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![The map of earthquakes and lineament control of some active centers of natural gas emission. (1) F1 gas flare in the Sea of Okhotsk, (2) "Gizella" gas flare in the Sea of Okhotsk, (3) the field of methane flares in the Laptev Sea [6], (4) the Middle Arctic Ridge, (5) the areas of the natural gas flares, (6) the zone of the Okhotsk-Japan Seas lineament and its extension into the Laptev Sea, (7) the northern boundary of the Okhotsk Plate. It is plotted on the map [4]. VKS, Verkhoyansk-Kolyma System. BRZ, Baikal Rift Zone. Insert (a): position of the Tohoku Earthquake epicenter (2011) on the scheme of the lineament (1, lineament; 2, Tohoku event).](profile/Renat-Shakirov/publication/321183425/figure/fig1/AS:563018706964480@1511245528602/The-map-of-earthquakes-and-lineament-control-of-some-active-centers-of-natural-gas.png)
The map of earthquakes and lineament control of some active centers of natural gas emission. (1) F1 gas flare in the Sea of Okhotsk, (2) "Gizella" gas flare in the Sea of Okhotsk, (3) the field of methane flares in the Laptev Sea [6], (4) the Middle Arctic Ridge, (5) the areas of the natural gas flares, (6) the zone of the Okhotsk-Japan Seas lineament and its extension into the Laptev Sea, (7) the northern boundary of the Okhotsk Plate. It is plotted on the map [4]. VKS, Verkhoyansk-Kolyma System. BRZ, Baikal Rift Zone. Insert (a): position of the Tohoku Earthquake epicenter (2011) on the scheme of the lineament (1, lineament; 2, Tohoku event).
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This paper reports on the most significant submarine fluxes of natural gas bubbles (flares) that have occurred in the Sea of Okhotsk, the Laptev Sea, and Lake Baikal. It has been concluded that there is a "gas-geochemical response" of geodynamic and seismotectonic processes in the interaction of lithospheric plates. Using the example of one of the...
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Citations
... Methane can achieve the surface water layer just with a powerful bubble jet. Their height sometimes reaches 2 km in different areas of the World Ocean [50]. Therefore, further gas-geochemical studies in this region remain highly relevant and it can be concluded that systematic complex expeditionary studies are required. ...
Within the framework of the expedition research “Complex studies of the Antarctic marine ecosystem in the areas of the transport and interaction of water masses in the Atlantic sector of Antarctica, the Scotia Sea and the Drake Strait” (cruise 87 of the R/V “Academik Mstislav Keldysh”, 7 December 2021–5 April 2022), the distribution of gas-geochemical fields of methane in the Bransfield Strait was studied in detail for the first time. The connection of the methane distribution in water with the complex hydrological regime of the strait has been revealed. Elevated values of methane concentrations brought to the Bransfield Strait in the warm current flow from the Bellingshausen Sea have been established. Low concentrations of methane also mark the cold waters of the Weddell Sea, which carry out the transit of water masses into the Atlantic Ocean. The research was carried out within the framework of the theme FWMM-2022-033 “Integrated environmental studies of the Southern Ocean” AAAA17-117030110035-4 and international obligations of the Russian Federation as a party to the Antarctic Treaty and the Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources.
... The confidence that the proposed process of gases mass transfer through the GDZ can be realized in reality is based on existing studies on the confinement of burning dumps to the GDZ [14,16], as well as studies on the degassing of the Earth interior through fault zones [7], shift troughs during the flooding of mines [6,11], other research results [2][3][4]10]. ...
The paper investigates the hypothesis according to which one of the factors influencing the spontaneous combustion of coal-bearing dumps is its geodynamic position, i.e. its location in the geodynamically dangerous zone (GDZ) at the boundary of the Earth crust blocks. This hypothesis is put forward on the basis of scientific ideas about the block structure of the Earth crust and the available statistical data on the location of burning dumps and is studied using computer modeling. A dump located in the area of Eastern Donbass was chosen as the object of research. The simulation results show that the penetration of air into the dump body from the mine through the GDZ, which crosses the mining zone, is possible at an excess pressure of 1000 Pa created by the main ventilation fans. The fire source appearance in the dump body causes an increase in the temperature of the dump mass and becomes a kind of trigger that "turns on" the aerodynamic connection between the dump and the environment, carried out through the GDZ. It is concluded that the establishment of an aerodynamic connection between the mine workings and the dump through the GDZ can be an important factor contributing to the endogenous fire hazard of coal-bearing dumps. The simulation results can be used in the development of projects for monitoring coal-bearing dumps and measures to combat their spontaneous combustion.
... As proposed by a number of researchers [1][2][3][4], these may be caused by the permafrost thawing and gas hydrate degradation, resulting in a mass release of methane, which is a potent greenhouse gas. In this case, the cause of permafrost thawing and gas hydrates decomposition is considered to be a background increase in Earth's surface temperature due to various factors, for example, a Holocene transgression of the Arctic Ocean shelf, etc. Besides, the numerous studies suggest that seismotectonic activity is also an important contributor to this process [5][6][7][8][9]. Without going deep into the discussion and analysis of different thermal models here, we rise one fundamental question: what is the probability that the slow natural process of heating, involving a large region of the Earth's surface, with the time scale of tens or hundreds of thousands of years, might have caused such intense permafrost thawing and hydrate degradation that led to methane emissions and abrupt warming in the Arctic in exactly our time? ...
A seismogenic trigger mechanism is proposed to explain the abrupt climate warming phases in the Arctic as a result of strong mechanical disturbances in the marginal region of the Arctic lithosphere. Those disturbances might have been caused by great earthquakes in the Aleutian subduction zone, and slowly propagated across the Arctic shelf and adjacent regions, triggering the methane release from permafrost and metastable gas hydrates, followed by greenhouse gas emissions into the atmosphere. The proposed mechanism is based on the identified correlation between the series of the great earthquakes in the Aleutian island arc, which occurred in the early and middle of the 20th century, and the two phases of sharp climate warming, which began in 1920 and 1980. There is a 20-year time lag between these events, which is explained by the time of arrival of deformation waves in the lithosphere (propagating with a velocity of about 100 km per year) at the Arctic shelf and adjacent land from the Aleutian subduction zone, the region of their generation. The trigger mechanism causing the methane release from permafrost and metastable gas hydrates is related to the destruction of micro-sized ice films covering gas hydrate particles, the elements highly important for hydrate self-preservation, as well as destruction of gas-saturated micropores in permafrost rocks due to the slight additional stresses associated with deformation waves, and thus emergence of conditions favorable for gas filtration and its subsequent emission.
... Term gas seep is used in this study to refer to the release of gas in bubbles that rise from the seabed and form stable regions of increased bubble concentration in the water column. Seeps exist in shallow water on the shelf [1,[15][16][17][18] or in deepwater offshore regions [15,[19][20][21]. Each shallow seep occupies a few square km of the sea floor [12,22], while the deepwater seeps are commonly focused within 10 m (point seeps) and dispersed to large distances [15,16,20,21]. ...
... Seeps exist in shallow water on the shelf [1,[15][16][17][18] or in deepwater offshore regions [15,[19][20][21]. Each shallow seep occupies a few square km of the sea floor [12,22], while the deepwater seeps are commonly focused within 10 m (point seeps) and dispersed to large distances [15,16,20,21]. The single point seeps, mainly in deep sea, detectable separately by echo sounding are characterized by the flux F, which is the amount of methane carried by rising bubbles from a seep through a horizontal surface per unit time. ...
Seeps found offshore in the East Siberian Arctic Shelf may mark zones of degrading subsea permafrost and related destabilization of gas hydrates. Sonar surveys provide an effective tool for mapping seabed methane fluxes and monitoring subsea Arctic permafrost seepage. The paper presents an overview of existing approaches to sonar estimation of methane bubble flux from the sea floor to the water column and a new method for quantifying CH4 ebullition. In the suggested method, the flux of methane bubbles is estimated from its response to insonification using the backscattering cross section. The method has demonstrated its efficiency in the case study of single- and multi-beam acoustic surveys of a large seep field on the Laptev Sea shelf.
... The preliminary studies, covering major part of one of the largest East Asian lineaments, the socalled sub-longitudinal Okhotsk-Japan Sea lineament, demonstrate various forms of degassing hydrocarbon accumulations, namely hydrocarbon deposits, surface, and underwater gas-fluid phenomena (over 1000 torches by 2017), gas hydrates, mud volcanoes, water-gas and geothermal sources, and anomalous gas-geochemical fields (Mishukova and Shakirov 2017;Shakirov et al. 2017). The highest natural oceanic upward flux of methane (torch) F1 with over 2000 m height (46°1.99N ...
The Russian Far East is a region between China and the Russian Arctic with a diverse climatological, geophysical, oceanic, and economical characteristic. The southern region is located in the Far East monsoon sector, while the northern parts are affected by the Arctic Ocean and cold air masses penetrating far to the south. Growing economic activities and traffic connected to the China Belt and Road Initiative together with climate change are placing an increased pressure upon the Russian Far East environment. There is an urgent need to improve the capacity to measure the atmospheric and environmental pollution and analyze their sources and to quantify the relative roles of local and transported pollution emissions in the region. In the paper, we characterize the current environmental and socio-economical landscape of the Russian Far East and summarize the future climate scenarios and identify the key regional research questions. We discuss the research infrastructure concept, which is needed to answer the identified research questions. The integrated observations, filling in the critical observational gap at the Northern Eurasian context, are required to provide state-of-the-art observations and enable follow-up procedures that support local, regional, and global decision making in the environmental context.
... On the western border of (this) plate at Lake Baikal gas flow and hydrate occurrences were also detected (Radziminovich et al. 2010). It is noteworthy that the above-mentioned geodynamic situation in the Sea of Okhotsk episode of "gas" activation (August 2012) occurred almost synchronously with the two deepwater (1296 and 1390 m) pulsating gas flares of height of 1025 and 960 m at the Lake Baikal (Shakirov et al. 2017). ...
Areas of noble, rare metal and polymetallic mineralization and hydrocarbon fields on the Southern Kuril Islands and Sakhalin, in the Okhotsk Sea are located above deep fault zones in the oceanic lithosphere. Such fracture zones, including the Nosappu (Tuskarora), Iturup and Urup transform faults, are known at the southwestern end of the Kuril–Kamchatka Trench, on the northwestern margin of the Pacific Plate. Seismic tomography has established the northwestern continuation of these faults in the oceanic slab, which has been subducted into the mantle transition zone; the former has also been confirmed by focal mechanism solutions of the hypocenters of deep (up to 700 km) earthquakes. In the oceanic lithosphere the fracture zones in the areas of synfault extension enabled the formation of permeable channels that convey asthenospheric heat and fluids. In the southern Sea of Okhotsk area, these fluids penetrate the mantle wedge, initiating metasomatic processes in the sub-lithospheric mantle and the creation of primary magmatic reservoirs in the lower continental lithosphere. Further migration of these fluids enabled the formation intermediate magma chambers in the crust and of domes and ore bodies. Hydrocarbons are abiogenic and of mantle origin and occur in complex, faulted and folded Cenozoic basins.
... Areas of the western coast of Japan and Sakhalin Island are located in a zone influenced by the seismically active Hokkaido-Sakhalin folded system, which occupies most of a longitudinal Sea of Japan lineament (Shakirov et al. 2017). The present study area, Tatar Strait, is also located within this zone. ...
The distributions of hydrocarbon gases (HCGs) from C1-C5 in seafloor sediments of the South Tatar sedimentary basin (northern Sea of Japan) were obtained during five research cruises from 2012 to 2017. As a result of this work, areas of gas hydrates, gas flares, and anomalous gas concentrations were discovered. The concentration of HCGs in seafloor sediment, as determined by the “headspace method” varied from 0.38 to 149,000 ppm, with a median of 177 ppm (N = 1420). The median values of HCGs for the Western, Central, and Eastern part of the South Tatar sedimentary basin are 11.7, 99, and 1134 ppm, respectively. Maximum values and gradients in concentrations of HCGs were found in the central and eastern parts of Tatar Strait, where multiple cores contain gas hydrates and gas-saturated sediments. The predominant gas component in all samples was methane, but relatively high concentrations of ethane (up to 789 ppm) and propane (up to 111 ppm) occur. Methane concentrations below 5.25 ppm can be considered as regional background for near seafloor (0–15 cm) sediments from the South Tatar sedimentary basin. The С1/(С2 + С3) ratio across all samples ranges between 2.6 and 345,000, with a median value of 219. The presence of a large-scale degassing zone exists in the northeastern part of Tatar Strait, which coincides with areas of gas hydrates and gas anomalies in the sediments and gas flares in the water column.
... During analyzing the relationships between the gas fluxes in the marginal seas and seismic activity, consideration must be given to earthquakes occurring not only in the transition zone "continent-ocean", but also on the continent. Shakirov et al. showed that there is a naturallydetermined "gas-geochemical response" of geodynamic and seismotectonic processes in the interaction of the lithospheric plates at great distances [Shakirov et al., 2017]. A regular "gas-geochemical response" of seismotectonic processes was revealed in the interaction of lithospheric plates at large distances, using the example of the gas outlets of the Seas of Japan and Okhotsk and Lake Baikal. ...
... The Muri coal and gas field at the southern edge of Qilian Mountain belongs to the gas field groups at the eastern part of Yinggehai Basin, which is the largest commercial natural gas field found in this basin through exploration up to now, and its geographical position is at the northwestern part of central mud diapir structure belt in Yinggehai Basin ( Fig. 1) [10]. With a water depth of 75 m, the main pay zone of this gas field is Yinggehai of Pliocene series, now over 10 exploratory wells have been drilled in Muri coalfield 2/3 at the southern edge of Qilian Mountain, through which it was explored that when the gas bearing area was 287.7 k, the geological reserves of natural gas was explored to be 1296.38 ...
... This study deals with computer modeling of mass transfer of gases through GHZ to a local dump. The true of such process is backed by numerous facts of subsoil drainage through fault zones [11] or in subsidence troughs, especially during mine flooding [7,12]; moreover, the adequate modeling results are available [13]. ...
The article considers the hypothesis according to which one of the influences on spontaneous combustion of a coal waste dump is its geodynamic setting. Statistical data show that coal waste dumps located in geodynamically hazardous zones, i.e. at the interfaces of the Earth’s crust blocks, suffer from self-ignition more often than
dumps set beyond the limits of such zones. The computer modeling of situation at a coal waste dump in the East Donbass reveals a cause-and-effect chain capable to explain this phenomenon. Air permeates into the dump from closely spaced underground mines through the geodynamically hazardous zones as the most permeable
areas in rock mass. At fire-hazardous air flow velocity and temperature increment in the dump, its spontaneous combustion takes place. The gas mass transfer process intensifies and promotes further growth of the fire source. The modeling results can be used in coal waste dump planning and monitoring, as well as in combating spontaneous combustions.
Keywords: coal waste dump, spontaneous combustion, geodynamic zoning, Earth’s crust blocks, geodynamically hazardous zone, permeability, porosity, modeling, boundary conditions, higher temperature source, air permeation.
DOI: 10.17580/em.2019.02.14
