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The map shows borehole locations, geomorphic features and selected profiles (S1-S4) in the study area. Inset: Map of Gujarat state, rectangle shows the study area, and the star indicates epicentre of the 2001 Bhuj earthquake Mw 7.7.
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ABSTRACT
Estimation of liquefaction resistance, also called Cyclic Resistance Ratio (CRR) of soil, is an important aspect
of geotechnical earthquake engineering; it is one of the most important secondary effects of earthquake which
causes severe damages to engineering structures. The liquefaction potential is estimated in terms of factor
of safety...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... low land regions are further classified into flood plain, bad land, terrace, point bar, channel bar and recent channel. The Sabarmati river flows through the middle of the Ahmedabad city (Figure 1), which dries up in summer leaving only a small stream of water. Topographically, the study area is almost flat in nature except few small hills of Thaltej-Jodhpur Tekra. ...
Context 2
... order to study the subsurface lithological characteristics of the region, a total of 23 boreholes (11 of 80m depth, six of 40m depth and five of 35m depth) were drilled at different locations ( Figure 1). During drilling the soil samples, both disturbed and undisturbed, were collected for geotechnical investigation. ...
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A phenomenon in which non-cohesive soil in saturated conditions loses its carrying capacity owing to the reduced stiffness and strength of the soil during earthquake shaking or rapid loading is called liquefaction. This occurs under the structure and can cause damage during earthquakes. In this study, we estimated the possibility of liquefaction in...
Citations
... Dixit et al. [9] evaluated the seismic soil liquefaction in terms of LPI for 142 sites in Mumbai city using SPT based on a simplified empirical procedure. Dwivedi et al. [10] estimated the liquefaction potential for Ahmedabad city using N-SPT for 23 boreholes based on the approach of Idriss and Boulanger [6]. Gurung and Chatterjee [12] conducted a study to assess Kolkata city's liquefaction potential by evaluating the factor of safety against liquefaction (F S ), based on the Standard Penetration Test N-SPT values using the deterministic approaches, as per Idriss and Boulanger [6] and IS 1893: Part 1 [13]. ...
Soil liquefaction is a phenomenon that occurs when soil strength and stiffness are reduced due to fast loading , such as shaking from an earthquake. Several approaches to evaluating the intention of initiating liquefaction have developed over the years. The present study aims to evaluate the liquefaction potential index (LPI) for Kolkata city based on the shear wave velocity (V s) approach using IS 1893: Part 1 (Criteria for Earthquake-Resistant Design of Structures, Part 1: General Provisions and Buildings, Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi, pp 1-44, 2016). The shear wave velocity (V s) of Kolkata city has been calculated through the empirical correlations between V s and uncorrected SPT N values. The location of Kolkata indicates a moderate to high seismic alert since it is on the edge of seismic zones III and IV. The study involved the creation of LPI contour maps and LPI hazard maps for Kolkata city for different earthquake magnitudes with a max /g = 0.24. Also, calculation of lique-faction severity number (LSN) for many boreholes around Kolkata based on the CPT approach for different earthquake magnitudes is carried out. The study shows that Kolkata's susceptibility to liquefaction varies based on the magnitude of the earthquake M w. As the liquefaction potential index (LPI) and the liquefaction severity number (LSN) values increase, the liquefaction potential also increases.
... The study helps understand the establishment of liquefaction relations based on SPT and the potentially liquefiable sites. Dwivedi et al. [54] evaluated the liquefaction susceptibility of Ahmedabad using the deterministic [4,36,37] method based on the SPT-N value. They found that the city has densely compacted soil with low water table resulting in high SPT N-value and low ...
... Reliability analysis was performed for three different methods. 11 Dwivedi et al. [22] & 2017 Ahmedabad FS L estimated for 23 SPT locations (PGA = 0.2 g and 0.3 g). Fines content and other index properties of the soil were estimated in the laboratory. ...
Comprehensive assessment of liquefaction potential is an important aspect of understanding the liquefaction susceptibility and risk of any region. In India, liquefaction potential assessment (LPA) was carried out as a part of seismic microzonation, and a lot of research work has been reported for major cities/regions. A review of LPA for major cities/regions in India was presented in this study for better understanding of the factors considered in the assessment. In addition, a comprehensive LPA considering the susceptibility, probability, and associated seismic risk on existing structures was evaluated for eight sites in Roorkee region, India. The factor of safety against liquefaction (FSL) and liquefaction potential index (LPI) are evaluated using existing standard penetration test (SPT) data. Also, liquefaction probability (PL) and post-liquefaction settlement (SL) are theoretically estimated to frame a comprehensive LPA. This study is the first of its kind to frame a comprehensive LPA considering both the susceptibility indices (FSL and PL) and liquefaction damage indices (LPI and SL). The results indicate that a high risk of liquefaction and surface manifestations are possible for the selected sites for considered seismic scenario. Fines content and the number of borehole layers are critical in influencing the resistance to liquefaction and surface manifestations. Estimation of SL from SPT N number and volumetric strain approach were found in good agreement with the interpretations obtained from the LPI values. It can be stated that for any design of structures against liquefaction, FSL must be higher than 1.20, as this can be evident from the available literature and the presented case study of Roorkee region.
... After the Good Friday earthquake of 1964, with a moment magnitude of 9.2 in Alaska, and the Nigata earthquake, with an intensity of 7.5 in Japan, the word "liquefaction" was introduced [16]. These two earthquakes resulted in the failure of slopes, sinking of bridge piers, tilting of homes, embankments, foundations, and pavements, as well as the uncovering of buried constructions. ...
... These two earthquakes resulted in the failure of slopes, sinking of bridge piers, tilting of homes, embankments, foundations, and pavements, as well as the uncovering of buried constructions. Large-scale liquefactionrelated damages were observed in India as a result of earthquake occurred in Bhuj in the year 2001 on 26 th January with a intensity of 7.6 [15][16][17][18]. ...
... As shown in the Figure-1 below, the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) has classified the nation into four seismic zones (Zones 2 to Zone 5) with a range of peak ground acceleration (PGA) (0.16g to > 0.36g) and a 10% PGA exceedance in 50 years. Zone 5 makes up around 11% of the country, Zone 4 about 18%, Zone 3 about 30% and Zone 2 about the rest [11][12][13][14][15][16]. ...
Risks of liquefaction are commonly related to saturated cohesionless soils that have low plasticity and density. As liquefaction causes severe destruction to structures and risk of losing lifeline it is important to study the liquefaction potential for CRDA region because for the development of AP capital heavy structures are being constructed and a population increase is being expected in this region. In the current investigation, soil resistance to liquefaction was analyzed in each bore log in consideration of significant soil characteristics such as grain size, fines content, unit weight, saturation percentage, SPT N-value, and soil origin. The safety factor for liquefaction is evaluated using data from several bore holes that were collected and used for this purpose. The approach recommended by Seed and Idriss was utilized to assess the safety factor for liquefaction. The obtained results from the semi-empirical calculations are further compared to the results obtained from Software for more reliability.
... The city of Ahmedabad is located in the Cambay basin, in the mainland region of Gujarat. Geologically, the Tertiary sediments around the study area are overlain by a thick pile of quaternary sediments (Pathak and Balsubramanayan 1971; Kaila et al. 1990;Kumar et al. 1998;Dwivedi et al. 2017Dwivedi et al. , 2020. The alternate layers of sand, silt gravel and inter-mixed granular materials and sticky yellow to grey clay form most of the quaternary sediment (Gupte 2011). ...
... Some sand dunes as well as residual highlands and some terraces have also been reported in the study area (Dwivedi et al. 2020). The geotechnical investigation reveals a low water table and high compaction in the city of Ahmedabad (Dwivedi et al. 2017). Groundwater mapping based on the well-log data reveals the availability of groundwater in the form of unconfined and confined aquifers and the maximum depth of mapped confined aquifer is up to 300 m in the city (Gupte 2011) ( Figure 2). ...
Presently, ground subsidence in urban areas is becoming a peril to the infrastructure and society. In this study, we conducted a detailed analysis of the results, based on the Persistent Scatterer Interferometry (PSI), Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) and groundwater in the “World Heritage City” of Ahmedabad, a major metro city in western India. The PSI technique is applied to measure the ground subsidence using the Sentinel 1 A dataset for the period 2017 to 2020. The results reveal a subsidence, maximum up to the level of 25 mm/yr in the areas of the southeast and west parts of the city. Analysis derived from GNSS results indicates a significant amount of ground subsidence based on the 2009 − 2020 dataset. Groundwater data (1995 − 2019) were analyzed to identify factors likely to cause ground subsidence and the results are in close agreement with the PSI and GNSS results.
... The soil layer of depth 1.5 m-6 m is prone to liquefaction. Dwivedi et al. [44] used CRR-CSR-based method for the estimation of liquefaction potential for Ahmedabad city, Gujarat, for SP-type soil. The soil layer of depth 9 m-15 m is prone to liquefaction. ...
Experimental investigations on soil samples collected from the sites of Baraut, Noida and Mandi in North India have been performed to study the static and cyclic behavior of soil. Liquefaction potential of the sites near Himalayan range is also carried out. The SPT and downhole seismic tests have been performed for the estimation of static and dynamic properties of soil. Strain-controlled cyclic triaxial tests are also carried out on soil samples collected from the borehole at various depths up to 30 m for the evaluation of dynamic soil properties. The study examined the effects of parameters such as cyclic shear strain, loading frequency and overburden pressure on the cyclic behavior of the soil. One- and two-dimensional dynamic response analysis has been performed on three sites. The initiation of initial liquefaction ranged from 202 to 752 cycles for the Baraut site, 212 to 722 cycles for the Noida site, and 121 to 617 cycles for the Mandi sites. The final design response spectra of the sites are obtained from 1D ground response analysis. The results from the response analysis have been compared with the reported results. The soils from the present study areas are prone to liquefaction at 10 m to 15 m from the ground surface.
... Indeed, the soil liquefaction is introduced as one of the multicriteria tasks to assess in geotechnical earthquake engineering. Many experts stated that the assessment of soil liquefaction, due to a lot of variables, is the most complicated phenomena in geotechnical engineering [122][123][124][125][126]. Table 6 presents the distribution of the papers on the applicability of the ANNs in liquefaction evaluation. ...
Artificial neural network (ANN) aimed to simulate the behavior of the nervous system as well as the human brain. Neural network models are mathematical computing systems inspired by the biological neural network in which try to constitute animal brains. ANNs recently extended, presented, and applied by many research scholars in the area of geotechnical engineering. After a comprehensive review of the published studies, there is a shortage of classification of study and research regarding systematic literature review about these approaches. A review of the literature reveals that artificial neural networks is well established in modeling retaining walls deflection, excavation, soil behavior, earth retaining structures, site characterization, pile bearing capacity (both skin friction and end-bearing) prediction, settlement of structures, liquefaction assessment, slope stability, landslide susceptibility mapping, and classification of soils. Therefore, the present study aimed to provide a systematic review of methodologies and applications with recent ANN developments in the subject of geotechnical engineering. Regarding this, a major database of the web of science has been selected. Furthermore, meta-analysis and systematic method which called PRISMA has been used. In this regard, the selected papers were classified according to the technique and method used, the year of publication, the authors, journals and conference names, research objectives, results and findings, and lastly solution and modeling. The outcome of the presented review will contribute to the knowledge of civil and/or geotechnical designers/practitioners in managing information in order to solve most types of geotechnical engineering problems. The methods discussed here help the geotechnical practitioner to be familiar with the limitations and strengths of ANN compared with alternative conventional mathematical modeling methods.
... Few studies for liquefaction potential based on SPT data for Kolkata region done by [2,10] and other region i.e. Roorkee Region by [14][15][16] Guwahati region [17] Mumbai [18] Ahmedabad region [19] and Chandigarh region [20]. [21] Developed relationship between SPT N and Shear wave velocity for Roorkee region. ...
Liquefaction is the phenomena in which the saturated fine sand loses its shear strength and stiffness when a cyclic or an earthquake loading. The evaluation of liquefaction potential and seismic microzonation of a certain area can be done. Ground improvement requirement of a site is conducted after the evaluation of liquefaction potential of that site. The aim of the present study is to evaluate of liquefaction potential for AIIMS kalyani Campus, Kolkata. Kalyani is a city which comes under Nadia district, of west Bengal it is located around 50 km from Kolkata city. The main objective of the present study is to evaluate the liquefaction potential of AIIMS Kalyani Campus for different magnitudes of earthquake i.e. 7.5, 7.0 and 6.5 and peak ground acceleration (a max = 0.16g). For this purpose, the factor of safety against liquefaction was evaluated at different depths for the six sites in AIIMS Kalyani campus based on SPT-Based approached. It was found that the factor of safety against the liquefaction for magnitude of earthquake 6.5 is marginally greater than that 7.5 and 7.0 for all the sites. It can be observed that from the results that the FOS against for 6.5 magnitude earthquake is 21% greater than that for 7.0 magnitude earthquake.
... The SPT-N blow count and lithology were recorded during the sampling in the field and index properties of the disturbed and undisturbed samples of the soils, like grainsize analysis, Atterberg test, density, specific gravity was obtained and used for the seismic hazard assessment (Cavallaro et al. 2016). More than one thousand samples were collected (Dwivedi et al. 2017) and used for the seismic hazard assessment. The lithology of the study area generally varies from silty sand to clayey sand. ...
... The lithological variations delineated from 23 boreholes suggest that the Ahmedabad City area made up of different layers of gravel, sand, and silty-clay (Dwivedi et al. 2017). The sediment layers encountered in the boreholes have shown distinct variations in their thickness and shapes from location to location. ...
Ahmedabad, the most populous city of Gujarat, assigned zone III in the seismic zone map of India (BIS 2002), has experienced moderate earthquakes in the past. Several high-rise buildings were collapsed or severely damaged in the city during 2001 Bhuj earthquake (Mw 7.6), which was 240 km from the city. Keeping this in view, micro-level seismic hazard assessment in the city is carried out using geotechnical, geological, and geophysical inputs, which may help in designing buildings and other civil engineering structures and will reduce the probability of loss of life and property in this region. A total of 23 boreholes, 11 boreholes of 80 m, 7 boreholes of 40 m and 5 boreholes of 35 m) were drilled at the different locations in the city. To estimate the shear-wave velocity, we have employed direct and indirect methods. PS logging is carried out in 11 boreholes, and shallow geophysical investigation (multi-channel analysis of surface waves, MASW) is carried out at 54 sites. The field and laboratory tests on soil samples, geophysical investigations, and seismotectonic information enabled us to estimate soil overburden thickness, shear-wave velocity, factor of safety against liquefaction, and site response in terms of amplification factor. The peak ground acceleration was estimated at engineering bed rock level (Vs 760 m/s) by PSHA. All this information is used in preparing an integrated seismic hazard (SH) map of the Ahmedabad City using analytical hierarchal process. The seismic hazard map is characterized into three broad categories: low, moderate, and high. The western part of the Ahmedabad shows the highest hazard. The northern and the eastern parts show moderate seismic hazard. It is observed that the presence of sand and flood plain deposits along the Sabarmati river increases the hazard. The study has also highlighted that the presence of a paleochannel increases the overall hazard, which is clearly visible in integrated hazard map.
... Rao and Satyam (2007) determined liquefaction studies for Delhi region based on SPT. Ahmad et al. (2015) conducted the SPT for liquefaction potential for Lucknow city and Dwivedi et al. (2017) carried out evaluation of liquefaction potential of sites in the Ahmedabad city. ...
Before taking the task of any ground improvement, rational evaluation of the liquefaction potential of the zone becomes necessary. It is taken up on various considerations such as importance of the area, seismic vulnerability etc. The objectives of the present work are the assessment of liquefaction potential for Ramgarh Tal site in Gorakhpur city, India. Gorakhpur city is located along the banks of the Rapti River in the northeastern portion of the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh and is developing at a fast rate. This city lies in Zone IV of seismic zone in India. Thus, it is necessary to evaluate the liquefaction potential for designing of civil engineering structures and their foundations in the Gorakhpur city. In the present work, two different approaches namely the simplified method and the ground response analysis was employed to evaluate the cyclic shear ratio. For different depths for Ramgarh Tal Site, the factor of safety against liquefaction was examined using both the above-mentioned approaches. It was found that the ground response analysis gave significantly smaller factors of safety against liquefaction as compared to the simplified method. Thus, ground response analysis is more rational and results in smaller factor of safety against liquefaction. For safe design it is recommended to use this method in the analysis. Thus, it was concluded that use of simplified method for evaluating factor of safety against liquefaction might not be appropriate.
