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The government of China has introduced a series of energy-saving and emission reduction policies and energy industry development plans to promote the low-carbon development of the power sector. Under relatively clear and specific low-carbon development goals, the ongoing power transition has recently been studied intensively in the frame of global...
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... from the perspective of sustainable transition, considering the dynamic effects of technology evolution/diffusion mechanisms and low-carbon development incentive policies, the IG-TEP method could be used to analyze and model the dynamic transition process. The structure of the dynamic IG-TEP model considering power technology learning and incentive policies is shown in Figure 3. As shown in Figure 3, the dynamic process of the model is represented by the updated state transition matrix at each stage, which is produced by a levelized cost of power generation, considering power technology learning and incentive policy. ...
Context 2
... structure of the dynamic IG-TEP model considering power technology learning and incentive policies is shown in Figure 3. As shown in Figure 3, the dynamic process of the model is represented by the updated state transition matrix at each stage, which is produced by a levelized cost of power generation, considering power technology learning and incentive policy. By the state transfer function matrix of the MDP and the planning mechanism of the IG-TEP model, the changes of long-term power structure will be optimized according to a given power demand and related information Hence, the dynamic IG-TEP model based on the sustainable transition theory is composed of the planning mechanism and a dynamic state transition function. ...
Context 3
... analyze the development of China's power sector from 2018 to 2050, it is first necessary to describe the current state of China's power system. Figure 3 shows the regional division of China's power grid and the currently installed composition of the power sources in these regions. According to the jurisdiction covered by the power grid, China can be divided into six grid regions: northeast, north, central, east, northwest, and south [33,34]. ...
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Citations
... The sustainable development of PCPs is based on the premise of promoting the application of low-carbon technological innovations and considering industrial development within the carrying capacity of resources and the environment during the life cycle of a project [10]. The benefits of stakeholders in each stage are characterized by complexity and uncertainty, so the sustainable development of PCPs is essentially a game process for the relevant stakeholders, and the state of development depends largely on the choice of behavioral strategies of each stakeholder [11]. ...
The sustainable development of power construction projects (PCPs) is of great significance in solving the issue of high carbon emissions in the power industry. However, the profit-seeking nature of stakeholders’ strategic choices and other conflicts have seriously hindered this process. This study constructs a tripartite game evolution model for the government, grid companies and the public, and determines the factors and range of values that affect the behavioral and strategic choices of stakeholders based on the literature analysis method and case study method. Numerical simulations are conducted with the help of MATLAB R2021a software to explore the changes in decision-making behavior of stakeholders and system stabilization strategies in different stages of the industry life cycle and the influencing mechanisms. The results show that in the initial stage, the government lays the foundation for the development of PCPs through policy guidance under the government-led mechanism. As PCPs move into the development stage, stakeholders’ benefits increase, creating a collaborative participation situation. As PCPs mature, the role of market guidance comes to the fore, and the interventionist role of government diminishes to a guardian role. In terms of sensitivity analysis of relevant parameters, low government rewards and penalties are not conducive to the adoption of low-carbon sustainable construction programs by power grid companies. The public influences the sustainable behavior of the government and power grid companies through public opinion. In addition, reasonable cost inputs from all stakeholders are critical to effectively promote the steady growth of PCPs. Based on the results, a sustainable development promotion mechanism for PCPs is constructed based on multiple dimensions, with a view to providing decision-making services for stakeholders and thus contributing to the sustainable development of PCPs.
... The data for installed capacity, power generation, and various power plant equipment parameters required for the power decision model were obtained from the China Electricity Statistical Yearbook. The initial investment cost for the different technologies from 2006-2017 was retrieved from Huang et al. (2019) [37]. The levelized costs (including capital, O&M, and fuel costs) were obtained from the power generation report of the International Energy Agency (IEA) for 2015. ...
Building a low-carbon energy system is particularly essential to address global climate change and regional air pollution. Focusing on China, this study integrated a power system decision model into a computable general equilibrium (CGE) model to comprehensively explore the low-carbon transition, environmental benefits, and economic costs of a combined carbon tax (CTax) and renewable energy investment (REI) policy. This study finds that a dynamic CTax (with a carbon price of 290 and 590 RMB/ton CO2 in 2035 and 2050, respectively) can reduce the share of coal-fired power from 65 % in 2017 to 22 % in 2050. This will reduce coal consumption by 0.8 billion tons of standard coal equivalent (tce), thus resulting in a coal share decline in the energy system from 60 % in 2017 to 29 % in 2050. Regarding environmental benefits, CTax can mitigate CO2 and air pollutant emissions by 3.9 and 0.9 Gt, respectively, in 2050. Complementing CTax with REI can further reduce coal consumption by 0.2 billion tce and lower the coal-fired power share to 12 %. Regionally, emission reductions in East China can be enhanced owing to REI, which can mitigate the inequity in emission reductions resulting from the CTax. However, this study finds that employing CTax alone may negatively affect the economy. In particular, across the Jin-Meng and Shan-Gan-Ning regions, the gross domestic product (GDP) will decrease by 3.35 % and 2.73 %, respectively. However, complementing CTax with REI can dampen these negative impacts, reducing the national GDP loss from −0.94 % to −0.68 %.
... There is no nationally integrated electricity network in China; rather, its network is divided into six large power grids and their interconnections are largely limited [54,55]. We initially intended to analyze the meteorological variables within these regional grids. ...
... A large number of bench tests on the gearshift performance have also been carried out in China [29][30][31]. The works in [32,33] draw lessons from AMT control theory and control method of automatic gearbox, and make full use of the virtual instrument technology to establish an versatile test bench of vehicle gearbox with a high degree of automation, high acquisition accuracy and comprehensive safety monitoring, which could be used for shifting tests, clutch tests and transmission efficiency tests for different transmission types of vehicle gearboxes. In [34], trial data from bench tests are used to establish the main component models of each shifting position and synchronizer in a parametric way in UG software, and calculates the shifting elements of the synchronizer under the ideal state, which would reflect the vehicle gearshift performance to a certain extent. ...
Energy saving and environmental protection are still two important themes in the vehicle industry. The recent rapid transition in energy markets and the technological advances in the demand-side interventions have renewed attention on the driving behavior of the vehicle consumers. The inappropriate gearshift performance of vehicle gearbox would not only increase the fuel consumption, but also interfere with the driver’s driving emotional state, so that the driver is easy to feel uncomfortable and boring, thus further affecting the fuel consumption. Hence, based on the necessity of improving the gearshift performance of vehicle gearbox, this study adopts GSA test technology to study the problems existing in the shifting quality of the commercial vehicle, so as to achieve high shifting efficiency and low fuel consumption. It could establish the subjective and objective evaluation criteria of the gearshift performance of commercial vehicles determined by the test, which provides a reliable theoretical basis for the optimal design of products and the evaluation of gearshift performance. Then, the technicians could formulate the corresponding shift manipulating schemes and optimal matching steps accordingly, to reach the required technical indexes of power, stability and transmission of the whole vehicle system, thus providing a direction for reducing fuel consumption and emissions, and improving the gearshift performance and quality of the whole vehicle.
... Calculated well-to-wake carbon emissions intensities are 930 g CO 2 kWh -1 for Saudi Arabia, 670 g CO 2 kWh -1 for South Korea, 808 g CO 2 kWh -1 for China, 535 g CO 2 kWh -1 for the US, and 307 g CO 2 kWh -1 for the UK. Well-to-wake emission intensities are 0.60 g NO x kWh -1 and 0.46 g SO 2 kWh -1 in the US and 1.7 g NO X kWh -1 and 2.76 g SO 2 kWh -1 in China [80,54,81]. Emissions from battery production are neglected. ...
International maritime shipping—powered by heavy fuel oil—contributes 2.5%, 12%, and 13% of global anthropogenic CO 2 , SO 2, and NO x emissions, respectively. The direct electrification of vessels has been underexplored as a low-emission option despite its considerable efficiency advantage over electrofuels such as green hydrogen and ammonia. Previous studies of ship electrification have relied on outdated battery cost and energy density values and have incorrectly assumed mechanical space to be a fixed technical variable. We show that with near-future battery prices of $100 kWh ⁻¹ the electrification of intraregional trade routes of less than 1,000 km is economically feasible with minimal impact to ship carrying capacity. Projected declines in battery price to $50 kWh ⁻¹ could improve this range to 5,000 km. We describe a pathway for the battery electrification of containerships within this decade that electrifies over 40% of global containership traffic, reduces CO 2 emissions by 40% for US-based vessels, and mitigates the health impacts of air pollution on coastal communities.
... Renewable energy has been further developed and utilized. By 2050, renewable energy will account for about 43% of the total power structure [10]. Alternative energy plays an important role in global efforts to struggle climate change. ...
The article is devoted to the study of the development of China's alternative energy strategy. The article states that with the growth of the world's population and the continuous development of industry, the human need for energy is growing. It is a well-known fact that the growth of industrial production and CO2 emissions during production has caused climate change. Climate change threatens the survival of vulnerable species on earth, threatens ecosystems and biodiversity, and can threaten human survival. If the extreme weather that threatens human survival does not occur, the limitation of fossil resources will severely limit the future development of mankind. In particular, human activities since the Industrial Revolution have been a major cause of the current global warming, including emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases caused by human production and life, land use and urbanization. The article proves that the emergence of alternative energy sources gives positive results in leveling the impact of industrial development on the environment. It is a source of energy for sustainable development and plays a key and important role in global efforts to combat climate change. Its emergence has put more and more companies and industries in the spotlight worldwide. As the global energy market is politically biased, policymakers face increasingly difficult challenges to their countries' energy security. The question of how to integrate renewable energy sources and policies to improve their efficiency was explored, so that each of them can take full advantage of their own benefits to maximize benefits and make people's lives easier. With the growth of renewable energy, the influence of individuals, governments and international organizations, as well as the role played by local, national and intergovernmental policies, are becoming increasingly important. The key principles of China's alternative energy strategy were identified, how to facilitate the development of renewable energy in the right direction and integrate energy into industrial production were identified. It is proposed to further develop this strategy in accordance with the best world experience, taking into account the national interests of China.
... The studies on social benefits mainly include the reduction of CO2 emissions, energy savings, and environmental protection. In terms of improving social benefits, the ongoing power transformation within the framework of global sustainable transformation has been studied in-depth based on the low-carbon development goals, reflecting the influence of technological progress and incentive policies on power generation enterprises from an economic perspective [6]. The carbon dioxide trading mechanism affects the cost structure and price model of thermal power enterprises, further affecting the production decisions of the enterprises. ...
... The studies on social benefits mainly include the reduction of CO 2 emissions, energy savings, and environmental protection. In terms of improving social benefits, the ongoing power transformation within the framework of global sustainable transformation has been studied in-depth based on the low-carbon development goals, reflecting the influence of technological progress and incentive policies on power generation enterprises from an economic perspective [6]. The carbon dioxide trading mechanism affects the cost structure and price model of thermal power enterprises, further affecting the production decisions of the enterprises. ...
With the continuous increase in new energy installed capacity, the slowdown in the growth of social power consumption, the pressure created by high coal prices, and the reduction in on-grid electricity tariffs, the challenges facing the survival and development of thermal power generation enterprises are becoming more severe. Hence, based on the cost–benefit analysis method, this paper proposes a diversified operating benefit analysis and decision model for thermal power generation enterprises that includes four profit models: power sales, peak load regulation (without oil), peak load regulation (with oil), and generation right trading. The opportunity cost of peak load regulation and generation rights trading was considered, and six scenarios were designed. An empirical analysis was conducted by selecting a thermal power enterprise in Ningxia, Northwest China, as an example, using scenario and sensitivity analyses. The results show that under the diversified business model, thermal power generation enterprises can more effectively avoid the risks when the external environment changes and significantly improve its economic benefits. The consumption of new energy can be promoted, and positive social effects will be achieved. Therefore, the findings will help the thermal power generation enterprises to face these challenges.
... Minimum start-up and shut-down time limits are represented by Equations (13)- (15) [30]. Low-carbon policy Constraint (16) limits that the annual carbon emission produced by all thermal power plants should not exceed the carbon cap [37]. ...
The increasing penetration of renewable energy brings great challenges to the planning and operation of power systems. To deal with the fluctuation of renewable energy, the main focus of current research is on incorporating the detailed operation constraints into generation expansion planning (GEP) models. In most studies, the traditional objective function of GEP is to minimize the total cost (including the investment and operation cost). However, in power systems with high penetration of renewable energy, more attention has been paid to increasing the utilization of renewable energy and reducing the renewable energy curtailment. Different from the traditional objective function, this paper proposes a new objective function to maximize the accommodation of renewable energy during the planning horizon, taking into account short-term operation constraints and uncertainties from load and renewable energy sources. A power grid of one province in China is modified as a case study to verify the rationality and effectiveness of the proposed model. Numerical results show that the proposed GEP model could install more renewable power plants and improve the accommodation of renewable energy compared to the traditional GEP model.
... Then, the changes in environmental effects in the period can be decomposed into several driving forces by LMDI method or other kinds of models. Similar studies in decomposition of change in energy consumption [15] and CO 2 emissions [16][17][18] have been implemented in different countries and regions. Second, estimating accumulative effects of stock for a long period or in a special process, which is directly related to environmental or climate outcomes. ...
The evolution of in-use coal-fired power generators (CPGs) in China has been impelled by a series of policies called Developing Large Units and Suppressing Small Ones in recent decades. However, it remains highly uncertain about the contribution of the evolution on air pollution reductions at different stages. Models used to assess the effects of CPGs’ evolution often do not account for the different boundary conditions related to units composition and age structure of the existing CPGs, and lifetime expectancy, which hinders effective strategy development and realistic target setting. This study employs a dynamic Type-Cohort-Time (TCT) stock-driven model and Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index (LMDI) technique, to investigate the structural evolution of China’s CPGs as well as its environmental effects from 1980 to 2050. We consider generator-specific characteristics, lifetime-related issues and alternative techniques in the historical and scenario analysis. The main results are as follows: the environmental benefits of structural evolution were limited, compared with the changes in emission coefficient due to technical renovation. However, scenario analysis indicates that structural adjustment by elimination of outdated CPGs and construction of new ones in future will undertake emission reduction commitments, since the potentials of other approaches decrease. Uncertainty analysis further demonstrates that promoting elimination of small CPGs and substituting them with renewable energy will bring more emission reductions. The key findings can support policy-making on elimination, construction, and emissions abatement of CPGs.
Reducing carbon emissions and increasing carbon sinks are key strategies to effectively remove greenhouse gases
from the atmosphere. Assessing the current carbon emission status and predicting future carbon emission scenarios could help formulate effective regional carbon emission reduction targets. However, it is necessary to
enhance the carbon sink capacity of terrestrial ecosystems and improve forest management methods to promote
greenhouse gas absorption. In this study, the spatiotemporal characteristics and dynamic evolution of fossil fuel
CO2 (FFCO2) emissions in China from 2000 to 2019 were analyzed using the standard deviation ellipse, kernel
density of emissions, and Theil index. A backpropagation (BP) neural network optimized with a genetic algorithm (GA) was used to predict FFCO2 emission during 2020–2030. The biomass increment methodology was
used to predict the potential carbon sinks generated by Chinese Certified Emission Reduction (CCER) carbon-sink
forestry projects during 2020–2030. The results showed that China’s FFCO2 emissions exhibited a gradual
increasing trend during 2000–2019, with an average annual growth rate of 6.29%. China’s FFCO2 emissions
show a greater distribution on the southeastern coast than in the northwestern interior. The GA-BP prediction
shows that China’s FFCO2 emissions will continue to fluctuate and increase between 2020 and 2030. The potential of carbon sinks will be 0.69 × 108 Mg C generated by the CCER carbon-sink forestry projects during
2020–2030, which could offset 0.56% of FFCO2 emissions. In the future, imbalances in regional development
should be considered when formulating carbon-reduction strategies. Moreover, using carbon-sink of forestry
projects of CCER to balance economic development including poverty eradication and environmental conservation should be considered. Specifically, establishing a methodology of projects for the management of natural
forests’ carbon-sink will be an important future strategy.
