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The location of the Sarnicli Han in cadastre map The Cistern has a square-like plan scheme with sides of 8.0 x 8.0 x 8.3 x 9.8 meters and height of 7.10 meters from ground to the keystone of dome. 3 corners of the inner walls being hydraulic plastered (Figure 2) below the arches are chamfered; and the fourth corner protruding outwards has an oval shape. On 6 of the 10 domes that form the topmost structure, there are cylindrical ventilation shafts that may also be used for access to take out water from above. Brick masonry can easily be observed on the non-plastered upper part of the construction, starting with the arches (Figure 3). The thick layer of mortar observed between thick bricks in arches and pendentives tells us that these parts are made up with " concealed brick laying technique " . There are stripes on grouts which are made with a trowel. It's known that this brick laying technique was used between 11 th and 12 th centuries. Thus, it is reasonable to address the Cistern to Middle Byzantine Period. Probably the Cistern was under another structure during the Byzantine Period, hence it can be said that there may be traces of other ruins around. Possibly alterations to walls were made by applying cement based mortar on time of the reconstruction of the han. The Cistern, situated within Block 647/Parcel 31 is listed as a " cultural heritage to be preserved " by the order of " 1 st Committee of Conservation of Cultural and Natural Heritage of Istanbul " dated 19.04.1988 and issued 297.
Source publication
3D modelling of architectural structures for monitoring, conservation and restoration alterations in heritage sites has special
challenges for data acquisition and processing. The accuracy of created 3D model is very important. In general, because of the
complexity of the structures, 3D modelling can be time consuming and may include some difficult...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... well known and large cistern is Basilica Cistern. It's known that there were more than 60 various sized cisterns built during Byzantine era (Eyice, S. 2013) Sarnicli Han is on the west of Grand Bazaar in Istanbul in Turkey, where Cadircilar Street and Muhurdar Street intersect (Block 647, Parcel 30-31) (Figure 1). The building is consisting of two underground and two normal floors, as the court being the entrance level is about 2 meters above the street level. ...
Context 2
... can be said that the presented study can be considered as one of the most appropriate proofs of effective use of terrestrial laser scanning technology. If the position of the cistern, illumination conditions and difficulty of access to the cistern is taken into consideration, it can easily be seen that it is impossible to document and model this monument with the help of any other techniques (Figure 10-a,b). The results of filtering and smoothing steps have been evaluated. ...
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Citations
... Laser scanning technology, due to its accuracy, speed, and flexibility, is a reliable and advantageous technology for the reconstruction and conservation of monuments. Laser scanning can be used for the 3D documentation of cultural heritage for the future (Nowak et al., 2020;Temizer et al., 2013). Most often, terrestrial laser scanning (TLS), unmanned aerial vehicle laser scanning, or mobile laser scanning are used for this purpose (Klapa and Gawronek, 2022;Rodríguez-Gonzálvez et al., 2017;Xu et al., 2014;Yan et al., 2010). ...
The documentation of cultural heritage objects requires a special approach, as does the collection of materials describing a monument over a period of time. With the development of measurement and information technologies, such documentation can be supplemented by a digital model of the object, a 3D visualization in a computer environment, or a miniature, scaled 3D printout. This paper presents a methodology for developing the 3D documentation of the Monument to the Polish Diaspora Bond with the Homeland, a sculpture located in Koszalin, Poland. In the study, terrestrial laser scanning supplemented with photos was used for non-invasive measurements, and existing free software was used to generate a 3D model. The results of the study can supplement the technical documentation of an object so as to preserve its characteristic features and ease the conservation of monuments. The proposed approach to modelling 3D monuments can be used to create HBIM documentation.
... • Less semantic information. [28,30] (a) (b) In spite of the above characteristics of LiDAR data, the detection of underground structures (including cisterns) from point clouds remains a challenging task, especially when dealing with complex archaeological sites exhibiting steep slopes and dense vegetation [32][33][34]. The detection of cisterns is quite important for some archaeological sites, especially those in areas with limited access to fresh water. ...
... Much of the current UAV LiDAR-based archeological work focuses on the descriptive interpretation of results [36]. Some of the most famous recent studies typically present In spite of the above characteristics of LiDAR data, the detection of underground structures (including cisterns) from point clouds remains a challenging task, especially when dealing with complex archaeological sites exhibiting steep slopes and dense vegetation [32][33][34]. The detection of cisterns is quite important for some archaeological sites, especially those in areas with limited access to fresh water. ...
The utilization of remote sensing technologies for archaeology was motivated by their ability to map large areas within a short time at a reasonable cost. With recent advances in platform and sensing technologies, uncrewed aerial vehicles (UAV) equipped with imaging and Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) systems have emerged as a promising tool due to their low cost, ease of deployment/operation, and ability to provide high-resolution geospatial data. In some cases, archaeological sites might be covered with vegetation, which makes the identification of below-canopy structures quite challenging. The ability of LiDAR energy to travel through gaps within vegetation allows for the derivation of returns from hidden structures below the canopy. This study deals with the development and deployment of a UAV system equipped with imaging and LiDAR sensing technologies assisted by an integrated Global Navigation Satellite System/Inertial Navigation System (GNSS/INS) for the archaeological mapping of Dana Island, Turkey. Data processing strategies are also introduced for the detection and visualization of underground structures. More specifically, a strategy has been developed for the robust identification of ground/terrain surface in a site characterized by steep slopes and dense vegetation, as well as the presence of numerous underground structures. The derived terrain surface is then used for the automated detection/localization of underground structures, which are then visualized through a web portal. The proposed strategy has shown a promising detection ability with an F1-score of approximately 92%.
... The angles to be used in surface scanning and the frequency of scanning vary according to the scale of the project. The angle of contact of the laser beams sent with the laser scanning method on the building surface is of great importance in terms of being clearer and perceptible if the architectural elements in the building are concave or convex (Temizer et al., 2013;Yakar et al., 2019). ...
Lidar Terrestrial Laser Scanning Orthophoto Monumental buildings are considered as a building group that includes many different types of buildings, such as mosques, churches, madrasas, caravanserais, inns, and baths, built for public use. Each of these buildings has spatial characteristics that vary according to the type of building, periodical differences and regional character. However, it is seen that the majority of these buildings have a plan setup consisting of small spaces that are articulated to a large and central space. Among the monumental buildings, one of the building types that show this central place feature is the churches. While the use of terrestrial laser scanning method in the measurements of churches with central space provides many advantages, it also causes some disadvantages. In this study, measurements of the Yanartaş Monastery Archangel Michael and Gabriel Church, one of the 19th century Kayseri churches, was made with a terrestrial laser scanning system for documentation studies and the advantages and disadvantages of this measurement system were conveyed.
... The FARO Focus 330 HDR was used to scan the structure with further data processing in SCENE software, which is the manufacturer's software. A number of studies were performed using TLS FARO with further data processing in SCENE [17], [18], [39], [40] and they proved that FARO is one of the most successful instruments for scanning the historical buildings. Besides, its portability and compactness greatly facilitate the process of survey. ...
Historical structures, buildings, bridges, and walls are very sensitive to deformations which can be caused by many factors, such as winds, heavy rains, extreme temperature variations, ground and soil settlements, tectonic loadings, and others. The mapping of
3-D deformation maps of building provides an opportunity not only to understand the structural changes, but also to detect zones with a potential risk of damage. The high spatial resolution of terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) technology allows monitoring historical buildings with millimeter accuracy. Two towers of Istanbul Land Walls were surveyed three times with the 5-month time interval.
The accurate deviation maps were obtained from TLS’s data by
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for the tower I and up to 20 mm for the tower II.
... aerial laser scanning -to obtain a photorealistic geospatial model of the historic quayside at Cotehele Quay integrated in an accurate Digital Elevation Map (DEM) in order to assess the potential impact of rising sea levels resulting from climate change. Temizer et al. (2013) show the value of TLS to survey underground structures like the Byzantine cistern situated beneath the court of the Sarnicli Han building. They also investigate the impact of various levels of point filtering on the accuracy of the mesh produced from the data. ...
The maintenance of the external fabric of historic buildings constitutes a large portion of overall building life cycle costs.Advanced reality capture and data processing technologies have the potential to transform existing survey practice,providing surveyors with objective data pertaining to building fabric, in a more rapid (frequent), safe and cost-effectivemanner. In this paper, we present a unique evaluation of several Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS) and photogrammetric(PG) systems that assess their relative strengths for the survey of stone walls. The assessment is conducted using anhistoric building selected for its representativeness of form, fabric and condition. The work considers performance interms of data accuracy and precision, data completeness, and process efficiency. The results show that, while TLSprovides good geometric data to generate accurate and valuable 3D models, the quality of PG reconstructions can bealso be sufficient in such contexts. And considering the relatively low-cost and portability of modern digital camerascompared to laser scanners, photogrammetry can constitute a realistic alternative to TLS. In addition, mounting a cameraon a UAV could further solve access issues, preventing the need for any additional infrastructure (e.g. scaffolding), whichwould be required when employing TLS. However, a lesson drawn from this work is that effective acquisition ofphotogrammetric data requires careful planning to select the appropriate camera settings and picture density (andlocations) to ensure accurate and reliable photogrammetric reconstruction. This process may be referred to as: Planningfor Photogrammetry (P4P).
... Nettley et al. [7] use TLS and LiDAR to obtain a photorealistic geospatial model of the historic quayside at Cotehele Quay, integrated in an accurate Digital Elevation Map (DEM) in order to assess the potential impact of rising sea levels resulting from climate change. Temizer et al. [8] show the value of TLS to survey underground structures like the Byzantine cistern situated beneath the court of the Sarnicli Han building. They also investigate the impact of various levels of point filtering on the accuracy of the mesh produced from the data. ...
Hiện nay, công nghệ quét laser được xem như một công cụ hữu dụng nhằm thu dữ liệu trong thời gian ngắn. Phương pháp đo gián tiếp này có thể thu thập dữ liệu đám mây điểm dày đặc mô tả vẻ ngoài mà không làm tổn hại vật thể. Nhằm giảm chi phí thiết bị, máy quét laser đơn tia 2D Hokuyo UTM 30LX được sử dụng trong nghiên cứu này để tạo lập đám mây điểm 3D cho vật thể được chọn là một khối đá với hình dạng phức tạp. Máy quét được gắn trên một đường ray cố định trên khung nhôm. Tốc độ di chuyển của máy được điều khiển bởi mô tơ điện. Thiết bị được thiết lập để di chuyển theo hướng thẳng đứng với tốc độ ổn định không đổi và được đặt ở nhiều vị trí khác nhau nhằm thu đủ dữ liệu bao phủ quanh đối tượng. Một chương trình được phát triển trên ngôn ngữ R để tạo ra đám mây điểm từ dữ liệu được thu thập. Dựa trên những mốc phản quang được đánh dấu, 6 đám mây điểm được tạo thành từ dữ liệu quét của 6 trạm, và được ghép lại với nhau để tạo mô hình 3D đầy đủ của khối đá. Nhìn chung, một vài phần của khối đá bị che khuất bởi những vật thể khác. Tuy nhiên, đám mây điểm 3D thu được có mật độ dày đặc (3 triệu điểm), tương đồng về hình dạng và kích thước so với vật thể thực.
Measurement methods including traditional measurement methods, topographic and photogrammetric measurement methods, measurements via laser scanning devices and aerial photogrammetric measurement methods obtained using model airplane or model helicopters are used in documentation of the cultural heritage and protected areas in our country. Although data obtained by Aerial Lidar technology accepted as advanced technology over the past decade, enables faster data comparing to others as data obtained by terrestrial laser scanners provide millimetre level accuracy close-range scanning methods are preferred in architectural facades scanning during the process of surveying of a single building. Inclusion process of a Byzantine cistern in Istanbul, Turkey, which was undiscovered for centuries, in our cultural heritage as well as surveying stages of the cistern along with the inn structure built over, using 3D scanning technology shall be described within this study.
The aim of the study was to recreate, in the form of a 3D model, the Citadel fort No. 33 “Krakus” in Krakow. The data on the basis of which the three-dimensional model was made were obtained using a Leica ScanStation P40 terrestrial laser scanner, which is owned by the Faculty of Environmental Engineering and Geodesy of the University of Agriculture Hugona Kollataj in Krakow. The scope of field work included performing laser measurements, and then processing the point cloud in the Leica Cyclone 3D program and creating a full architectural model in SketchUp 2016.
With the contribution of developing technological and scientific studies, as 3D laser scanning technologies has been providing the opportunity to obtain fast and precise data, they have also become preferable in the documentation of old structures in Turkey. As the historic structures to be protected or the cultural and natural heritage sites included in the architectural discipline vary in terms of size and architectural design, a variety of details with different scales is required for the documentation and survey studies to be conducted. During survey processes, using advanced documentation techniques and technologies facilitates the effective and efficient use of resources. Laser scanning technologies were used during the documentation of Sarnıçlı Han, located next to Grand Bazaar—the most valuable spot in Istanbul—and the cistern dating from the Byzantine Period in its yard, after which it was named. In the scope of this paper, the location and the architectural features of Sarnıçlı Han and its cistern, the contribution of terrestrial laser scanning technologies to the surveying process, the stages of survey, the problems encountered during documentation, and the process of vectorial drawing realized in a digital environment will be discussed.
