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The chemical composition and aroma profile of industrial essential oils (EOs) from species of rose grown in China, including the native Kushui rose (R. sertata × R. rugosа) and R. rugosa Thunb. cv. Plena, and the recently introduced Damask rose (R. damascena Mill.), were studied in comparison by means of GC/MS and GC-FID. More than 150 individual c...
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Context 1
... most important components in rose oil, responsible for rose oil quality and authenticity, are regulated by the International Standard Organization (ISO). Table 2 and Figure 3 present quantitative data determined by GC-FID, together with the ISO 9842:2003 and ISO 25157:2013 specifications. The qualitative and quantitative analyses of the aroma constituents reveal that R. damascena EOs are, in general, not consistent with the International standard ISO 9842:2003 [31]: they do not fit into the parameters for the Bulgarian rose oil, but show similar characteristics to oils originating from Turkey and Morocco. ...
Citations
... Moreover, the investigation of volatile compounds in Chinese Damask rose identified 89 chemicals detected throughout all stages of blooming [36], whereas the full-blooming stage exhibits the highest diversity and relative abundance of chemicals such as β-myrcene, pentadecane, ethylbenzene, and o-xylene. The study of Dobreva and Nedeltcheva-Antonova [37] also reported that the essential oil of Damask rose consisted of monoterpene alcohols, such as citronellol, geraniol, and nerol, along with a stearopten fraction featuring nonadecane, nonadecene, heneicosane, and heptadecane. These findings offered a comprehensive understanding of the aromatic complexity within distinct rose varieties. ...
... Moreover, the investigation of volatile compounds in Chinese Damask rose identified 89 chemicals detected throughout all stages of blooming [36], whereas the full-blooming stage exhibits the highest diversity and relative abundance of chemicals such as β-myrcene, pentadecane, ethylbenzene, and oxylene. The study of Dobreva and Nedeltcheva-Antonova [37] also reported that the essential oil of Damask rose consisted of monoterpene alcohols, such as citronellol, geraniol, and nerol, along with a stearopten fraction featuring nonadecane, nonadecene, heneicosane, and heptadecane. These findings offered a comprehensive understanding of the aromatic complexity within distinct rose varieties. ...
Despite its well-known fragrance in cosmetics and medicine, a complete understanding of the phytochemical properties within by-products generated during commercial extraction of Damask rose remains elusive. Cultivated in Thailand for their essential oil, Damask rose varieties, including Mon Dang Prasert, Mon Klai Kangwon, and Bishop’s Castle, share phenylethyl alcohol (57.62–61.11%) as the dominant component, which is responsible for their characteristic floral, sweet, rosy, and bready aroma. Through a circular hydro-distillation process, three different by-product fractions, including distilled water (D), hydrosol (H), and rose dreg (R), were recovered. Subsequently, we assessed their pharmaceutical potential, including the antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and anti-melanogenesis properties of these residual substances. The H fraction displayed the highest total phenolics (10.56 mgGAE/g) and flavonoids (6.93 mgCE/g) and significant antioxidant activity (IC50, 0.67–0.97 µg/mL). While the H fraction inhibited melanin formation at 50 μg/mL, the R fraction of MK (100 μg/mL) surprisingly promoted melanin production in B16-F10 cells. Nevertheless, the antimicrobial assay against Staphylococcus aureus, Cutibacterium acnes, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, and Candida albicans revealed no antimicrobial activity in any fraction. Murine macrophage stimulation (J774A.1) with lipopolysaccharide revealed no anti-inflammatory effects from the by-products, as measured by IL-1β production. In summary, the H fraction exhibited the highest level of phenolic and flavonoid contents, as well as antioxidant and anti-melanogenesis activities. Therefore, this by-product is a desirable choice for the development of value-added products such as functional food, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical products.
... According to DeRango-Adem & Blay (2021), in natural sources, apigenin is commonly found as an apigeninglucoside, such as 7-O-glucoside, 6-C-glucoside, or 8-C-glucoside. After ingesting the plant material, 33 mustard (Alliaria petiolata) as a flavoring substance, spice, or ingredient in mixed vegetables, erucic acid intake is clearly below this limit. ...
The Mediterranean diet, a widely studied and highly beneficial diet, underpins my research. Initially, the Mediterranean diet included Wild Edible Plants (WEPs). According to numerous research reports, this diet 1) promotes health and longevity and 2) prevents various modern diseases, including coronary and Alzheimer’s disease. A vital component of this diet is consuming locally available green plants, which are rich in health-promoting substances. In Åhlberg (2021, 2022b), I presented evidence for 56 health-promoting substances that all green vascular WEPs contain. While reading research reports of these five species, I found eight more health-promoting substances that all green vascular wild edible plants have. This article adds eight new substances to the earlier 56, bringing the total to 64. This is a novel and groundbreaking finding for which I provide research evidence. Each WEP has 1) health-promoting substances that all green vascular plants share and 2) species-specific health-promoting substances. I present the latest research on five invasive wild edible plants (WEPs) species. Each contains at least 64 health-promoting substances and varying species-specific health-promoting substances. I also present the experimental research results showing how many of these substances prevent Alzheimer’s disease. Keywords: wild edible plants (WEPs); wild food plants; Mediterranean diet; functional foods; good health, longevity; Alzheimer’s disease; alimurgic plants; invasive species; sustainability
... The aliphatic hydrocarbons are another class of molecules found in rose fragrance, of which nonadecane and nonadecene are the most common. In addition, heneicosane, heptadecane, and tricosane are also present in low amounts, and these odorless volatiles are fragrance stabilizers (Kovatcheva et al., 2011;Dobreva et al., 2021;Dobreva and Nedeltcheva-Antonova, 2023). ...
Roses have been domesticated since antiquity for their therapeutic, cosmetic, and ornamental properties. Their floral fragrance has great economic value, which has influenced the production of rose varieties. The production of rose water and essential oil is one of the most lucrative activities, supplying bioactive molecules to the cosmetic, pharmaceutical, and therapeutic industries. In recent years, major advances in molecular genetics, genomic, and biochemical tools have paved the way for the identification of molecules that make up the specific fragrance of various rose cultivars. The aim of this review is to highlight current knowledge on metabolite profiles, and more specifically on fragrance compounds, as well as the specificities and differences between rose species and cultivars belonging to different rose sections and how they contribute to modern roses fragrance.
... Pingyin Rose Research Institute of Pingyin, Shandong Provence, China has selected dozens of superior R. rugosa individuals or half-sib families via crossbreeding or natural hybridization or introgression since the 1970s, and about 20 oil-bearing cultivars have been identified by specificity, consistency and stability testing and observation [6,7]. Some of the cultivars, e.g., R. rugosa 'Fenghua' or R. rugosa 'Zizhi', have been wildly planted in different provinces of China for scented teas and essential oils [8,9]. The oil yields of these cultivars varied between 0.1 and 0.3% and identification of the high-oil-yield cultivars was important [9,10]. ...
... Some of the cultivars, e.g., R. rugosa 'Fenghua' or R. rugosa 'Zizhi', have been wildly planted in different provinces of China for scented teas and essential oils [8,9]. The oil yields of these cultivars varied between 0.1 and 0.3% and identification of the high-oil-yield cultivars was important [9,10]. Although our previous study has identified eight high-oil-yield cultivars by a DNA marker of the cis-element [10], similar botanical characteristics among high-and low-oil-yield cultivars confuse farmers or breeders [2,11]. ...
... From the 32 candidate SSRs, nine loci (SSR4, 9,11,12,13,19,28,29 and SSR31) producing PCR products shorter than 250 bp were selected for SSR-HRM analysis. The nine loci included dimer to hexamer motifs except the trimer. ...
Oil-bearing Rosa rugosa are popular in the essential oil and perfume markets. The similar botanical characteristics between high-oil-yield or low-oil-yield cultivars are confusing and it is hard for farmers or breeders to identify the high-oil-yield cultivar by phenotype difference. High-resolution melting (HRM) analysis of simple sequence repeats (SSRs) can construct accurate DNA fingerprints quickly, which was shown to be effective for identification of closely related cultivars of R. rugosa. Optimization of HRM-SSR indicated that the 10 µL HRM reaction mixture containing 20 ng of genomic DNA of R. rugosa and 0.75 µL of 10 µmol/L of each primer with an annealing temperature of 64 °C was a robust SSR genotyping protocol. Using this protocol, 9 polymorphic SSR markers with 3–9 genotypes among the 19 R. rugosa cultivars were identified. The top three polymorphic makers SSR9, SSR12 and SSR19 constructed a fingerprint of all cultivars, and the rare insertion in the flanking sequences of the repeat motif of SSR19 generated three characteristic genotypes of three high-oil-yield cultivars. These results may be economical and practical for the identification of high-oil-yield R. rugosa and be helpful for the selection and breeding of oil-bearing roses.
Essential oils (EOs) are hydrophobic, concentrated extracts of botanical origin containing diverse bioactive molecules
that have been used for their biomedical properties. On the other hand, the volatility, toxicity, and hydrophobicity limited their use in their pure form. Therefore, nano-encapsulation of EOs in a biodegradable polymeric platform showed a solution. Chitosan (CS) is a biodegradable polymer that has been intensively used for
EOs encapsulation. Various approaches such as homogenization, probe sonication, electrospinning, and 3D printing have been utilized to integrate EOs in CS polymer. Different CS-based platforms were investigated for EOs encapsulation such as nanoparticles (NPs), nanofibers, films, nanoemulsions, 3D printed composites, and hydrogels. Biological applications of encapsulating EOs in CS include antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anticancer functions. This review explores the principles for nanoencapsulation strategies, and the available technologies are also reviewed, in addition to an in-depth overview of the current research and application of nano-encapsulated EOs.
Background:
Essential oils (EOs) are complex mixtures of volatile hydrocarbons with a wide range of applications in the pharmaceutical, fragrance and food industry. The composition of EOs is highly variable and can affect their quality and pharmaceutical efficacy. Moreover, the high economic value of EOs, such as those obtained from Rosa damascena, make falsification and misclassification a lucrative business. Consequently, adulterations can lead to serious health consequences for consumers. While current quality control methods for EOs involve analysing their chromatographic profile or comparing their Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra, these methods can be time-consuming or lack sensitivity. To address these issues, we compared state-of-the-art quality control methods, including gas chromatography flame ionization detection (GC-FID) quantification and enantiomeric ratio determination, FT-IR spectrometry with dielectric barrier discharge ionization coupled to triple quadrupole mass spectrometer (DBDI-MS), in a chemometric single- and multi-block approach.
Results:
Our results show that the best classification accuracy of 94.7% for R. damascena samples was obtained using GC-FID combined with partial least square discriminant analysis (PLS-DA). Comparatively, the enantiomeric ratios did not improve classification accuracy. In contrast, fragmentation data from DBDI-MS (Q3), which was acquired in a fraction of the analysis time and without extensive sample preparation, achieved a classification accuracy of 84.2%. We also found that combining FT-IR with parent ion DBDI-MS (Q1) data in a multi-block sequentially orthogonalized partial least squares linear discriminant analysis (SO-PLS-LDA) model improved classification accuracy, compared to their respective single-block PLS-DA models.
Significance:
Overall, our study demonstrates that DBDI, as an ambient ionization method, has significant potential for high-throughput screening. When combined with MS, it can produce comparable classification accuracies to conventional methods, while offering the added benefits of speed and convenience. As such, DBDI-MS is a promising tool for EO quality control.
