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The main types of lichens with relevant examples, characteristics of their thallus and the thallus and the relationship with their substrate (Asta, 2022)
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The purpose of this paper is to review published literature on the diversity of lichens and the factors that affect its distribution in the neotropics. The systematic method was used to research works of literature on "Diversity of lichens and what factors affect their distribution in the neotropics." A total of forty-nine research papers published...
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... are also categorized by the wide range of substrates they utilize ( Figure 1). Corticolous lichens grow on the barks of vascular plants, muscicolous lichens grow on the tops of mosses, saxicolous lichens live on rocks, terricolous lichens live in the soil, lignicolous lichens grow on bark-striped wood, and foliicolous lichens grow on the leaf of vascular plants [87], [119]. ...
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Andreaea subulata is a moss species that occurs throughout the Southern Hemisphere. In Brazil, it is restricted to high-altitude fields in the state of Rio de Janeiro. The last recorded collection of this species in the country was made 95 years ago in the Itatiaia National Park (INP). It was never seen or collected again since then and it was, the...
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... In this context, lichens, also known as crustose lichens, have received less attention (Suharno et al. 2021). The diversity of these plants is estimated to be around 18,000 (Suharno et al. 2021) or even 20,000 species (Bhagarathi et al. 2022), distributed in various regions worldwide (Suharno et al. 2021, Bhagarathi et al. 2022). Lichens are formed from an association between fungi and algae, living epiphytically on trees, soil, rocky surfaces, coastlines, or high mountains. ...
... In this context, lichens, also known as crustose lichens, have received less attention (Suharno et al. 2021). The diversity of these plants is estimated to be around 18,000 (Suharno et al. 2021) or even 20,000 species (Bhagarathi et al. 2022), distributed in various regions worldwide (Suharno et al. 2021, Bhagarathi et al. 2022). Lichens are formed from an association between fungi and algae, living epiphytically on trees, soil, rocky surfaces, coastlines, or high mountains. ...
... In addition, substrate characteristics comprised tree species, bark type, pH, and bark nutrient content. These factors had significantly varying effects, affecting lichens' appearance, color, and other characteristics (Silva & Senanayake 2015;Bhagarathi et al. 2022). ...
Lichens are thallophytes, capable of absorbing water, nutrients, and chemical compounds in the air, which led to their application as bio-indicators of air quality. Therefore, this research aimed to determine the abundance and diversity of lichens in the Maribu Village, West Sentani District, Jayapura Regency. This research used the exploration method by tracing the observation paths for vegetation and the presence of lichens. This research established three observation stations with three observation plots of 5 m × 5 m in each station. The obtained samples were identified in the Biology Laboratory of FMIPA Cenderawasih University. This research identified 14 tree species belonging to 12 families and 22 species of lichens belonging to 10 families in the observation plots. Phlyctis argena (39 colonies) and Cryptothecia striata (32 colonies) had the highest colony and fell in the 'very common' category, with the diversity index value (H') of 2.79, which was in the medium category status. The results became the first recorded data in the lowland areas of Papua and could become a baseline for further research.
... The chlorolichen species inhabit areas such as the Pacific Northwest and California's north-coastal mountains, conifer forests. They have common mossy zone that is close to the ground; as they mature and long fruticose lichens known as alectorioid lichens (generally Alectoria and Bryoria) colonize the midcanopy of trees; then as the old-growth conditions develop, cyanolichens will start to colonize a specific zone in the lower canopy of the tree, just above a mossy understory [9] [10]. ...
... Some lichens might survive in some water-deficient environments for a long time and they may resume physiological functions when the conditions are appropriate and these are termed as poikilohydric lichens [4] [9] [10] [33] [64]. Lichens possess a special gene for drought resistance and its function can be understood by transferring the gene to other organisms that fight water-deficient issues anywhere around the globe [2] [9] [10] [20] [65]. ...
... Some lichens might survive in some water-deficient environments for a long time and they may resume physiological functions when the conditions are appropriate and these are termed as poikilohydric lichens [4] [9] [10] [33] [64]. Lichens possess a special gene for drought resistance and its function can be understood by transferring the gene to other organisms that fight water-deficient issues anywhere around the globe [2] [9] [10] [20] [65]. Subsequently, different research had showed that because of the antioxidant capacity of lichens their drought resistance capacity was found to be dominant [9] [10] [27] [63]. ...
This was a preliminary study into host-plant lichen specificity at two coastal agroecosystems sites at No. 63 Benab, Berbice, Guyana. For each of the two sites, sampling plots of 2000 meter square (2000 m2) were demarcated and at 50 m × 40 m study plots were established. Healthy mature trees were identified in each plot to assess the lichen communities host-plant specificity. Twine was used to mark the trunks of 40 healthy individual trees in the North, South, East, and West quadrants (each measuring 50 by 100 cm). A total of 52,311 lichens were recorded and these were placed into fifteen (15) families, twenty-three (23) genera, and thirty (30) species. Crustose lichens were the most abundant in the study. Cocos nucifera had the highest average number of lichens recorded and accounted for forty-five percent (45 %) of the overall host trees that were sampled. Four (4) species of lichens (Flavoparmelia soredians, Dirinaria applanate, Lecanora muralis and Lecanora conizaeoide) showed specificity towards all host trees in the study. Twenty-six (26) species did not show specificity to all twelve (12) of the host tree species sampled. Twelve (12) species of lichens (Parmelia sulcata, Flavoparmelia soredians, Flavoparmelia caperta, Dirinaria applanate, Chrysothrix candelaris, Lecanora muralis, Lecanora conizaeoide, Arthonia cinnabarina, Arthonia purinata, Candelaria concolor, Lepraria lobificans and Graphis elegans) showed host tree specificity for four (4) species of citrus trees sampled. 13.3 % species were found on all tree hosts: Flavoparmelia soredians, Dirinaria applanate, Lecanora muralis and Lecanora conizaeoide. Mangifera indica hosted 76.7 % (23 of 30 species) of all recorded species. Tamarindus indica hosted the least number of lichen species, 26.7 % of lichens (8 of 30 species). Given that a lot of development is considerably taking place in the coastal areas of Guyana which may increase the instances of pollution, studies of this type can be beneficial since prior research has established the importance of lichens as good indicators of air pollution.
... Lichens are slow-growing organisms that can endure extreme climatic changes for hundreds of years [19], [99]. Theophrastus, the Father of Botany, popularized the term "lichen" for a class of plants in the scientific community around 300 BC [19], [120], [121]. ...
... Lichens are slow-growing organisms that can endure extreme climatic changes for hundreds of years [19], [99]. Theophrastus, the Father of Botany, popularized the term "lichen" for a class of plants in the scientific community around 300 BC [19], [120], [121]. There are between fifteen to twenty thousand (15,000-20,000) species of lichens in the world. ...
... There are between fifteen to twenty thousand (15,000-20,000) species of lichens in the world. According to Peterson and Ikeda (2017), Grimm et al. (2017) and Bhagarathi et al. 2022, many of them are specialized to particular habitats and seldom across the landscapes. ...
This purpose of this paper is to review and evaluate published literature on the biology and chemistry of lichens and their ecological, ethnopharmacological, pharmaceutical and therapeutic potential. A systematic method was used to gather literature on "the biology and chemistry of lichens and their ecological, ethnopharmacological, pharmaceutical and therapeutic potential." A total of fifty-five research papers published between the years 1963 to 2022 were selected and utilized for this review. Tables were used to present the results. The subtopics were then chosen using a subjective method: lichens and their benefits/ importance. In this paper, eight (8) ecological functions and fourteen (14) pharmaceutical properties and therapeutic potentials were evaluated and presented. Lichen biology and chemistry and their roles in ethnopharmacological are also discussed. Additionally, lichens as pioneer and keystone species and their role as bioindicators to assess ecosystem health, sustainability and productivity was also addressed in this research. The published papers established that lichens have many benefits and importance, they are capable of synthesizing a range of chemicals that are beneficial to us and they are used in both traditional and pharmaceutical preparation of different treatments to combat many different diseases that affect human beings. More studies to investigate the uses of lichens should be done, especially in neotropics as there is a paucity of data and in this biodiversity rich region.
