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The location of two Haiti strong earthquakes and their focal mechanism solution (source: USGS). Red and magenta stars show the epicentre of Haiti earthquake in 2021 and 2010, respectively. The Brown line represents the tectonic plate boundary. The grey dots in the subfigure indicate the four aftershocks with M ≥ 5. The base map is the topographic model data from NOAA (https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/mgg/global/global.html ).
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A catastrophic earthquake (magnitude Mw 7.2) occurred on 14 August 2021 in Haiti. Sea surface temperature (SST) and sea potential temperature (SPT) observed from satellites show pronounced changes prior to the main earthquake event. The changes are observed near the epicenter and the boundary of the Caribbean Plate. Here we have carried out a detai...
Citations
... Although chl was observed to increase in all studies analyzing pre-seismic changes, changes in SST were mixed. SST was observed to increase before the seismic event reported in Singh et al. (2007) One explanatory mechanism for the increased SST is a change in surface latent heat flux (SLHF) caused by a buildup of stress in the crust preceding the release of seismic energy Singh et al., 2007;Alvan et al., 2012;Zhang et al., 2022). SLHF has been proposed by some to be a precursor signal for earthquakes (Dey and Singh, 2003). ...
... SLHF has been proposed by some to be a precursor signal for earthquakes (Dey and Singh, 2003). The increase in chl observed prior to the seismic event was attributed to increases in upwelling induced by changes in the thermal structure of the ocean indicated by changes in SLHF Alvan et al., 2012;Zhang et al., 2022). Zhang et al. (2010a) observed an increase in spatial correlation distance in chl distribution prior to the tsunami event, possibly a result of local transport via surface currents. ...
... The study stated that it was not clear whether this observation was a predictive precursor to the tsunami event. Zhang et al. (2022) observed anomalies in SST and chl, among other atmospheric, land-based, and oceanic parameters. These anomalies were determined by a method modified from (Genzano et al., 2021) comparing the observed conditions compared to variation within a 10-year period. ...
Natural disasters such as earthquakes and/or tsunamis may cause disturbance to the ocean, which can possibly lead to changes in the ocean properties. Here, we review the literature for the reported pre- or post-event changes of such properties, which include chlorophyll-a concentration, temperature, and turbidity in the surface ocean. Most of the reported changes were based on remotely sensed ocean properties, and such changes were attributed to the ocean’s response to the events. Here, by using the same remote sensing data collected in non-event years as the ‘control’ experiments or by analyzing the same remote sensing data at different spatial scales, however, it is found that similar changes also occurred in non-event years or could not be observed at different spatial scales. Therefore, the before-after changes detected in remote sensing imagery do not appear to be sufficient to infer causality but are more likely a result of natural variability.
... For instance, LST has been observed with a 4 � 8 � C rise in the southern epicenter seven days before the Kashmir earthquake in 2005 (Panda et al. 2007). The high sea surface temperature anomaly appeared around the epicenter 6 days before the 2021 Haiti Mw 7.2 earthquake (Zhang et al. 2022). On the other hand, some low-temperature anomalies are also associated with earthquakes. ...
The Sichuan Luding earthquake that struck on September 5, 2022 is one of the strongest earthquakes in China in recent years. The analysis of precipitable water vapor (PWV) retrieved from the ground-based global navigation satellite system (GNSS), surface pressure (SP), surface latent heat flux (SLHF), and land surface temperature (LST) from the reanalysis dataset was carried out in the epicenter and the nearby areas. The results show that PWV decreases distinctly and reaches the trough at the outburst with significant minimums of 43.21 mm and 37.84 mm over the nearest SCSM and SCTQ station from the epicenter. SLHF also has the same trend, and SP increased. Additionally, the LST analysis from two-temporal series was conducted to reveal that the Luding event accompanies by a low-temperature anomaly. Based on the background field established from the same period of the last ten years, LST at the epicenter on the day of occurrence was 5.68 °C lower than in previous years. Furthermore, the strongest low-temperature anomalies were observed from September 4 to 6, with the anomaly index of −1.95, −1.71, and −1.60, respectively. It is plain that the parameters from the land and atmosphere perform the anomalies at the minimum during the Luding earthquake.
... The main candidates include the thermal, atmospheric chemical and physical, and ionospheric parameters, which are considered to be useful for early warning of earthquakes. The strong coupling in multiple geospheres, during the stress build-up in the epicentral region and at the time of the rupture of the main fault, has been proven to exist in both continental and coastal earthquakes Marchetti et al., 2022;Singh et al., 2010b;Wu et al., 2012;Zhang et al., 2022). Among all related studies, most attention has been paid to the detection and analysis of the pre-seismic anomalous signals, while less to the co-seismic changes. ...
... The southernmost tip extends to the northeast Mediterranean Sea and the northernmost across the mountain area, which provides a great opportunity to simultaneously study the co-seismic changes in different geological, hydrological, and geophysical environments from ocean to high mountains. The pre-seismic unusual variations in ocean and snow parameters triggered by the strong earthquakes in/close to the coastal and high-altitude mountainous areas have been reported widely (Bhardwaj et al., 2017;Liu et al., 2022;Singh et al., 2002;Zhang et al., 2022). Recently, a preliminary analysis discovered the pre-seismic anomalies in surface, atmosphere and ionosphere occurred about 10 days prior to the 2023 Turkey M 7.8 earthquake (Akhoondzadeh, 2023;Akhoondzadeh and Marchetti, 2023). ...
... The changes in oceanic parameters using satellite data were reported by ; Singh et al. (2002) for the first time after the 2001 Gujarat earthquake and also in other earthquakes (Akilan et al., 2017;Dey et al., 2004;Dey and Singh, 2003;Liu et al., 2023;Singh et al., 2019;Zhang et al., 2022). The epicenter of the 2023 Turkey earthquake is close to the east coast of the Mediterranean Sea. ...
... Using multiple satellite data, Zhang et al. (2022) analyzed some precursors such as sea surface temperature (SST), sea potential temperature (SPT), sea water salinity, chlorophylla, latent energy flux, sensible heat flux, specific humidity, air temperature, methane and land surface temperature. They observed striking variations during 14 days before the 2021 Haiti earthquake event. ...
... More emphasis on atmospheric precursors is on the occurrence of anomalies on the 10th and 11th days prior to event. The results of two other articles related to this case study (Zhang et al., 2022;Khan et al., 2022) also confirm the abnormal days detected in the two-week time preceding the earthquake. ...
A powerful Mw=7.2 earthquake occurred in Haiti on August 14, 2021 at 12:29:08 UTC (18.434° N, 73.482° W, depth∼10 km). In this study, in a period of three months from June 1 to August 31, 2021, the variations in electron density and temperature parameters obtained from CSES-01 satellite measurements in the Dobrovolsky’s area the Haiti earthquake are considered. With the aim of investigating the proposed mechanisms for interactions between different layers of the Earth in the process of earthquakes (LAIC-Lithospheric Atmospheric Ionospheric Coupling), the behavior of 48 other precursors obtained from the data of other satellites in the same location and time period were analyzed. These precursors are 1) TEC obtained from GPS satellite data, 2) scalar and vector magnetic field data as well as electron density and temperature measured by the related sensors of three Swarm A, B and C satellites during day and night and 3) Variations in lithospheric and atmospheric parameters NO2 and SO2 obtained from OMI satellite measurements and also Ozone, carbon monoxide and surface temperature parameters obtained from AIRS data. By analyzing the above mentioned precursors, abnormal behaviors are observed around 30 and 50 days before the earthquake, and especially 1 to 15 days before the earthquake and by comparative study of the observed anomalies, possible LAIC mechanisms are discussed. The findings of this study can acknowledge the sequence of seismic anomalies observed in the lithosphere, then the atmosphere and finally the ionosphere. Therefore, this study once again emphasizes the necessity of performing multi-precursor analysis with the aim of justifying the LAIC mechanism and also observing seismically prone anomalies in the time period of about 10 days before powerful earthquakes.
... To verify the interactions, multi-parameter fluctuation on the sea surface needs to be explained by the evolution process of the ocean interior. Some studies have attributed seismic anomalies on the sea surface to the upwelling of cold water induced by tectonic activity [30,33,34]. However, the detection and analysis of seismic anomalies covering the large-scale horizontal and vertical space of ocean interior evolution are still vacant in the continuous time interval. ...
... Spatial-temporal analysis involving multiple parameters indicates a correlation between sea surface salinity concentration and atmospheric disturbances [36]. Evidence has also been provided by recent research regarding the potential link between seismicity-induced upwelling and surface atmospheric temperature [33]. Past studies have gradually established the embryonic framework of OLAIC. ...
Scientific progress in the context of seismic precursors reveals a systematic mechanism, namely lithosphere–atmosphere–ionosphere coupling (LAIC), to elaborate the underlying physical processes related to earthquake preparation phases. In this study, a comprehensive analysis was conducted for two earthquakes that occurred on the sea coast through tidal force fluctuation to investigate ocean–lithosphere–atmosphere–ionosphere coupling (OLAIC), based on oceanic parameters (i.e., sea potential temperature and seawater salinity), air temperature and electron density profiles. The interrupted enhancement and diffusion process of thermal anomalies indicate that the intensity of seismic anomalies in the atmosphere is affected by the extent of land near the epicenter. By observing the evolution of the ocean interior, we found that the deep water was lifted and formed upwelling, which then diffused along the direction of plate boundaries with an “intensification-peak-weakening” trend under the action of the accelerated subduction of tectonic plates. Furthermore, the analysis shows that the seismic anomalies have two propagation paths: (i) along active faults, with the surface temperature rising as the initial performance, then the air pressure gradient being generated, and finally the ionosphere being disturbed; (ii) along plate boundaries, upwelling, which is the initial manifestation, leading to changes in the parameters of the upper ocean. The results presented in this study can contribute to understanding the intrinsic characteristics of OLAIC.
... The application of multi-source data may benefit to collect more detailed surface and atmospheric information and interpret pre-seismic anomalies [2]. Researchers have found multiple types of pre-seismic anomalies, including crustal deformation [3], infrared radiation [4], temperature [5,6], humidity [7], electromagnetic field [8,9], atmospheric composition [10], and so on. Huang [11] found changes in the seismicity pattern before a strong earthquake. ...
Research of seismic infrared remote sensing has been undertaken for several decades, but there is no stable and effective earthquake prediction method. A new algorithm combining the long short-term memory and the density-based spatial clustering of applications with noise models is proposed to extract the anomalies from the multichannel infrared remote sensing images of the Fengyun-4 satellites. A statistical analysis is used to validate the correlation between the anomalies and earthquakes. The results show that the correlation rate is 64.29%, the hit rate is 68.75%, and the probability gain is about 1.91. In the Madoi and YangBi earthquake cases, the infrared anomaly detected in this paper is correlated with the TEC anomaly found in the previous research. This indicates that it is feasible to combine multi-source data to improve the accuracy of earthquake prediction in future studies.
Three-dimensional (3D) temporal variations and correlation analysis of CO, CH4 and O3 concentrations associated with the 26 December 2004 Sumatra-Andaman MW 9.1 Earthquake and 28 March 2005 Sumatra-Nias MW 8.6 Earthquake offshore of Sumatra, Indonesia were investigated using satellite data from AQUA AIRS in order to understand the lithospheric and atmospheric interactions during seismic activities. These great earthquakes occurred in the subduction zone northwest of the Sumatra Island. It was observed that large amounts of gases were emitted from the Earth's crust into the atmosphere before, during and after the earthquakes compared to the earthquake-free periods and background areas. Anomalies in CO, CH4 and O3 concentrations occurred along the NW-trending Sumatra fault system and peak values were found in the epicenter areas. Temporally, the anomalies occurred from 3 months before the Sumatra-Andaman Earthquake to 1 month after the Sumatra-Nias Earthquake and they lasted for 7 months. The correlation coefficients between the gas parameters increased with the period closer to the earthquake occurrence. More CO and CH4 were emitted from the epicenter area and O3 was produced in the background area during earthquake preparation period and occurrence reflected in the correlation analysis. The data indicated that the gaseous anomalies were most probably attributed to the gas emissions caused by the two great earthquakes that were accompanied by intense tectonic activities and fractures produced in the crust. After the underground gases were emitted into the atmosphere, they underwent a series of physical (diffusion, convection, etc.) and chemical reactions, which consequently lead to the gases (e.g. CO, CH4 and O3) anomalies at different altitudes in the atmosphere. The results are helpful in improving the judgment ability to understand geochemical earthquake anomalies and understanding the mechanism of lithosphere-coversphere-atmosphere-ionosphere coupling (LCAIC).
