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The liver of human cadaver, silicone plastination (Anatomy Lab, Collage of Medicine, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University).
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Putrefaction and decay of preserved cadaver and body parts are one of the major issues that the faculties of medicines in various third world countries are facing. In this study, we focus on the meaning of body preservation, causes of putrefaction and we highlight our personal experiences at the Faculty of Medicine in Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz Un...
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Of all people living on the planet today, there are an estimated 2 billion who do not have access to essential medicines and vaccines. Most of them live in developing countries. While scientific breakthroughs are leading to the development of new medicines to treat or cure many diseases, these fail to reach everyone who needs them. Even medicines t...
Citations
... The decaying process was driven by at least two mechanism, namely autolysis, and putrefaction [1,2]. One of the causes of decay or decomposition is aerobic and anaerobic microorganisms that can decompose human tissues [3,4]. Several microorganisms contribute to the corpse's decomposition process, including Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Candida albicans, where these microbes reproduce in human blood [5]. ...
... The phytochemical screening of raw material and leaf extract of Jujube showed that both the raw material and the extract contained alkaloid, flavonoids, tannins, polyphenols, and saponins. This result had similarities with the data produced by Jebur et al and Asgarpanah et al [2,3]. Based on these data, the infudation method was known to be able to extract compounds from the raw material optimally. ...
Ziziphus spina-christi L. or Jujube, is a plant that has many health benefits, containing metabolite compounds that act as an antibacterial agent such as alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, and polyphenols. This study aimed to make a natural antiseptic liquid from Ziziphus spina-christi L. leaf extract used in Islamic Bathing Procedures for a corpse. The stages of this research included extraction, an assay of the extract’s antiseptic activity using the agar well diffusion method, formulating the antiseptic liquid, evaluating the antiseptic liquid, and examining the antiseptic properties of the liquid. Jujube leaf extract with a concentration of 10% was proven to have the best antibiotic properties with a very strong inhibition zone category. Antiseptic liquid formulations include extracts, DMDM hydantoin, Triethanolamine, and Aqua rose. The organoleptic evaluation results of liquid antiseptic were in the form of a homogeneous concentrate liquid, brown with a rose aroma, pH 9.048, the density of 1.020 g/mL, viscosity of 5.60 m.Pas, and 0.7 cm high foam with high foam stability of 83.33%. The antiseptic test results showed that the antiseptic solution was able to inhibit the growth of Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Candida albicans ranging from strong to very strong inhibition zone diameters, 17.35 mm, 21.10 mm, and 19.95 mm, respectively. Keywords: antiseptic, antimicrobial, corpse bathing, jujube leaf (ziziphus spina christi L.)
... Formalin is an aqueous solution of formaldehyde that acts by the formation of covalent bonds, thus inhibiting the growth of various bacteria and fungi. Few studies indicate formalin being ineffective in removing all microorganisms from the surface of cadavers, while few show differences in the usage of formalin percentage that would affect the growth of microorganisms completely [7][8][9]. There are numerous viable organisms which include bacteria (Staphylococci, Streptococci, etc.) fungi (Penicillium, Aspergillus, etc.), and viruses present on formalin-fixed cadavers that can contaminate the dissection halls and transmit various diseases to students if proper care is not taken. ...
Cadaveric dissection is the most important learning tool in anatomy. Although many new modalities are coming up for learning anatomy, cadaveric dissection outstands all of these as it helps students to visualize the human body and remains the most realistic way of learning anatomy. The cadavers are preserved using formalin, a potent disinfectant. Even after embalming in 5-10% formalin, the cadaver might still be infectious while using it in the dissection hall (anatomy department). Numerous bacterial species and infectious pathogens might still be seen despite using fixative agents. Several disease-causing agents may remain viable. Earlier reports suggest that there are cases where students and the working staff got infected by HIV, viral hepatitis, tuberculosis, and prion diseases.
The main objective of this study is to determine if bacterial species could be recovered from cadavers that are formalin-fixed. Specific regions in the body such as the axilla, perineum, finger clefts, and oral and nasal cavities were chosen for microbiological examination to detect bacterial species. The presence of skin folds in these regions makes them potential sites for the growth of bacteria.
Formalin-fixed cadavers can still act as regions for the growth of viable bacteria that can be pathogenic and affect the health of students and anatomists handling them. Proper care should be taken regarding this because students and anatomists working with these cadavers may get exposed to pathogenic organisms which may become harmful or sometimes life-threatening. Some precautions for proper dissemination of cadavers should be taken to provide a complete, safe, and healthy ambiance in the dissection hall.
... It is a compulsory part of syllabus of medical universities as it enables medical students to learn clinical skills (Aggarwal, Brough, & Ellis, 2006). So, the preserved bodies both wet and dry are an ideal tool for teaching anatomy and skills for other branches of medical sciences (Alsharif et al., 2017). Apart many changes suggested, the anatomy curriculum still emphasizes the use of wet cadavers for dissection and surface marking on the dried cadavers. ...
Medical education uses formalin embalmed cadavers as study material for students. Apart from dissecting cadavers, they are also used in anatomy departments for teaching and assessing the students on the surface marking skills. Knowledge of surface anatomy forms the basis of clinical practice in medicine. For this purpose the dried cadavers are a prerequisite in every anatomy department. It needs special methods to prepare the cadaver for surface marking. In this study we tried to prepare cadavers for surface marking by two different methods. Materials required were cadavers embalmed with formalin solution for more than six months. These bodies were then exposed to different weather conditions as mentioned in article. They were compared for the changes that each method followed and for the results which have been discussed.
... Regarding teaching macroscopic anatomy depends on preserved human bodies; one of the preservation procedures is called the plastination. Plastination was invented in 1977 by a German scientist named Gunther von Hagens, it is also called known as polymer impregnation can be defined as an art or science of long term of the perishable body or tissue preservation (Alsharif et al., 2017). It is an essential means of teaching the practical sessions of anatomy because the specimens are dry, odourless, handleable (Dawson, James, & Williams, 1990). ...
The recent COVID-19 has impacted all the human activities around the globe, and medical education was no exception. During this
time, e-learning and technology-enhanced learning has gained more attention. Since the crisis shows evidence of lasting for more
than expected, it is necessary to prepare guidelines that accommodate and adapt to the situation, especially in anatomy teaching, in
which replacing working in the lab by virtual cadavers is still a field of active debate among anatomists. Thus the aim of this guide is
not to appraise the educational modalities; instead, we embrace all of them and provide a brief description of each one with
proposed guidelines and useful tips. This guide will shed light on the administrative, educational and infection control measures to
be taken, including all teaching modalities in anatomy: students’ learning by performing a dissection, and learning based on
prosected cadavers, bones, plastinated specimens, plastic models and students’ learning using virtual cadavers/specimens. Thus, it
does not only serve the educationists, but its scope extends to all the personnel whether they are administrative staff, technicians,
workers, or anatomy teachers, this guide also serves medical students undergoing anatomy teaching. The guide comprises two
levels; the first one is concerned about teaching anatomy at the level of demonstrating the anatomical structures, while the second
level is concerned about the assessment issues.
... Other strategies could be developed based on vegetal tannins (tannic acid at levels from 1 to 10% in mixture with zinc and aluminium salts is used in wood preservation; Cisne et al. 2018), saturated salt solutions (Hayashi et al. 2014(Hayashi et al. , 2016Burns et al. 2018), sugars derivatives (oxopolysaccharides with free carbonyl functions) and honey (Sharquie & Najim, 2004;Kuriachan et al. 2017) , syntans (polymers of unsaturated carboxylic acids or their salts such as acrylic methacrylic, crotonic acids and acrylamide, acrylonitrile, etc. formulated from 3 to 6%), resins such as polyacrylates (Kato et al. 2009;Fernandez, 2016) and polymethylacrylates (but their physicochemical properties remain different from those required for embalming fluid). Epoxy compounds have been also tested in concentrations close to 4%, and seem to lead to a weaker hardening and better life-like colour than dialdehydes (Sung et al. 1996;Alsharif et al. 2017;Ajileye et al. 2018). 1,4-Bis(hydroxymethyl)-2,5-piperazinedione (C 6 H 10 N 2 O 4 ) was also tested in embalming fluid for its biocid and preservative properties, but its price is consequent (Berke & Rosen, 1991). ...
Human cadavers constitute very useful educational tools to teach anatomy in medical scholarship and related disciplines such as physiology, for example. However, as biological material, human body is subjected to decay. Thanatopraxy cares such as embalming have been developed to slow down and inhibit this decay, but the formula used for the preservation fluids are mainly formaldehyde (FA)‐based. Very recently, other formulas were developed in order to replace FA, and to avoid its toxicity leading to important environmental and professional exposure concerns. However, these alternative FA‐free fluids are still not validated or commercialized, and their efficiency is still under discussion. In this context, the use of FA‐releasing substances, already used in the cosmetics industry, may offer interesting alternatives in order to reduce professional exposures to FA. Simultaneously, the preservation of the body is still guaranteed by FA generated over time from FA‐releasers. The aim of this review is to revaluate the use of FA in thanatopraxy cares, to present its benefits and disadvantages, and finally to propose an alternative to reduce FA professional exposure during thanatopraxy cares thanks to FA‐releasers use.
There is a close relationship between Multiple Myeloma (MM) and immune modulators. Errors in the immune response and cytokine changes lead to an increasingly aggressive clinical course. Therefore, the addition of anti cytokine and immunomodulatory therapy to other drugs for the pathogenesis of MM constitutes the current approach in the treatment of MM. MM plasma cells cause the progression of the disease with the advantage of proliferation and survival, with the cytokines they secrete and secrete from the microenvironment (stroma cells). Interleukin-23 (IL-23) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) are among these cytokines that are thought to play a role in MM disease. IL-23 is an inflammatory cytokine. It is also responsible for the continuity of Th17 cells. TNF-α is a potent immunomediator and proinflammatory cytokine that plays a role in the pathogenesis of many human diseases. Recent studies have revealed that many genes, as well as cytokines, are effective in MM disease and its treatment process. CXCL12, CXCR4 and HIF genes are some of them. Hypoxia-inducing factor (HIF) is the main controlling factor of the body's response to the hypoxia environment by combining the enhancer or hypoxia response element in the promoter region of the activation of downstream target genes to regulate erythropoiesis angiogenesis, cell differentiation and migration. As a result of increasing data recently, data banks also support those informations.
Cadaver is an important learning media for students of the Faculty of Medicine. Althoughthe cadaver has undergone a preservation process, sometimes the preservative liquids used onlyprotects the cadaver, and does not inhibit the fungal growth. Based on previous research, thefungus found in cadaveric preparations are pathogenic. The objectives of this study were toidentify the growing fungus on the cadaver preservative liquid at the Anatomy Laboratory of theFaculty of Medicine, Maranatha Christian University. This is a descriptive experimental study.Samples were taken from three cadaver tubs. Subsequently, the sample was inoculated onSabouraud's Dextrose Agar and Chromagar medium in a petridish and incubated at roomtemperature (25 ⁰ ) for seven days. After seven days, the morphology of the fungus was observedmacroscopically and microscopically. We found Aspergillus sp., Penicillium sp.,Epidermophyton sp., and Candida sp on the samples. The study was conducted in December2017-January 2018 at the Microbiology Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Maranatha ChristianUniversity and Microbiology Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Padjadjaran University.Keywords: fungi, cadaver, preservative liquid
