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The majority rule consensus tree showing the phylogenetic placement of Rhizomarasmius epidryas inferred from nLSU dataset with the Bayesian MCMCMC analysis under GTR + I + C evolution model. Posterior probability values above 0.5 are indicated.
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As a part of a large-scale biogeographical study we examined the evolutionary relationships and taxonomic position of Marasmius epidryas, one of the most typical circumpolar arctic-alpine fungi, characterized by a specific, saprobic affinity to dead tissues of Dryas spp. A phylogenetic analysis based on nLSU and RPB2 DNA regions unequivocally indic...
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Context 1
... characteristics and phylogenetic placement of M. epidryas.-The nLSU sequences of the two Marasmius epidryas samples were 1293 bp long and were almost identical (0.998 identity) except for one single base pair indel and a G vs. R nucleotide polymorphism at position 61. The RPB2 sequences were 1140 bp long and were also highly similar (0.996 identity); they differed by one T/C transition and two double peaks (R) instead of G in the sample from Norway. The RPB2 sequence of Rhizomarasmius pyrrhocephalus also obtained in this study was 1148 bp long and had an identity of 0.869 with those of M. epidryas. Based on both investigated regions, the nucleotide BLAST query clearly indicated the affinity of M. epidryas to species belonging to the Physalacriaceae. The nLSU phylogeny reconstructed with the Bayesian inference also supported this result because sequenc- es of M. epidryas were placed within the Physalacria- ceae clade. They formed a distinct cluster with sequences of Rhizomarasmius pyrrhocephalus, support- ed by a Bayesian posterior probability value of 1.0 (FIG. 1). Earlier studies suggested a close relationship of Rhizomarasmius pyrrhocephalus to representatives of Gloiocephala ( Binder et al. 2006, Petersen andHughes 2010). In our tree the Rhizomarasmius cluster also was related closely to several species of Gloioce- phala, although the relationships in this part of the Physalacriaceae clade were unresolved (FIG. 1). The separate Rhizomarasmius cluster containing M. epi- dryas also was supported in the other analyses, neighbor joining and maximum likelihood analyses (BS for the common cluster of M. epidryas and R. pyrrhocephalus was respectively 91% and 85%). Also its close relationship with Gloiocephala spp. was found, albeit with a generally weak BS support due to the partly unresolved topology. The results from the second region, part of the RPB2 gene, were congru- ent with the nLSU phylogeny. Marasmius epidryas grouped the closest to R. pyrrhocephalus and these species formed a highly supported group in the Bayesian inference ( BPP 5 1.0; FIG. 2). This topology was supported by the two other analyses (NJ and ML, with bootstrap support of 99% and 100% respective- ly). At a larger scale of the Physalacriaceae clade in all analyses Gloiocephala aquatica held the well supported neighboring position with respect to our focus group, in agreement with the relationships inferred from ribosomal DNA. The analysis of both nLSU and RPB2 regions clearly excluded the phylogenetic affinity of M. epidryas to either Marasmius (with the type M. rotula) or Mycetinis (with the type M. alliaceus). The highest similarity of sequences between M. epidryas and R. pyrrhocephalus and not Marasmius spp. or Mycetinis spp. also was found in the ITS region of the nrDNA (M. Ronikier and A. Ronikier unpubl). Thus our results further support the significance of the third lineage identified in Marasmius s. l., which shows evolutionary links to the Physalacriaceae. It is interesting to note that genus Gloiocephala to which Rhizomarasmius is closely related also had been circumscribed traditionally within Marasmius s. l. (Antonín and Noordeloos 1993). In the extended nLSU dataset another species of Marasmius, namely M. epiphyllus, was placed within Physalacriaceae, as already demonstrated by Walther et al. (2005) and Petersen and Hughes (2010). However in all analyses it occupied a distinctly different placement within the clade than the Rhizomarasmius cluster and it clearly belongs to a different genus within the same ...
Context 2
... characteristics and phylogenetic placement of M. epidryas.-The nLSU sequences of the two Marasmius epidryas samples were 1293 bp long and were almost identical (0.998 identity) except for one single base pair indel and a G vs. R nucleotide polymorphism at position 61. The RPB2 sequences were 1140 bp long and were also highly similar (0.996 identity); they differed by one T/C transition and two double peaks (R) instead of G in the sample from Norway. The RPB2 sequence of Rhizomarasmius pyrrhocephalus also obtained in this study was 1148 bp long and had an identity of 0.869 with those of M. epidryas. Based on both investigated regions, the nucleotide BLAST query clearly indicated the affinity of M. epidryas to species belonging to the Physalacriaceae. The nLSU phylogeny reconstructed with the Bayesian inference also supported this result because sequenc- es of M. epidryas were placed within the Physalacria- ceae clade. They formed a distinct cluster with sequences of Rhizomarasmius pyrrhocephalus, support- ed by a Bayesian posterior probability value of 1.0 (FIG. 1). Earlier studies suggested a close relationship of Rhizomarasmius pyrrhocephalus to representatives of Gloiocephala ( Binder et al. 2006, Petersen andHughes 2010). In our tree the Rhizomarasmius cluster also was related closely to several species of Gloioce- phala, although the relationships in this part of the Physalacriaceae clade were unresolved (FIG. 1). The separate Rhizomarasmius cluster containing M. epi- dryas also was supported in the other analyses, neighbor joining and maximum likelihood analyses (BS for the common cluster of M. epidryas and R. pyrrhocephalus was respectively 91% and 85%). Also its close relationship with Gloiocephala spp. was found, albeit with a generally weak BS support due to the partly unresolved topology. The results from the second region, part of the RPB2 gene, were congru- ent with the nLSU phylogeny. Marasmius epidryas grouped the closest to R. pyrrhocephalus and these species formed a highly supported group in the Bayesian inference ( BPP 5 1.0; FIG. 2). This topology was supported by the two other analyses (NJ and ML, with bootstrap support of 99% and 100% respective- ly). At a larger scale of the Physalacriaceae clade in all analyses Gloiocephala aquatica held the well supported neighboring position with respect to our focus group, in agreement with the relationships inferred from ribosomal DNA. The analysis of both nLSU and RPB2 regions clearly excluded the phylogenetic affinity of M. epidryas to either Marasmius (with the type M. rotula) or Mycetinis (with the type M. alliaceus). The highest similarity of sequences between M. epidryas and R. pyrrhocephalus and not Marasmius spp. or Mycetinis spp. also was found in the ITS region of the nrDNA (M. Ronikier and A. Ronikier unpubl). Thus our results further support the significance of the third lineage identified in Marasmius s. l., which shows evolutionary links to the Physalacriaceae. It is interesting to note that genus Gloiocephala to which Rhizomarasmius is closely related also had been circumscribed traditionally within Marasmius s. l. (Antonín and Noordeloos 1993). In the extended nLSU dataset another species of Marasmius, namely M. epiphyllus, was placed within Physalacriaceae, as already demonstrated by Walther et al. (2005) and Petersen and Hughes (2010). However in all analyses it occupied a distinctly different placement within the clade than the Rhizomarasmius cluster and it clearly belongs to a different genus within the same ...
Context 3
... characteristics and phylogenetic placement of M. epidryas.-The nLSU sequences of the two Marasmius epidryas samples were 1293 bp long and were almost identical (0.998 identity) except for one single base pair indel and a G vs. R nucleotide polymorphism at position 61. The RPB2 sequences were 1140 bp long and were also highly similar (0.996 identity); they differed by one T/C transition and two double peaks (R) instead of G in the sample from Norway. The RPB2 sequence of Rhizomarasmius pyrrhocephalus also obtained in this study was 1148 bp long and had an identity of 0.869 with those of M. epidryas. Based on both investigated regions, the nucleotide BLAST query clearly indicated the affinity of M. epidryas to species belonging to the Physalacriaceae. The nLSU phylogeny reconstructed with the Bayesian inference also supported this result because sequenc- es of M. epidryas were placed within the Physalacria- ceae clade. They formed a distinct cluster with sequences of Rhizomarasmius pyrrhocephalus, support- ed by a Bayesian posterior probability value of 1.0 (FIG. 1). Earlier studies suggested a close relationship of Rhizomarasmius pyrrhocephalus to representatives of Gloiocephala ( Binder et al. 2006, Petersen andHughes 2010). In our tree the Rhizomarasmius cluster also was related closely to several species of Gloioce- phala, although the relationships in this part of the Physalacriaceae clade were unresolved (FIG. 1). The separate Rhizomarasmius cluster containing M. epi- dryas also was supported in the other analyses, neighbor joining and maximum likelihood analyses (BS for the common cluster of M. epidryas and R. pyrrhocephalus was respectively 91% and 85%). Also its close relationship with Gloiocephala spp. was found, albeit with a generally weak BS support due to the partly unresolved topology. The results from the second region, part of the RPB2 gene, were congru- ent with the nLSU phylogeny. Marasmius epidryas grouped the closest to R. pyrrhocephalus and these species formed a highly supported group in the Bayesian inference ( BPP 5 1.0; FIG. 2). This topology was supported by the two other analyses (NJ and ML, with bootstrap support of 99% and 100% respective- ly). At a larger scale of the Physalacriaceae clade in all analyses Gloiocephala aquatica held the well supported neighboring position with respect to our focus group, in agreement with the relationships inferred from ribosomal DNA. The analysis of both nLSU and RPB2 regions clearly excluded the phylogenetic affinity of M. epidryas to either Marasmius (with the type M. rotula) or Mycetinis (with the type M. alliaceus). The highest similarity of sequences between M. epidryas and R. pyrrhocephalus and not Marasmius spp. or Mycetinis spp. also was found in the ITS region of the nrDNA (M. Ronikier and A. Ronikier unpubl). Thus our results further support the significance of the third lineage identified in Marasmius s. l., which shows evolutionary links to the Physalacriaceae. It is interesting to note that genus Gloiocephala to which Rhizomarasmius is closely related also had been circumscribed traditionally within Marasmius s. l. (Antonín and Noordeloos 1993). In the extended nLSU dataset another species of Marasmius, namely M. epiphyllus, was placed within Physalacriaceae, as already demonstrated by Walther et al. (2005) and Petersen and Hughes (2010). However in all analyses it occupied a distinctly different placement within the clade than the Rhizomarasmius cluster and it clearly belongs to a different genus within the same ...
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A gasteroid bolete collected recently in Sarawak on the island of Borneo is described as the new species Spongiforma squarepantsii. A comprehensive description, illustrations, phylogenetic placement and a comparison with a closely allied species are provided.
Citations
... Epiphylli, along with some other genera, followed a divergent evolutionary pathway to the Physalacriaceae. She reported these findings with her supervisor in an abstract (Owings & Desjardin 1997), and her observations have been confirmed in various LSU-based studies of the Physalacriaceae (e.g., Wilson & Desjardin 2005, Ronikier & Ronikier 2011, Vizzini & al. 2012, Jenkinson & al. 2014. Multilocus analysis by Matheny & al. (2006) confirmed that Marasmiaceae and Physalacriaceae form separate provisional families arising in what they named the marasmioid clade, one of six major clades of Agaricales. ...
Comparison of the protologue of Agaricus umbellifer L. with specimens and descriptions of the basidiolichen Lichenomphalia umbellifera (L.) Redhead & al. revealed that the epithet umbellifera was misapplied to the Lichenomphalia species, causing several major conflicts with Linnaeus’s species concept. A felicitous match for Linnaeus’s species concept was found with a species of Marasmius sect. Epiphylli. Because A. umbellifer falls in a group that arises from an evolutionary pathway divergent from that leading to Marasmius s. str., we erected a new genus, Owingsia, to accommodate it, and recombined the type species as Owingsia umbellifera. Molecular studies demonstrated that it is a widely distributed circumpolar species, prevalent in Lapland and islands of the Baltic Sea, where Linnaeus encountered it. The earliest legitimate description of the basidiolichen L. umbellifera is A. pseudoandrosaceus Bull., a name superseded by the sanctioned later synonym, A. ericetorum Pers. We recombined this basionym as L. ericetorum, and epitypified O. umbellifera and L. ericetorum with modern sequenced specimens.
... This genus is characterized by convex to hemispherical pileus, distant, thick, ascending, white lamellae and central stipe apically pale and darkening downward to brown-black, smooth basidiospores, pileipellis forming a hymeniderm layer of clavate, globose to sphaeropedunculate, smooth elements and scattered, elongate pileocystidia, as well as the presence of cheilo-, pleuro-and caulocystidia (Petersen 2000;Antonín and Noordeloos 2010). Most members of marasmoid are saprotrophic or parasitic fungi (Pacioni and Lalli 1989;Filippi 1991;Ronikier and Ronikier 2011;Moreau et al. 2015). Rhizomarasmius epidryas (Kühner ex A. Ronikier) A. Ronikier and M. Ronikier is a common arctic-alpine saprotrophic fungus (Ronikier 2009(Ronikier , 2011, and this species was originally described by Kühner as Marasmius epidryas Kühner in 1935(Kühner 1936. ...
... Most members of marasmoid are saprotrophic or parasitic fungi (Pacioni and Lalli 1989;Filippi 1991;Ronikier and Ronikier 2011;Moreau et al. 2015). Rhizomarasmius epidryas (Kühner ex A. Ronikier) A. Ronikier and M. Ronikier is a common arctic-alpine saprotrophic fungus (Ronikier 2009(Ronikier , 2011, and this species was originally described by Kühner as Marasmius epidryas Kühner in 1935(Kühner 1936. Wilson and Desjardin (2005) and Noordeloos and Antonín (2008) transferred this species into Mycetinis Earle. ...
... Wilson and Desjardin (2005) and Noordeloos and Antonín (2008) transferred this species into Mycetinis Earle. However, later established that the species belongs to the new genus Rhizomarasmius by Anna & Macheł Ronikier and changed the current name accordingly (Ronikier 2009(Ronikier , 2011 (2000), Petersen and Hughes (2010) and Ronikier and Ronikier (2011), showed Rhizomarasmius to form a well-supported clade in phylogenetic analyses. ...
The description of a new Mediterranean species, Coltricia insularis, is provided, on the basis of material collected in Corsica, Sardinia, Cyprus and Spain
... This genus is characterized by convex to hemispherical pileus, distant, thick, ascending, white lamellae and central stipe apically pale and darkening downward to brown-black, smooth basidiospores, pileipellis forming a hymeniderm layer of clavate, globose to sphaeropedunculate, smooth elements and scattered, elongate pileocystidia, as well as the presence of cheilo-, pleuro-and caulocystidia (Petersen 2000;Antonín and Noordeloos 2010). Most members of marasmoid are saprotrophic or parasitic fungi (Pacioni and Lalli 1989;Filippi 1991;Ronikier and Ronikier 2011;Moreau et al. 2015). Rhizomarasmius epidryas (Kühner ex A. Ronikier) A. Ronikier and M. Ronikier is a common arctic-alpine saprotrophic fungus (Ronikier 2009(Ronikier , 2011, and this species was originally described by Kühner as Marasmius epidryas Kühner in 1935(Kühner 1936. ...
... Most members of marasmoid are saprotrophic or parasitic fungi (Pacioni and Lalli 1989;Filippi 1991;Ronikier and Ronikier 2011;Moreau et al. 2015). Rhizomarasmius epidryas (Kühner ex A. Ronikier) A. Ronikier and M. Ronikier is a common arctic-alpine saprotrophic fungus (Ronikier 2009(Ronikier , 2011, and this species was originally described by Kühner as Marasmius epidryas Kühner in 1935(Kühner 1936. Wilson and Desjardin (2005) and Noordeloos and Antonín (2008) transferred this species into Mycetinis Earle. ...
... Wilson and Desjardin (2005) and Noordeloos and Antonín (2008) transferred this species into Mycetinis Earle. However, later established that the species belongs to the new genus Rhizomarasmius by Anna & Macheł Ronikier and changed the current name accordingly (Ronikier 2009(Ronikier , 2011 (2000), Petersen and Hughes (2010) and Ronikier and Ronikier (2011), showed Rhizomarasmius to form a well-supported clade in phylogenetic analyses. ...
This article is the 14th in the Fungal Diversity Notes series, wherein we report 98 taxa distributed in two phyla, seven classes, 26 orders and 50 families which are described and illustrated. Taxa in this study were collected from Australia, Brazil, Burkina Faso, Chile, China, Cyprus, Egypt, France, French Guiana, India, Indonesia, Italy, Laos, Mexico, Russia, Sri Lanka, Thailand, and Vietnam. There are 59 new taxa, 39 new hosts and new geographical distributions with one new combination. The 59 new species comprise Angustimassarina kunmingense, Asterina lopi, Asterina brigadeirensis, Bartalinia bidenticola, Bartalinia caryotae, Buellia pruinocalcarea, Coltricia insularis, Colletotrichum flexuosum, Colletotrichum thasutense, Coniochaeta caraganae, Coniothyrium yuccicola, Dematipyriforma aquatic, Dematipyriforma globispora, Dematipyriforma nilotica, Distoseptispora bambusicola, Fulvifomes jawadhuvensis, Fulvifomes malaiyanurensis, Fulvifomes thiruvannamalaiensis, Fusarium purpurea, Gerronema atrovirens, Gerronema flavum, Gerronema keralense, Gerronema kuruvense, Grammothele taiwanensis, Hongkongmyces changchunensis, Hypoxylon inaequale, Kirschsteiniothelia acutisporum, Kirschsteiniothelia crustaceum, Kirschsteiniothelia extensum, Kirschsteiniothelia septemseptatum, Kirschsteiniothelia spatiosum, Lecanora immersocalcarea, Lepiota subthailandica, Lindgomyces guizhouensis, Marthe asmius pallidoaurantiacus, Marasmius tangerinus, Neovaginatispora mangiferae, Pararamichloridium aquisubtropicum, Pestalotiopsis piraubensis, Phacidium chinaum, Phaeoisaria goiasensis, Phaeoseptum thailandicum, Pleurothecium aquisubtropicum, Pseudocercospora vernoniae, Pyrenophora verruculosa, Rhachomyces cruralis, Rhachomyces hyperommae, Rhachomyces magrinii, Rhachomyces platyprosophi, Rhizomarasmius cunninghamietorum, Skeletocutis cangshanensis, Skeletocutis subchrysella, Sporisorium anadelphiae-leptocomae, Tetraploa dashaoensis, Tomentella exiguelata, Tomentella fuscoaraneosa, Tricholomopsis lechatii, Vaginatispora flavispora and Wetmoreana blastidiocalcarea. The new combination is Torula sundara. The 39 new records on hosts and geographical distribution comprise Apiospora guiyangensis, Aplosporella artocarpi, Ascochyta medicaginicola, Astrocystis bambusicola, Athelia rolfsii, Bambusicola bambusae, Bipolaris luttrellii, Botryosphaeria dothidea, Chlorophyllum squamulosum, Colletotrichum aeschynomenes, Colletotrichum pandanicola, Coprinopsis cinerea, Corylicola italica, Curvularia alcornii, Curvularia senegalensis, Diaporthe foeniculina, Diaporthe longicolla, Diaporthe phaseolorum, Diatrypella quercina, Fusarium brachygibbosum, Helicoma aquaticum, Lepiota metulispora, Lepiota pongduadensis, Lepiota subvenenata, Melanconiella meridionalis, Monotosporella erecta, Nodulosphaeria digitalis, Palmiascoma gregariascomum, Periconia byssoides, Periconia cortaderiae, Pleopunctum ellipsoideum, Psilocybe keralensis, Scedosporium apiospermum, Scedosporium dehoogii, Scedosporium marina, Spegazzinia deightonii, Torula fici, Wiesneriomyces laurinus and Xylaria venosula. All these taxa are supported by morphological and multigene phylogenetic analyses. This article allows the researchers to publish fungal collections which are important for future studies. An updated, accurate and timely report of fungus-host and fungus-geography is important. We also provide an updated list of fungal taxa published in the previous fungal diversity notes. In this list, erroneous taxa and synonyms are marked and corrected accordingly.
... Epiphylli, along with some other genera, followed a divergent evolutionary pathway to the Physalacriaceae. She reported these findings with her supervisor in an abstract (Owings & Desjardin 1997), and her observations have been confirmed in various LSU-based studies of the Physalacriaceae (e.g., Wilson & Desjardin 2005, Ronikier & Ronikier 2011, Vizzini & al. 2012, Jenkinson & al. 2014. Multilocus analysis by Matheny & al. (2006) confirmed that Marasmiaceae and Physalacriaceae form separate provisional families arising in what they named the marasmioid clade, one of six major clades of Agaricales. ...
Comparison of the protologue of Agaricus umbellifer L. with specimens and descriptions of the basidiolichen Lichenomphalia umbellifera (L.) Redhead & al. revealed that the epithet umbellifera was grossly misapplied to the basidiolichen, causing several major conflicts with Linnaeus’s species concept. In the region where Linnaeus collected A. umbellifer we discovered a species of Marasmius sect. Epiphylli, congruent with Linnaeus’s protologue. Because M. sect. Epiphylli arises from an evolutionary pathway divergent from that leading to Marasmius s. str., we erected a new genus, Owingsia, to accommodate it, and recombined A. umbellifer as O. umbellifera, type species of the genus, naming our collection epitype for this species. Molecular studies cemented the concinnity of A. umbellifer with our collection: O. umbellifera is the most common of several similar species in a complex prevalent in Lapland, where Linnaeus first encountered it, and in the complex, O. umbellifera shares the pileal shape of its lectotype and most closely resembles it regarding stipe length, is widely distributed beyond the regions where Linnaeus found it, encompassing the regions of its lecto- and epitype, and sharing substrates with both. The earliest legitimate description of the basidiolichen previously known as L. umbellifera is A. pseudoandrosaceus Bull., a name superseded by the sanctioned later synonym, A. ericetorum Pers. We recombined this basionym as L. ericetorum, and epitypified it with a modern sequenced specimen.
... Additional file 1: Collection data for the specimens used in the phylogenetic analyses and GenBank accession numbers for the corresponding sequence data, both generated for this study and obtained from previous studies [10,64,83,[99][100][101][102][103][104][105][106][107][108][109][110][111][112][113][114] Submit your next manuscript to BioMed Central and we will help you at every step: ...
Background
Armillaria is a globally distributed mushroom-forming genus composed primarily of plant pathogens. Species in this genus are prolific producers of rhizomorphs, or vegetative structures, which, when found, are often associated with infection. Because of their importance as plant pathogens, understanding the evolutionary origins of this genus and how it gained a worldwide distribution is of interest. The first gasteroid fungus with close affinities to Armillaria—Guyanagaster necrorhizus—was described from the Neotropical rainforests of Guyana. In this study, we conducted phylogenetic analyses to fully resolve the relationship of G. necrorhizus with Armillaria. Data sets containing Guyanagaster from two collecting localities, along with a global sampling of 21 Armillaria species—including newly collected specimens from Guyana and Africa—at six loci (28S, EF1α, RPB2, TUB, actin-1 and gpd) were used. Three loci—28S, EF1α and RPB2—were analyzed in a partitioned nucleotide data set to infer divergence dates and ancestral range estimations for well-supported, monophyletic lineages.
Results
The six-locus phylogenetic analysis resolves Guyanagaster as the earliest diverging lineage in the armillarioid clade. The next lineage to diverge is that composed of species in Armillaria subgenus Desarmillaria. This subgenus is elevated to genus level to accommodate the exannulate mushroom-forming armillarioid species. The final lineage to diverge is that composed of annulate mushroom-forming armillarioid species, in what is now Armillaria sensu stricto. The molecular clock analysis and ancestral range estimation suggest the most recent common ancestor to the armillarioid lineage arose 51 million years ago in Eurasia. A new species, Guyanagaster lucianii sp. nov. from Guyana, is described.
Conclusions
The armillarioid lineage evolved in Eurasia during the height of tropical rainforest expansion about 51 million years ago, a time marked by a warm and wet global climate. Species of Guyanagaster and Desarmillaria represent extant taxa of these early diverging lineages. Desarmillaria represents an armillarioid lineage that was likely much more widespread in the past. Guyanagaster likely evolved from a gilled mushroom ancestor and could represent a highly specialized endemic in the Guiana Shield. Armillaria species represent those that evolved after the shift in climate from warm and tropical to cool and arid during the late Eocene. No species in either Desarmillaria or Guyanagaster are known to produce melanized rhizomorphs in nature, whereas almost all Armillaria species are known to produce them. The production of rhizomorphs is an adaptation to harsh environments, and could be a driver of diversification in Armillaria by conferring a competitive advantage to the species that produce them.
Electronic supplementary material
The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12862-017-0877-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
... Our study thus increased the species of Asian Cyptotrama from one to seven, which has exceeded the number of species in South America. In the heterogeneous Marasmius Fr. (Marasmiaceae), many taxa were found to be members of Physalacriaceae (Petersen 2000;Ronikier & Ronikier 2011;Hao et al. 2014;Jenkinson et al. 2014;Moreau et al. 2015). Marasmius batistae Singer (Singer 1965(Singer , 1976) might also be a Cyptotrama, given its similarity with C. angustispora. ...
Cyptotrama was divided into several sections, of which sect. Xerulina was often treated as a separate genus by some mycologists. In this study, collections of Cyptotrama from East Asia, Southeast Asia and South Asia were studied. For comparison, materials from North America and New Zealand were analyzed. Our multi-gene phylogenetic analyses indicated that Cyptotrama is monophyletic and Xerulina should be treated as a section within the genus Cyptotrama. Different scenarios of morphological character evolution in Cyptotrama are discovered. A total of seven species of Cyptotrama can be recognized from Asia, three of which, C. angustispora, C. glabra and C. shennongjia, are new to science. Meanwhile, three taxa previously placed in Xerulina or Marasmius were proved to be members of Cyptotrama, and the new combinations, namely C. trogioides, C. megaspora, and C. myochroa, are accordingly proposed. A key for the diagnosis of worldwide Cyptotrama species is provided.
... Also the Arctic region of Greenland has been relatively well studied mycologically (Borgen et al. 2006). Although the Carpathians are known as an important European diversity hot spot and center of endemism (Pawłowski 1970, Ronikier 2011, Bálint et al. 2011 ) and to harbor ancient, relic lineages of Arcticalpine plants (e.g. Ronikier et al. 2012 ), their Arcticalpine fungus flora remains almost unknown. ...
... In addition to sequences from the Carpathian collections sequences of the same or closely related taxa and H. crustuliniforme (in the sense of Vesterholt et al. 2014 ), H. cylindrosporum, H. sinapizans , and H. theobrominum, that is types or representatives of the main sections of Hebeloma according to Vesterholt (2005), were included in the analyses. Details of DNA extraction, ITS and RPB2 PCR and sequencing primers have been provided (Ronikier and Ronikier 2011, Eberhardt 2012, Eberhardt et al. 2013). PCR and sequencing primers for partial TEF1a sequences (forward elo31 m, 59–TTC ATC AAG AAC ATG ATC AC–39 and reverse a 1 : 1 mix of elo33R_R, 39–GAC GTT GAA RCC RAC RTT GTC–59 and elo33_W, 39–GAC GTT GAA WCC RAC RTT GTC–59) were constructed based on results of Stielow et al. (2014). ...
Between 2002 and 2012 regular visits to the Carpathians were made and a number of Hebeloma spp. were collected from the alpine area. In total 44 collections were made that represent 11 species, two of which, Hebeloma grandisporum and H. oreophilum, are described here as new. Of the 11 species, four (H. alpinum, H. marginatulum and the two species described as new) are known only from alpine or Arctic habitats. Hebeloma dunense and H. mesophaeum are commonly found in, but not restricted to, alpine habitats. The other five species (H. aanenii, H. laterinum, H. naviculosporum, H. vaccinum, H. velutipes) are usually found in lowland or boreal habitats. Hebeloma naviculosporum is reported for the first time from the alpine zone and H. alpinum for the first time as growing with Helianthemum. All but two species (H. alpinum, H. marginatulum) are reported for the first time from the Carpathian alpine zone. In this paper we discuss the habitat, the 11 recorded species and give detailed descriptions of the two new species, both morphologically and molecularly. A key for Hebeloma species from sect. Hebeloma occurring in Arctic-alpine habitats is provided.
... Since the result showed that the two different gene fragments were not in conflict (P < 0.5), the two datasets were concatenated using Phyutility v2.2 for further analysis (Smith & Dunn 2008). Outgroups were selected according to recent phylogenetic studies (Wilson & Desjardin 2005;Ronikier & Ronikier 2011;Hao et al., 2014). Bayesian Inference (BI) and Maximum Likelihood (ML) were employed by using MrBayes v3.1.2 ...
... Xerampelinae Singer is well defined by its fishy smell (hence their name of "fishy russulas"), the typical grey-green discoloration of the flesh with iron sulphate and a context that is browning or sometimes also slightly greying, particularly in the stipe. In recent years, Buyck and Adamčík have been undertaking a revision of all types of native American Russula (Adamčík & Buyck, 2014;Buyck & Adamčík, 2013b), including over 20 species that were either suspected to belong in Xerampelinae or that had, at one time or another, been classified in this subsection (Adamčík & Buyck, 2010, 2011Adamčík et al., 2010;Buyck & Adamčík 2011, 2013aBuyck et al., 2008). As a result of these revisions, a key was finally published accepting a total of 10 North American species that they accepted as good species in Xerampelinae (Buyck & Adamčík, 2013b), thereby creating a sound and solid basis for the correct application of existing names and the future description of new taxa. ...
The authors describe ten new taxa for science using mostly both morphological and molecular data. In Ascomycota, descriptions are provided for Bambusistroma didymosporum gen. et spec. nov. (Pleosporales), Neodeightonia licuriensis sp. nov. (Botryosphaeriales) and Camposporium himalayanum sp. nov. (Fungi imperfecti). In Zygomycota, Gongronella guangdongensis sp. nov. (Mucorales) is described. Finally, in Basidiomycota descriptions are provided for Boidinia parva sp. nov. and Russula katarinae sp. nov. (Russsulales), Gloiocephala parvinelumbonifolia sp. nov. (Agaricales), Hypochnicium austrosinensis sp. nov. (Polyporales), Phallus ultraduplicatus sp. nov. (Phallales) and Suillus lariciphilus sp. nov. (Boletales).
... Recently another species formerly classified in Marasmius sect. Chordales: M. epidryas Kühner ex A. Ronikier, associated with roots of Dryas spp., was transferred in Rhizomarasmius (Ronikier and Ronikier 2011). Petersen and Hughes (2010) and Ronikier and Ronikier (2011) previously demonstrated that the ITS region of ribosomal DNA was appropriate for delimiting genera in the Physalacriaceae, with a strong inter-and infrageneric variability in both the ITS1 and ITS2 regions. ...
... Chordales: M. epidryas Kühner ex A. Ronikier, associated with roots of Dryas spp., was transferred in Rhizomarasmius (Ronikier and Ronikier 2011). Petersen and Hughes (2010) and Ronikier and Ronikier (2011) previously demonstrated that the ITS region of ribosomal DNA was appropriate for delimiting genera in the Physalacriaceae, with a strong inter-and infrageneric variability in both the ITS1 and ITS2 regions. The ITS phylogenetic analysis illustrated in Fig. 3 conform to Petersen (2000), Petersen and Hughes (2010) and Ronikier and Ronikier (2011), shows Rhizomarasmius to form a well-supported clade, but the relationships with Gloiocephala are less distinct here with the addition of new sequences. ...
... Petersen and Hughes (2010) and Ronikier and Ronikier (2011) previously demonstrated that the ITS region of ribosomal DNA was appropriate for delimiting genera in the Physalacriaceae, with a strong inter-and infrageneric variability in both the ITS1 and ITS2 regions. The ITS phylogenetic analysis illustrated in Fig. 3 conform to Petersen (2000), Petersen and Hughes (2010) and Ronikier and Ronikier (2011), shows Rhizomarasmius to form a well-supported clade, but the relationships with Gloiocephala are less distinct here with the addition of new sequences. Cibaomyces glutinis, because of its striking stellate spores and red droplets exuded on the lamellae, was indeed thought to represent a new genus. ...
A new species, Cyptotrama fagiphila, sp. nov., and a noteworthy species recently described from China, Cibaomyces glutinis, are reported from Europe. Their systematic position was confirmed by DNA sequence analyses of the ITS and partial 28S regions of the nuclear rDNA cistron. Based on these data, an emendation of Rhizomarasmius is also proposed to encompass the alpine species Oudemansiella oreina and the marasmioid species Marasmius setosus, and the appropriate combinations Rhizomarasmius oreinus comb. nov. and R. setosus comb. nov. are introduced. The position of Laccariopsis (Oudemansiella) mediterranea is also discussed. Unpublished data on the holotypes of the extra-European species Cyptotrama hygrocyboides, C. platensis, and C. songolarum are provided along with sequence data that indicate C. songolarum belongs in the genus Termitomyces (Lyophyllaceae).
... (Worrall et al. 2010); Flammulina velutipes for Armillaria spp. (Ronikier and Ronikier 2011); Hypholoma fasciculare for Pholiota spp. (Moncalvo et al. 2000); Laetiporus persicinus for Pha. ...
Ten taxon-specific primers were designed to amplify the Internal Transcribed Spacer of the rRNA operon of several important decay fungi of coniferous wood, including Armillaria spp., Echinodontium spp., Fomitopsis pinicola, Fuscoporia torulosa, Heterobasidion annosum sensu lato (s.l.), Onnia spp., Phaeolus schweinitzii, Phellinus weirii s.l., Pholiota spp. and Porodaedalea spp. Primers designed in this study and in a previous one for the identification of Laetiporus sulphureus and Stereum spp. were combined in two multiplex PCRs, which were tested for efficiency and specificity, and detected at least 1 pg of fungal target DNA. Target DNA at concentrations of 10−1 pg or lower can be detected with this assay using SYBR® Green Real-Time PCR. Validation assays performed on 129 naturally infected wood samples or fruiting bodies confirmed the reliability of the multiplex PCR-based diagnostic method. This method represents a simple and rapid diagnostic tool for the detection of a number of destructive wood decay fungi of conifer wood.
