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The main metallogenic units, mineral deposits and some important metallic and industrial mineral occurrences in Serbia. CPMB – Carpatho-Balkanian metallogenic province; DcMP – Dacian metallogenic province; SMMP – Serbo-Macedonian metallogenic province; DMP – Dinaric metallogenic province.
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The mineral resources of Serbia were formed by complex processes of metallogenic development and in various geological epochs (Pre-Baikalian to Alpine). Their overview in this paper is supported by the simplified Metallogenic map of Serbia showing virtually selected mineral deposits, as well as by maps of the most important fossil fuel resources. T...
Citations
... The SMMP comprises numerous hydrothermal vein-, skarn-, carbonate replacement-, locally porphyry-type ore deposits in Serbia, with a predominant Pb, Zn, Sb, Bi, Ag, and As metals, and the subordinate occurrence of Cu, Au and Mo. The Šumadija metallogenetic zone is considered as a Pb-Zn-Ag dominant region of the entire SMMP (Jelenković et al. 2008). ...
This study presents and discusses first detailed petrographic, microthermometric and Raman spectroscopic data from quartz-hosted fluid inclusions at Rudnik Zn-Pb-Cu-Ag skarn deposit (Serbia) and combines them with the information on skarn- and ore paragenesis. Three periods in the metamorphic-hydrothermal history of the deposit are recognized: 1) the pre-ore prograde skarn period when garnet-clinopyroxene skarns formed, 2) the syn-ore period that encompasses a retrograde stage marked by epidote and zoisite and a quartz-sulfide stage characterized by quartz, pyrrhotite, sphalerite, galena and chalcopyrite, and 3) the post-ore period associated with precipitation of calcite and quartz. The hydrothermal evolution is inferred from studying six groups of quartz-hosted fluid inclusions (FI). Two-phase FI of high- (Group A) and moderate salinity (Group B) are found in quartz cores and homogenized at 380–390 °C (mode) and 370–380 °C (mode), respectively. Group A FI consists of H2O-NaCl liquids and CO2-CH4 gas mixtures and likely represents the original fluid composition, whereas Group B FI records dilution of the original fluid at constant temperature, with a slight increase in CH4 contents. The quartz cores also contain Group C as volatile-rich FI (mostly CO2 with up to 10 mol% CH4 and H2S) of a moderately low salinity and liquid-rich Group D FI composed of pure water with homogenization temperatures of 180–200 °C (mode). The transitional zones of quartz crystals show overgrowth textures and host Group E FI with low salinity that homogenized at 235–401 °C, which vapour phase is a CO2-CH4 mixture with up to 17 mol% CH4. Group F comprises FI found within the rim zones of quartz crystals and they exhibit a low salinity and homogenization temperatures between 259–365 °C. Accordingly, the hydrothermal history at Rudnik involved: a) mixing of different salinity fluids at high temperatures (Groups A and B—retrograde stage), b) introduction of fluids with high volatile contents (Group C) and cooling of fluids with constant salinity (between Groups E and F), which likely correspond to the quartz-sulfide stage, and c) inflow of meteoric water (Group D—the post-ore quartz-calcite stage).
... The intense brecciation of both volcanic rocks and agate highlights multiphase hydrothermal and tectonic activity. Increased contents of metallic ore elements in the vein agates indicate their genetic connection with polymetallic hydrothermal ore deposits of the Lece Volcanic complex, which is a part of the Lece-Chalkidiki metallogenic zone [72,73]. ...
Agate veins and nodules occur in the Lece Volcanic Complex (Oligocene-Miocene) situated in the south of Serbia and occupying an area of 700 km2. This volcanic complex is composed predominantly of andesites, with sporadic occurrences of andesite-basalts, dacites and latites, and features agate formations that have been very little investigated. This study focuses on five selected agate occurrences within the Lece Volcanic Complex, employing optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray powder diffraction analysis, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). In three localities (Rasovača, Mehane, and Ždraljevići), agate mineralization is directly related to distinct fault zones with strong local brecciation. In the other two localities (Vlasovo and Sokolov Vis), the agate is found in nodular form and does not show any connection with fracture zones. The silica phases of the Lece volcanic agates consist of cristobalite and tridymite, length-fast chalcedony, quartzine (length-slow chalcedony), and macrocrystalline quartz. Vein agates show a frequent alternation between length-fast chalcedony and quartz bands. Nodular agates consist primarily of length-fast chalcedony, occasionally containing notable quantities of opal-CT, absent in vein agates. Microtextures present in vein agates include crustiform, colloform, comb, mosaic, flamboyant, and pseudo-bladed. Jigsaw puzzle quartz microtexture supports the recrystallization of previously deposited silica in the form of opal or chalcedony from hydrothermal fluids. Growth lines in euhedral quartz (Bambauer quartz) point to agate formations in varying physicochemical conditions. These features indicate epithermal conditions during the formation of hydrothermal vein agates. Due to intense hydrothermal activity, vein agate host rocks are intensively silicified. Vein agates are also enriched with typical ore metallic elements (especially Pb, Co, As, Sb, and W), indicating genetic relation with the formation of polymetallic ore deposits of the Lece Volcanic Complex. In contrast, nodular agates have a higher content of major elements of host rocks (Al2O3, MgO, CaO, Na2O, and K2O), most probably mobilized from volcanic host rocks. Organic matter, present in both vein and nodular agate with filamentous forms found only in nodular agate, suggests formation in near-surface conditions.
... Pyroclastics a re represented mainly by breccias and tuffs, of which the hornblende-andesite type has the most abundance. The LAC volcanic complex is characterized by epithermal gold mineralization and belongs to a segment of the first-order Serbo-Macedonian metallogenetic unit of the Tethyan orogenic province (e.g., Jelenković et al., 2008;Richards, 2015;Tančić et al., 2021). ...
Upper crustal faults and fractures control a natural thermal and non-thermal fluid
circulation in the Lece andesite complex (LAC) (southern Serbia, Vardar Zone). By exhibiting differential conduit-barrier behavior, regional faults, and associated tensional fractures are key elements to this effective natural geothermal system. The combination of field-based hydrogeological prospecting and structural geology (water-bearing structural lineaments) yields several types of geothermal and cold mineral groundwaters that appear genetically linked to a cluster of fluid conduit-type extensional faults (hydraulic boundaries). The results further show that geothermal fluid production occurs in the naturally fractured and non-stimulated subsurface reservoirs distributed around the volcanic body (LAC). The geothermal reservoir doublets lie along the external perimeter of the LAC, whereas the abutting geological assemblage is composed of peri-volcanic, much older Neoproterozoic-Paleozoic metamorphic rock. The embedded thermal fluids are formed in the near-surface zones that are controlled by abundant fractures, in particular, those occurring within the propylitized and hydrothermally altered subsegment of the Lece volcanic body. The resulting productivity of these composite aquifers is reaching very high values. The study further yielded several of the most important factors controlling the natural geothermal reservoirs: (i) the important effects of the extensional (neo)tectonic activity and their influence on the reservoirs (fractured lithological assemblage); (ii) the subsurface hydrodynamic conditions within the interval characterized by the highest quantitative mixing of the thermomineral groundwaters, including (iii) the physical and chemical properties of the LAC mineral groundwaters. The study underlines structural hydraulic boundaries (including the tectonically maintained permeability) having implications for a better assessment of the ongoing fault zone-related geothermal extraction. It further contributes to the overall hydrogeological potential (quantitative and qualitative).
... 1-3; e.g., Janković, 1995;Heinrich and Neubauer, 2002;Borojević-Šoštarić et al., 2011;Borojević-Šoštarić et al., 2013). The deposits at RMC are part of the Kopaonik district, a segment of the Serbo-Macedonian metallogenic province spanning the central Balkan peninsula along a NNW trend (e.g., Janković, 1990, Jelenković, et al., 2008. The Kopaonik metallogenic district predominantly includes post-Eocene base metal skarn-or replacement deposits with lenticular and vein ore bodies (e.g., Janković, 1990Janković, , 1995. ...
... It is a long structure stretching from central Europe through East Serbia, Romania and Bulgaria. It has diverse geological composition and complicated tectonics [26], and it is well known for many mineral deposits: metals (copper, gold), non-metallic resources (building materials), coal (brown), thermal and mineral waters [27]. A formation of particular interest in our case is quaternary travertine, a sediment formed as a result of carbonate precipitation from spring waters. ...
... At this stage, carbonate precipitates and travertines are formed [19,20]. The bore hole study of the southern part of Niska Banja summarizes sequential litho-units from surface to 510 m deep; the top layer of the soil consists of clay and marl sediments (0-135 m) followed by flysch sediments (135-220 m); clay rich limestones (220-350 m); compact limestone (470-510 m) and finally limestone saturated with mineral water [26,28]. ...
... The spatial distribution of 226 Ra in the soils from these two different depths was found to be almost similar. The abnormal activity concentration of 226 Ra, in these samples may be the effect of physiochemical process of soil or surface geological process [26]. The activity ratio between 232 Th and 226 Ra were calculated in all soil samples and given in Tables 1 and 2. 232 Th/ 226 Ra ratio ranges from 0.06 to 1.96 with a mean of 1.04 which clearly indicates most of the samples have almost equal concentrations of 232 Th and 226 Ra. ...
The activity concentrations of 226Ra, 232Th and 40K were determined in 43 soil samples collected from 0 to 10 cm and 10 to 50 cm depths of Niška Banja region, Serbia, using a low background gamma spectroscopy with 3″ × 3″ NaI(Tl) scintillation detector. The mean absorbed dose rate of 0–10 cm and 10–50 cm depth soil were 66.1 and 60.4 nGy/h, respectively which was close to UNSCEAR worldwide value. The radium equivalent and annual effective dose effect were lower than the permissible level. Therefore, there is no significant radiological risk from the soil to residents living in this region.
... The Cu-Au mineralization-bearing Apuseni-Banat-Timok-Srednogorie magmatic arc represents a segment of the larger Tethyan Eurasian metallogenic belt (Janković 1997). In local terms, this belt belongs to a Carpatho-Balkanian metallogenic province (Jelenković et al., 2008). Here in eastern Serbia, this belt also represents a productive calc-alkaline porphyry environment or the Timok-South Banat metallogenic province (Velojić et al., 2020;Şerban 2020). ...
The National Park Đerdap (eastern Serbia, vicinity of the Danube River) occupies a segment of the Carpathian-Balkan fold-and-thrust belt and has a significant geoheritage potential, accounting for the impressive natural (geological) and cultural legacy. In addition to the extraordinary orogenic-type landscape or nappe-stacked mountainous configuration, the region contains evidence of ancient mining activities, uncovered within its immediate neighbourhood. The ancient mining activities date back a few thousand years ago and represent a solid ground for the idea of establishing a theme park, including the accompanying mining museum. Historic sites of this type are very attractive, whereas the global practice indicates that the abandoned ore derelict mines could not be easily transformed into a facility with new economically-viable content. These have often been left to reveal their dumps, junk piles, and ruined leftovers of the formerly used mining tools and equipment.
A recent global trend tends to preserve the ancient mining sites, with the attempt to establish a mining museum or theme park. The foundation of the theme park has the goal to make an attractive tourist offering for this part of Serbia. Importantly, old mines
are in a social-historical sense the archaeological localities documenting the pioneering mining and archaeometallurgy attempts. Ancient mining sites offer a rich legacy of mining and metallurgical tradition, representing objects or geosites needing conservation and preservation at the social level to outline the sustainable development of a region. This goal is in line with the guidelines and the criteria for
developing theme parks, proposed by UNESCO. Thus, here we emphasize the importance of natural and cultural heritage, which represents a significant input of the mining legacy further supporting the idea of establishing a theme park within the National Park Đerdap.
... Regionally important source, reservoir and seal rocks can be correlated within the basin. For petroleum companies it is very important to have resource base figures as accurate as they can be and imprecise definition of source and reservoir rocks could led to hydrocarbon potential over/underestimation. in Serbian part of the basin the Pannonian Age (sensu STEvAnović, 1977) sediments are recognized as the main source rock (koSTić, 2000;jELEnković et al., 2008;MRkić et al., 2011;koSTić, 2012). Still this time interval covers formations of basinal plain as well as turbidite sandy sediments and generating thickness map of "Pannonian" age sediments could lead to hydrocarbon potential overestimation, while also some of the reservoir rocks would be overlooked. ...
Extensive literature review about all countries whose territories were a part of Lake Pannon, defining prograding systems, establishment of formations for Serbia, basin-wide correlation and grouping formations based on different progradational directions.
... Taking all the aforem entioned in to account, i t can be concluded th a t d e fin in g basin-scale fo rm a tio n s is n o t a s im p le task. C o rre la tin g sed im e n ts de- Stevanović, 1977) sedim ents are recognized as th e m a in source ro c k (Kostić, 2000;Jelenković et al., 2008;M rkić et al., 2011;Kostić, 2012 разумљ ива услед тога ш то су литостратиграф ске је д и н и ц е к о р е -л и с а н е и и н т е р п р е т и р а н е у хроностратиграф-ском смислу. Проблем представља то што традиционалне биозоне заправо одговарају де-позиционој средини и м есту у проградирајућој д е л ти , а н е са м о вр е м е н у се д и м е н та ц и је . ...
The problem of correlating Lake Pannon sediments across its basin has been the occupation of many geologists. At first, it was hampered by the prevalence of biostratigraphic, rather than lithostratigraphic correlation. The task became accomplishable when, thanks to seismic survey data, the strongly progradational character of Lake Pannon sedimentation had been understood. Thus, this paper aims to describe the formations from all parts of Lake Pannon and compare them to the ones described in Serbia. Material used includes published and unpublished data from all countries w ith Pannonian Basin System upper Miocene and lower Pliocene deposits, in the form of seismic, borehole and outcrop data. Even though the system is strongly asymmetric, both spatially and temporally, the formation synthesis framework should help better understanding among geologists operating w ithin the basin. For the first t ime the informal formations are proposed for all Lake Pannon sediments in Serbia. The formations are linked to a progradational deltaic system w ithin the following succession: basinal plain-turbidite-slope-delta front-delta plain-lacustrine and alluvial environments. The lithostratigraphic correlation has a huge potential in the context of industry. The main potential surely lies in petroleum geology, but it could be also very useful for exploration of geothermal energy, hydrogeology and construction materials.
... This composition matched the one observed for white samples located in the east ambulatory of Domus 1, suggesting the use of similar local limestones. The difference of lithotypes' color could be related to the trace presence of Fe, as found in 7117P and 11222P, which is usually related to pink and red hues [72] (Table 1). This can be further observed looking at the elemental compositions of pink samples and 1117R (Room 17, polychrome mosaic Figure 3). ...
The archaeological excavations at Villa San Pancrazio (Taormina, Italy) are bringing to light a vast Roman-Imperial residential quarter featuring luxurious dwellings decorated with wall paintings and mosaic floors, pointing it out as one of the most significant archaeological sites of the city. The polychrome and black and white mosaics recovered date back to the middle Imperial period , during the 2nd century AD. This work deals with the first archaeometric investigations of the materials employed for the tesserae production with the aim of elucidating the mineralogical composition and obtaining analytical evidence that can contribute to extracting information related to their production technology. For that purpose, a non-invasive methodology, based on micro energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (μ-EDXRF) spectrometry and Raman spectroscopy, was used to characterize a wide selection of stone, ceramic and glass tesserae. Chemometric tools were exploited to manage the large set of elemental data collected on black and white lithic samples, providing essential clues for the subsequent investigations. The results evidenced the employment of natural litho-types (calcareous sedimentary, dolomitic and volcanic) local and imported, and also artificial materials , such as ceramic made firing magnesium-rich clays, soda-lime-silica glasses made with different opacifying and coloring agents (such as calcium antimoniate, cobalt and copper).
... The engine of the regional geodynamic evolution is the interaction between Eurasian (Europe) and Gondwana (Africa) continental plates (Cvetković et al., 2016). More in detail, Serbia is part of the orogenic system composed by the Alpine, Carpathian, and Dinaride belts (e.g., Marović et al., 2007;Schmidt et al., 2008Schmidt et al., , 2019 and its territory can be divided into distinct tectonic units: (a) the Pannonian basin (northern part), (b) the Dinaric Alps (central-western part), (c) the Vardar zone, divided in East and West zones (the study area, Figure 1), (d) the Serbian-Macedonian Massif, a belt stretching in north-south direction into north-western Macedonia and northern Greece, (e) the Carpatho-Balkan Region (eastern part), and (f) the Dacia basin (Bazylev et al., 2009;Cvetković et al., 2004;Jelenković et al., 2008;Moores & Fairbridge, 1997). ...
We report on the results of an extensive geochemical survey of fluids released in the Vardar zone (central-western Serbia), a mega-suture zone at the boundary between Eurasia and Africa plates. Thirty-one bubbling gas samples are investigated for their chemical and isotopic compositions (He, C, Ar) and cluster into three distinct groups (CO2-dominated, N2-dominated, and CH4-dominated) based on the dominant gas species. The measured He isotope ratios range from 0.08 to 1.19 Ra (where Ra is the atmospheric ratio), and reveal for the first time the presence of a minor (<20%) but detectable regional mantle-derived component in Serbia. δ¹³C values range from −20.2‰ to −0.1‰ (versus PDB), with the more negative compositions observed in N2-dominated samples. The carbon-helium relationship indicates that these negative δ¹³C compositions could be due to isotopic fractionation processes during CO2 dissolution into groundwater. In contrast, CO2-rich samples reflect mixing between crustal and mantle-derived CO2. Our estimated mantle-derived He flux (9.0 × 10⁹ atoms m⁻² s⁻¹) is up to 2 orders of magnitude higher than the typical fluxes in stable continental areas, suggesting a structural/tectonic setting favoring the migration of deep-mantle fluids through the crust.
