the responses, followed by the development of a multinomial logistic regression model, using a statistical tool in SPSS. The results of the principal component analysis extracted two components, explaining approximately 68% of the variation data. Factors such as scarcity of labor force, shortage of competent workers, challenges in obtaining required materials, and limited access to heavy machinery were found to be highly influential. It was also found that two new synthesis variables, resource availability and management, coordination and operational challenges played a critical role in explaining the variations in schedule overruns, and the scale of construction entities was found to be statistically significant in analyzing the factors contributing to schedule overruns. This study provides key findings for decision-makers and project management professionals in the construction sector, by enhancing their understanding of how to effectively manage projects during a pandemic or any similar crisis.
... Similarly, types of construction contracts, such as flexible versus turnkey contracts where the builder or EPC 4 contractor delivers a project at a fixed cost, can also affect construction timelines [55]. On the one hand, flexible contracts can allow for easier order variation and therefore save time; on the other hand, they can also prolong the project schedule if the project developer is slow at reviewing revisions [56]. Type of procurement used by the government can also affect the timeline in the same manner, albeit depending on the project preparedness required prior to tenders and on the strength of the contractual relationship between the tendering authority and the developer [28]. ...
... Experienced developers with a track record of successfully completing similar projects will be expected to take a shorter time to commission projects due to efficiencies gained from previous projects in designing, managing, and sourcing labor, supplies, and equipment for a technology in a market. The financial strength of the developer is a proxy for the developer having adequate cash-flows for making timely payments to avoid delays, that is, shorten commissioning time [43,56]. The project's importance to the developer is a proxy for how much effort the developer expends on the project vis-à-vis their other projects, to finish the project in time. ...
