Figure 6 - available via license: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
Content may be subject to copyright.
Source publication
Industrial robotics is a branch of robotics that gained paramount importance in the last century. The presence of robots totally revolutionized the industrial environment in just a few decades. In this paper, a brief history of industrial robotics in the 20th century will be presented, and a proposal for classifying the evolution of industrial robo...
Context in source publication
Context 1
... 1974, the Swedish company ASEA (now ABB) started the production of the robots of the famous and successful IRB series, well known worldwide also for their typical orange color. The first robot of this series, that was issued for more than 20 years, was the IRB-6, which was largely employed in productive sites for complex tasks (machining, arc-welding), for its ability to move smoothly along continuous paths ( Figure 6). ...
Citations
... The third 1978-99 had greater interaction for users through a complex interface and limited selfprogrammability. The fourth starts in the year 2000 and is ongoing aiming to add high-level intelligence, deep learning, and collaborative behaviour (Gasparetto and Scalera, 2019). These industrial robots tend to be application specific, large, heavy, and rigid. ...
Robots are becoming increasingly prevalent in the workplace. As Industry 5.0 pursues human-centric technologies, a greater understanding of what effects aesthetics has on those interacting with robots is needed. This paper sets out robot morphology as a way to characterise key form types, and proposes seven classifications: anthropomorphism, zoomorphism, phytomorphism, artemorphism, functiomorphism, amorphism, and neomorphism. Through an assessment of the current robot aesthetic landscape, design dimensions are identified with examples that can inform future robot design.
... The SCARA (Selective Compliance Articulated Robot Arm) robot developed in Japan, is particularly well-suited for small parts insertion tasks in assembly lines, such as electronic component insertion [10]. A SCARA robot possesses four joints, representing its four DoF (degrees of freedom) [11]. ...
Robotics has become an interesting field of study in the automation of agricultural practices. Currently, various robots have been made available for industrial applications. In light of the growing importance of agriculture, there has been an increasing demand for robots that can efficiently perform agricultural tasks while significantly reducing task completion time. This article addresses this need by presenting the design and development of a mathematical model for a novel SCARA robot to perform some agricultural tasks such as weed detection and removal, and planting.
An ordinary SCARA robot is fixed in a place and performs work using its arm, which is divided into shoulder and elbow movements. The movement of the SCARA robot depends upon accurate estimation of shoulder and elbow joint angles and the size of the shoulder and elbow. We enhanced the ordinary SCARA robot by adding an additional SCARA arm, and both SCARA arms are fixed on a movable vehicle. This proposed type of robot is transportable in an agricultural field.
In the present article, we develop a mathematical model for the proposed robot that is capable of moving in an agricultural field and performing tasks such as weed detection and removal, and planting. The proposed work is helpful for the design and development of a robotic system to perform agricultural tasks.
... However, it was not until the mid-20th century that significant progress was made in the field of robotics. In 1954, George Devol and Joseph Engelberger developed the first programmable robot, the Unimate, which was used for industrial automation in General Motors' factories (Gasparetto and Scalera, 2019). The late 20th century witnessed rapid advancements in robotics technology, driven by advancements in computing power and electronics. ...
This technical survey aims to explore the role of robotics in conventional
manufacturing processes. The objective of this study is to analyse the impact of
robotics on various aspects of manufacturing, including productivity, efficiency,
quality, and safetywhile also argumentatively addressing the benefits and
challenges associated with the use of robotics in manufacturing industries.The
key points discussed in this survey include the impact of robotics on productivity,
cost reduction, and quality improvement in manufacturing. It is obvious that the
integration of robotics in manufacturing has revolutionized the industry by
enhancing productivity, efficiency, and quality. The use of robotics has
significantly increased productivity by automating repetitive tasks, reducing
cycle times, and increasing overall production output. Additionally, the
implementation of robotics has led to cost reduction through decreased labour
costs, minimized material waste, and improved resource utilization.
Furthermore, robotics has contributed to quality improvement by ensuring
consistent and precise manufacturing processes, reducing errors, and enhancing
product reliability. However, the adoption of robotics in conventional
manufacturing processes also presents challenges. These challenges include high
initial investment costs, the need for skilled technicians to operate and maintain
robotic systems, and potential job displacement. Despite these challenges, the
long-term benefits of robotics in manufacturing outweigh the initial costs and
workforce adjustments. The analysis demonstrates that robotics improves
productivity, efficiency, quality, and safety in manufacturing operations.
Therefore, the future of robotics in manufacturing looks promising, with
advancements in technology paving the way for further improvements. The
findings of this survey contribute to a better understanding of the benefits and
challenges associated with the integration of robotics in conventional
manufacturing processes.
... The history of robots in collaborative environments began largely in manufacturing. The first industrial robot, called Unimate, was installed in a General Motors plant in 1961 (Gasparetto & Scalera, 2019). These early robots were simple, primarily viewed as tools for assisting in manual or repetitive tasks, without the capability for intricate interactions (H€ agele et al., 2016). ...
The increasing application of robots in the workplace has made employee collaboration with robots a prevalent phenomenon. Existing literature on human-robot collaboration has both implicitly and explicitly highlighted the benefits of such collaboration, such as promoting efficiency and productivity. Drawing upon self-regulation theory, this study challenges this prevailing assumption by revealing a potential dark side of employee collaboration with robots, specifically its potential to lead to burnout. Our findings, derived from an experiment and a multi-wave field survey, demonstrate that employee collaboration with robots can lead to a self-esteem threat, which in turn results in burnout. Moreover, the perceived intelligence of robots moderated the indirect effect of employee collaboration with robots on burnout through self-esteem threat. This effect was more pronounced when the perceived intelligence of robots was high, as opposed to low. This study offers fresh insights into the consequences of employees collaborating with robots. It also highlights the need for future research to focus on the psychological well-being of employees engaged in such collaborations.
... Computers were designed to act on specific instructions [17]. In 1958, another development of stiff status electronic logic component for solidified twisted organised dialectics comptrollers was integrated for fully automated process control in the manufacturing industries, [18] technical implementation of robotics has achieved great importance from the previous century, and the integration of Smart machine and computers attracted a crucial approach to automating the industrial environment, this can be traced back to the 1950s [19] were automated processes continued to take the lead in the manufacturing industries. Since 1973, Europe has made significant progress in factory robots by marketing robotics via ABB's robot & KUKA's robots [20]. ...
Artificial Intelligence and automation are cutting-edge technologies which are being adopted in several workplaces in the 21st century. Manual and repetitive jobs are being replaced with automation and artificial intelligence, which could result in several job displacements across many sectors in the next decade. The fear of job displacement projects across several sectors including healthcare sectors. However, uncertainties could arise in predicting the future of work due to a lack of available data. This review article focuses on identifying the benefits of AI and automation the negative side of AI and automation to employment over the years and the projection for the future coupled with their negative effects on employment and job security. We found that not much evidence is available to decide if AI and automation will replace humans at work, but we also found out that some jobs are being replaced already by AI and automation while others are augmented by new technologies such as Chatbots, and medical imaging analysis. We also found that there will be more job creation with AI and automation, especially jobs that require certain skills.
... Ever since robots were introduced in the industries for simple loading/unloading operations in the 1950s, their scope and performance have been expanding continuously [GS19]. Today, robots can perform several tasks such as machining and palletizing, with accuracy and repeatability that cannot be matched by humans. ...
This thesis studies tensegrity-inspired joints and manipulators equipped with springs and redundantly actuated by antagonistic cables. The actuation redundancy is leveraged to modulate their stiffness at a given configuration. The condition to achieve a positive correlation between actuation forces and stiffness is derived for a general single-degree-of-freedom (1-DoF) joint. This phenomenon is called coactivation in biological joints, which leads to energy efficiency. Among the revolute joint (R-joint) and symmetric four-bar mechanisms, the anti-parallelogram (X-joint) offers the maximum range of movement with coactivation. Hence, a planar 2-DoF manipulator with two X-joints is conceived. Two actuation schemes with four and three cables, respectively, are examined for this manipulator. The workspace, velocity, force, and stiffness performances are compared for the two schemes. The design considerations for such manipulators, namely, the joint limits, mechanical feasibility of springs, and safety of bars, are addressed. Design optimization and comparison of 2-X and 2-R manipulators are performed with identical payload and workspace specifications. Finally, a modified X-joint is developed with only spherical joints, and a spatial 3-X tensegrity-inspired manipulator is constructed and studied.
... During the 1920s, the Czech playwright Karel Čapek made a significant contribution to the field of artificial creatures by introducing the term "robot" in his play "R.U.R." [12][13][14]. The emergence of industrial robotics took place throughout the 1950s, marked by the introduction of the Unimate, an early industrial robot designed by George Devol [15][16][17]. This pioneering invention revolutionized production processes by enabling the automation of repetitive activities [18]. ...
The authors' detailed research study shows that Robotics and the Internet of Things (IoT) can alter sectors and create new software and service development opportunities. This report examines recent robotics and IoT breakthroughs and discusses key research issues that must be addressed to enable mass technological adoption. Before examining recent improvements in sensing, perception, data analytics, control, and actuation, the opening sections discuss IoT-enabled robotic system benefits and uses. The writers also discuss these sectors' scalability, interoperability, security, privacy, and ethics. The paper concludes with human-robot collaboration and cognitive robotics for IoT and robotics research. This review article provides a comprehensive overview of this rapidly emerging area and offers valuable insights and recommendations for scholars, practitioners, and policymakers.
... Source: Malone (2011) KUKA constructed a robot driven with 6 degree of freedom called Famulus (Shepherd & Buchstab, 2014). T3 robot (Gasparetto & Scalera, 2019) was presented by C. Milacron (owned by ABB now) after one year as shown in Figure 5. T3 was the primary industrially accessible robot guided by a computer system. ...
... A lot of people consider that era of industrial robots began in 80's. Billions of dollars were contributed by organizations all around the world to robotize essential assignments in their mechanical production Gasparetto and Scalera (2019) systems. The interests in robotization arrangements expanded the deals of modern robots up to 80% contrasted with earlier years. ...
This chapter aims to explore the perceptions and attitudes of people regarding the utilization of robots in the hospitality and tourism industries. The objective is to gain insight into how these industries may need to adapt to meet the expectations and preferences of consumers in this emerging technological landscape. The study focuses on various domains within the hospitality and tourism sectors, hotel operations, museums, airports, and other transportation stations. The outcomes of this research will provide valuable insights for industry stakeholders, policymakers, and service providers in designing and implementing effective strategies to meet the evolving expectations of consumers. Ultimately, this study seeks to bridge the gap between technological advancements and consumer preferences in the Indian context. Furthermore, it will contribute to the body of knowledge in the field of robotics and hospitality, serving as a foundation for future studies and initiatives aimed at enhancing customer experiences and satisfaction leading to consumer happiness in these industries.
... An example of this is an assembly system we developed for irregular wooden shingles for façades, where geometry scans are sent to a connected computer, which calculates a desired position and sends the data back to the robot for execution [59]. Unlike repetitive processes of past industrialization [60], C4.0 requires highly adaptable workflows. This requires highly accelerated time intervals in which automation systems must be adapted and changed. ...
There is a constant increase in demand for new construction worldwide, which is one of the main contributors of worldwide CO2 emissions. Over the last decades, such increase led to scarcity of raw materials. Although design methods have been developed to increase material efficiency, this has not yet led to a widespread reduction in material consumption. This is due to a variety of factors, mainly related to the inability of conventional fabrication methods to produce the complex shapes that result from such computational methods. Industrial robots, while offering the potential to produce such optimised shapes, often rely on inflexible interfaces and highly complex industry standards and hardware components. In response to this dual sustainability and technology challenge, this article describes a series of research projects for the design and manufacture of architectural components using renewable materials and robotics. These projects are based on novel additive robotic building processes specifically designed for renewable and bio-based building materials, ranging in scale from solid wood elements to continuous wood fibres. We propose methods to optimise the distribution of such materials at their respective scales, as well as manufacturing methods for their production. In this context, the use of novel and automatable joining methods based on form-fit joints, biological welding and bio-based binders paves the way for a sustainable and circular architectural approach. Our research aims to develop intuitive open-source software and hardware approaches for computational design and robotic fabrication, in order to expand the scope of such technologies to a wider audience of designers, construction companies and other stakeholders in architectural design and fabrication.
... The global robotics market is expected to continue growing, with forecasts of over 3 million robots in operation by 2030. Robotics is poised to impact various industries, from manufacturing and healthcare to agriculture and space exploration [6][7][8][9]. ...
In recent years, the realm of robotics has witnessed a remarkable evolution, transforming from rudimentary machines into highly sophisticated systems that are reshaping various aspects of our lives. This research paper delves into the multifaceted advances of robotic technologies, encompassing their applications in industries, healthcare, space exploration, and everyday life. Through a comprehensive review of the literature, we analyse the current state of robotics; discuss key achievements, challenges, and future prospects. This paper aims to provide an insightful overview of the burgeoning field of robotics, shedding light on its transformative potential.
