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The locations of the 17 cities in the Shandong Province; the coastal cities are shown in the green color. The numbers represent the count of air quality monitoring stations in each city.
Source publication
Although there is growing evidence linking chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) hospital admissions to the exposure to ambient air pollution, the effect can vary depending on the local geography, pollution type, and pollution level. The number of large-scale multicity studies remains limited in China. This study aims to assess the short-ter...
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Background:
Exposure to air pollutants has been related to preterm birth, but little evidence can be available for PM2.5, O3 and CO in China. This study aimed to investigate the short-term effect of exposure to air pollutants on risk preterm birth during 2014-2016 in Ningbo, China.
Methods:
We conducted a time-series study to evaluate the associ...
Citations
... 7,8 Shandong is one of the most prosperous and heavily polluted provinces in the country, with signicant coal mining, oil reneries, and metallurgical and mechanical sectors. 9 In recent years, Shandong Province has carried out air pollution control work. The Shandong Provincial Government formulated the 2013-2020 Air Pollution Prevention and Control Plan of Shandong Province, specifying specic tasks in six aspects, including actively adjusting the energy structure, vigorously adjusting the industrial structure, deepening the pollution control of key industries, strengthening the comprehensive control of dust, and requiring that the environmental and air quality of the whole province be up to standard by 2020 (approximately 50% better than that in 2010). ...
Ambient air quality is a complex dynamical system that is affected by a number of subsystems, such as particulate matter emission, meteorological factors, and socioeconomic factors. However, the mechanism of action of meteorological factors and socioeconomic factors and correlation between cities are unclear. The spearman correlation coefficient was used to analyze and explore the spatial and temporal differentiation of air quality (SO2, NO2, PM10, PM2.5, CO-95per and O3–8h), the proportion of days with heavy pollution (PDHP), the proportion of days without pollution (PDWP) and influencing factors (particulate matter emission, meteorological factors and socioeconomic factors) in 16 cities in Shandong Province in the period 2019–2020. The results indicated that the concentrations of SO2, NO2, PM10, PM2.5 and CO-95per showed a trend of “winter high, summer low”, while the concentration of O3–8h showed a trend of “winter low, summer high”. The air quality of coastal cities was better than that of inland cities. Temperature and precipitation were negatively correlated with the concentrations of SO2, NO2, PM10, PM2.5, CO-95per (P < 0.05). There were significant positive correlations between SO2 and the proportion of secondary industry, between PM10 and population density, and between PM2.5 and population density. The annual mean concentrations of PM2.5, PM10, NO2 and SO2 were positively correlated, and the positive correlation between PM10 and PM2.5 was extremely significant. The correlation between pollutants in the heating period and nonheating period was significantly different. PM2.5/O3–8h and PM2.5/NO2 had no correlation in the heating period but had a significant positive correlation in the nonheating period. The PDHP in the heating period was positively correlated with SO2, NO2, PM10, PM2.5 and CO-95per, indicating that the air pollutants released during the heating process in winter are important factors that affect the air quality. There was a significant positive correlation between different cities in Shandong Province, and the correlation was affected by the distance between cities and the type of pollutants.
... Currently, there are extensive studies demonstrating that exposure to high concentrations of airborne pollutants (PM2.5, PM10) exacerbates COPD symptoms [7,8], and increases the risk of COPD severity and death [9,10]. These studies have mainly focused on urban areas [11,12], and fewer on rural areas and regional differences [13]. Taking the administrative division of China as an example, if a prefecture-level city is taken as the study object, the urban-rural differences may be overlooked because a prefecture-level city unit contains rural areas in addition to urban built-up areas, and also there are differences in the spatial distribution of air particulate pollutants. ...
... The relative risk tends to be higher in urban areas than in rural areas at the beginning of exposure, probably due to the prevalence of cars and high-density built environment, urban residents are more likely to be exposed to PM2.5 and PM10, but the relative risk decreases gradually with increasing lag time due to better medical care. The strongest effect of PM2.5 on COPD mortality risk in urban versus rural areas occurred at Lag 0-1, similar to the results of a study by Wu et al. [12] in Beijing. A study by Hueglin et al. [37] in Switzerland found that the pollution levels of PM2.5 and PM10 decreased gradually along the urban phase, suburban, and rural areas; and a study by Jiang et al. [38] on PM2.5 concentrations in 11 cities in China found that PM2.5 emission rates were higher in urban areas than in rural areas. ...
Background
It is true that Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) will increase social burden, especially in developing countries. Urban-rural differences in the lagged effects of PM2.5 and PM10 on COPD mortality remain unclear, in Chongqing, China.
Methods
In this study, a distributed lag non-linear model (DLNMs) was established to describe the urban-rural differences in the lagged effects of PM2.5, PM10 and COPD mortality in Chongqing, using 312,917 deaths between 2015 and 2020.
Results
According to the DLNMs results, COPD mortality in Chongqing increases with increasing PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations, and the relative risk (RR) of the overall 7-day cumulative effect is higher in rural areas than in urban areas. High values of RR in urban areas occurred at the beginning of exposure (Lag 0 ~ Lag 1). High values of RR in rural areas occur mainly during Lag 1 to Lag 2 and Lag 6 to Lag 7.
Conclusion
Exposure to PM2.5 and PM10 is associated with an increased risk of COPD mortality in Chongqing, China. COPD mortality in urban areas has a high risk of increase in the initial phase of PM2.5 and PM10 exposure. There is a stronger lagging effect at high concentrations of PM2.5 and PM10 exposure in rural areas, which may further exacerbate inequalities in levels of health and urbanization.
... Other data: Population data for each township are based on the sixth census (2010), from the Chongqing Municipal Bureau of Statistics (2022), where the proportion of elderly population is calculated from the number of people over 65 years in each region and the proportion of gender is calculated by females. Air pollution is widely considered to be significantly associated with COPD mortality [23][24][25]. PM2.5 and PM10 data were obtained from a 1 km resolution daily raster data set produced by the State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Beijing Normal University [26,27], and the annual average raster data of PM2.5 and PM10 were calculated separately in this paper by the raster package of R. ...
Background
There are regional differences in the effect of green space on mortality of Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). We conduct an ecological study, using the administrative divisions of Chongqing townships in China as the basic unit, to investigate the association between COPD mortality and green space based on data of 313,013 COPD deaths in Chongqing from 2012 to 2020. Green space is defined by Fractional vegetation cover (FVC), which is further calculated based on the normalised vegetation index (NDVI) from satellite remote sensing imagery maps.
Methods
After processing the data, the non-linear relationship between green space and COPD mortality is revealed by generalised additive models; the spatial differences between green space and COPD mortality is described by geographically weighted regression models; and finally, the interpretive power and interaction of each factor on the spatial distribution of COPD mortality is examined by a geographic probe.
Results
The results show that the FVC local regression coefficients ranged from − 0.0397 to 0.0478, 63.0% of the regions in Chongqing have a positive correlation between green space and COPD mortality while 37.0% of the regions mainly in the northeast and west have a negative correlation. The interpretive power of the FVC factor on the spatial distribution of COPD mortality is 0.08.
Conclusions
Green space may be a potential risk factor for increased COPD mortality in some regions of Chongqing. This study is the first to reveal the relationship between COPD mortality and green space in Chongqing at the township scale, providing a basis for public health policy formulation in Chongqing.
... As the capital of Shandong Province, Jinan is a megacity in China with a large population and rich medical resources, and the number of COPD patients is at a high level (Chen et al. 2019a;Liu et al. 2018;. Therefore, this study collected information on the number of COPD admissions in a Grade-A tertiary hospital in Jinan from 2014 to 2020, and obtained relevant data such as air quality and meteorological factors during the same period to explore the associations between outdoor air pollution and the number of COPD admissions. ...
Evidence between air pollution and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is inconsistent and limited in China. In this study, we aim to examine the associations between air pollutants and hospital admissions for COPD, hoping to provide practical advice for prevention and control of COPD. Hospital admissions for COPD were collected from a Grade-A tertiary hospital in Jinan from 2014 to 2020. A generalized additive model (GAM) was used to examine the associations between air pollutants and hospital admissions for COPD. Stratified analysis was also conducted for gender, age (20-74 and ≥75 years), and season (warm and cold). The avoidable number of COPD hospital admissions was calculated when air pollutants were controlled under national and WHO standards. Over the study period, a total of 4,012 hospital admissions for COPD were recorded. The daily hospital admissions of COPD increased by 2.36% (95%CI: 0.13-4.65%) and 2.39% (95%CI: 0.19-4.65%) for per 10 μg/m3 increase of NO2 and SO2 concentrations at lag2, respectively. There was no statistically significant difference in health effects caused by increased concentrations of PM2.5, PM10, CO, and O3. The health effects of increased SO2 concentration were stronger in women, the ≥75 years old people and the cold season. About 2 (95%CI: 0-3), 64 (95%CI: 4-132) and 86 (95%CI: 6-177) COPD admissions would be avoided when the SO2 concentration was controlled below the NAAQS-II (150 μg/m3), NAAQS-I (50 μg/m3), and WHO's AQG2021 standard (40 μg/m3), respectively. These findings suggest that short-term exposure to NO2 and SO2 was associated with increased risks of daily COPD admissions, especially for females and the elderly. The control of SO2 and NO2 under the national and WHO standards could avoid more COPD admissions and obtain greater health benefits.
... Durante el período de estudio, se registraron 216159 como total de ingresos, del cual el 39,2% pertenecen a mujeres y el 60,8% a hombres. Además, en las ciudades Qingdao y Dongying, los contaminantes dióxido de azufre y dióxido de nitrógeno incrementan las hospitalizaciones por EPOC [4]. ...
... The capital cities of Jinan and Taiyuan in the Chinese provinces of Shandong and Shanxi, respectively, represent regions of strong economic growth dominated by abundant production and industrial emissions. Shandong Province is one of the most prosperous and heavily industrialized provinces in the country, with significant coal mining, oil refineries, and developed metallurgical and mechanical sectors (Liu et al., 2018). In 2011, Jinan has experienced an annual average PM 2.5 concentration of 149 mg/m 3 , one of the highest reported for cities worldwide (Yang et al., 2012). ...
Epidemiological studies show strong associations between fine particulate matter (PM2.5) air pollution and adverse pulmonary effects. In the present study, wintertime PM2.5 samples were collected from three geographically similar regions—Sacramento, California, USA; Jinan, Shandong, China; and Taiyuan, Shanxi, China—and extracted to form PMCA, PMSD, and PMSX, respectively, for comparison in a BALB/c mouse model. Each of four groups was oropharyngeally administered Milli-Q water vehicle control (50 µL) or one type of PM extract (20 µg/50 µL) five times over two weeks. Mice were necropsied on post-exposure days 1, 2, and 4 and examined using bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), histopathology, and assessments of cytokine/chemokine mRNA and protein expression. Chemical analysis demonstrated all three extracts contained black carbon, but PMSX possessed more sulfates and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) than control, PMCA, and PMSD associated with significantly greater neutrophil numbers and greater alveolar/bronchiolar inflammation on post-exposure days 1 and 4. On day 4, PMSX-exposed mice also exhibited significant increases in interleukin-1 beta, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and chemokine C-X-C motif ligands-3 and -5 mRNA, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 protein. These combined findings suggest greater sulfate and PAH content contributed to a more intense and progressive inflammatory response with repeated PMSX compared to PMCA or PMSD exposure.
... Fine particulate matter with aerodynamic diameters < 2.5 μm (PM 2.5 ) is a great concern for public health since it can penetrate into the lung deeply and induce respiratory diseases Jiang et al. 2016;Kloog et al. 2012;Liu et al. 2018;Yang et al. 2020). Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a major chronic respiratory disease, and the prevalence of COPD reached 251 million globally in 2016 ( H o pk e e t a l . ...
... The limited number of monitoring stations is not necessarily representative enough for the exposure level of the population in a location and thus there may be bias in such proxy (Goldman et al. 2011;Liu et al. 2017;Samet et al. 2000). In addition, the PM 2.5 level calculated from selected monitoring stations ignores the spatial gradient of the exposure level among patients which may lead to misclassification of the exposure as well (Faustini et al. 2012;Liu et al. 2018;Moolgavkar and Suresh 2000;Tian et al. 2018). With the development of satellite monitoring technology, some models have been developed to estimate the level of ambient PM 2.5 based on satellite data (Danesh et al. 2019;Guo et al. 2018;Lin et al. 2018). ...
... Here, we considered the effects of PM 2.5 on hospitalizations for COPD at lags up to 6 days. Both single-day and multiple-day lags were considered in this study (Devries et al. 2016;Hwang et al. 2017;Liu et al. 2018). ...
Few studies have evaluated the short-term association between hospital admissions and individual exposure to ambient particulate matter (PM2.5). Particularly, no studies focused on hospital admissions for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) at the individual level. We assessed the short-term effects of PM2.5 on hospitalization admissions for COPD in Guangzhou, China, during 2014–2015, based on satellite-derived estimates of ambient PM2.5 concentrations at a 1-km resolution near the residential address as individual-level exposure for each patient. Around 40,002 patients with COPD admitted to 110 hospitals were included in this study. A time-stratified case-crossover design with conditional logistic regression models was applied to assess the effects of PM2.5 based on a 1-km grid data of aerosol optical depth provided by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration on hospital admissions for COPD. Further, we performed stratified analyses by individual demographic characteristics and season of hospital admission. Around 10 μg/m3 increase in individual-level PM2.5 was associated with an increase of 1.6% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.6%, 2.7%) in hospitalization for COPD at a lag of 0–5 days. The impact of PM2.5 on hospitalization for COPD was greater significantly in males and patients admitted in summer. Our study strengthened the evidence for the adverse effect of PM2.5 based on satellite-based individual-level exposure data.
... Our previous study showed that PM 2.5 reduced the activities of antioxidant enzymes such as CAT and GSH-PX in AM, and increased the content of MDA (Liu et al. 2018a). Similar results were reported in other cells (Liu et al. 2018b). The oxidative stress induced by PM 2.5 has been regarded as a significant cytotoxicity response (Yang et al. 2018;Xu et al. 2020). ...
Although positive associations exist between ambient particulate matter (PM2.5; diameter ≤ 2.5 μm) and the morbidity and mortality rates for respiratory diseases, the biological mechanisms of the reported health effects are unclear. Considering that alveolar macrophages (AM) are the main cells responsible for phagocytic clearance of xenobiotic particles that reach the airspaces of the lungs, the purpose of this study was to investigate whether PM2.5 induced AM apoptosis, and investigate its possible mechanisms. Freshly isolated AM from Wistar rats were treated with extracted PM2.5 at concentrations of 33, 100, or 300 μg/mL for 4 h; thereafter, the cytotoxic effects were evaluated. The results demonstrated that PM2.5 induced cytotoxicity by decreasing cell viability and increasing lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels in AMs. The levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and intracellular calcium cations (Ca2+) markedly increased in higher PM2.5 concentration groups. Additionally, the apoptotic ratio increased, and the apoptosis-related proteins BCL2-associated X (Bax), caspase-3, and caspase-9 were upregulated, whereas B cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) protein levels were downregulated following PM2.5 exposure. Cumulative findings showed that PM2.5 induced apoptosis in AMs through a mitochondrial-mediated pathway, which indicated that PM2.5 plays a significant role in lung injury diseases.
... In some cases, we found that the adverse health effect is smaller in a highly polluted area when the air pollution level goes up dramatically in a short period of time-this is consistent with the results from previous studies [24,27,44,45]. We found that only the effect of an increase of 10 μg/m 3 of NO2 (lag 0) on CVD hospital admissions was significant in the coastal city of Weihai. ...
There has been an increasing number of clinical and epidemiologic research projects providing supporting evidence that short-term exposure to ambient air pollution contributes to the exacerbation of cardiovascular disease. However, few studies consider measurement error and spatial effects in the estimate of underlying air pollution levels, and less is known about the influence of baseline air pollution levels on cardiovascular disease. We used hospital admissions data for cardiovascular diseases (CVD) collected from an inland, heavily polluted city and a coastal city in Shandong Province, China. Bayesian spatio-temporal models were applied to obtain the underlying pollution level in each city, then generalized additive models were adopted to assess the health effects. The total cardiovascular disease hospitalizations were significantly increased in the inland city by 0.401% (0.029, 0.775), 0.316% (0.086, 0.547), 0.903% (0.252, 1.559), and 2.647% (1.607, 3.697) per 10 μg/m3 increase in PM2.5, PM10, SO2, and NO2, respectively. The total cardiovascular diseases hospitalizations were increased by 6.568% (3.636, 9.584) per 10μg/m3 increase in the level of NO2. Although the air pollution overall had a more significant adverse impact on cardiovascular disease hospital admissions in the heavily polluted inland city, the short-term increases in air pollution levels in the less polluted coastal areas led to excessive exacerbations of cardiovascular disease.
... The maximum daily values of PM2.5, PM10 and NO2 in Jining city were (2)(3)(4)(5) times the ambient quality standards surrounding China. (Liu, 2018). ...
In Egypt, and the developing world, many urban problems have emerged as a result of the rapid growth of the population, with limited potential and resources, which impedes sustainable development such as traffic congestion, environmental pollution, lack of housing, etc. And it is also expected that Egypt's population will rise by 27 million to more than 100 million in the next 15 years. Urban expansion has been one of the most widely used solutions to deal with this issue. So, as part of this endeavor, was the project of building new cities in the Egyptian deserts.
This Egyptian experience to create new urban communities within the Egyptian desert began 40 years ago, continues with limited success in achieving the goals of sustainable development, since the capacities of the urban environment do not qualify them sufficiently to achieve this. And it is still difficult for city managers to conduct detailed local assessments of the conditions and capacities of the urban environment and assess the urban performance of cities. Therefore, the need has become urgent for a more specific and focused assessments to improve the urban capacities of cities and achieve a sustainable urban environment. The main objective of thesis is to provide a framework for the systematic and practical assessment of the urban capacity of cities, bring to light the urban deficiencies in the new Egyptian cities, as a powerful tool for planners and citymanagers to make rational decisions when allocating investment and resources within different city sectors to achieve urban sustainability.
The thesis approach, therefore, is to focus on the concept of urban carrying capacity (UCC) as an important measure of sustainable urban development. And defining a set of measurable indicators, relevant boundaries and standards in a framework within a set of evaluation procedures. Through the study and analysis of the experience of Chinese cities, "Beijing and Jining". Which have successfully assessed urban carrying capacity and identifying the shortcomings that had been hinder sustainable urban development. Then, the researcher conducts the evaluation mechanisms on models of the new Egyptian cities " 10thof Ramadan - New Cairo - New Alamein" which belong to different generations. It is clear from the assessment that the problems emerged in the urban environment of these cities are a natural reaction to the incompatibility of its urban capacity with the needs of the population. And that the misuse of available urban resources as well as poor infrastructure supplies are the main cause of such problems. So, sustainable urban development in general, and urban design in particular can be promoted if urban capacity is taken into account in the planning phase of new communities in line with the target population density.
Keywords: Urbanization, Sustainable urban development (SUD), Urban design, Urban
carrying capacity (UCC), Tenth of Ramadan, New Cairo, New Alamein.
