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![The inverted pyramids geometry utilized for light trapping on Si solar cells [27].](publication/257712041/figure/fig3/AS:668922525278234@1536494966674/The-inverted-pyramids-geometry-utilized-for-light-trapping-on-Si-solar-cells-27.png)
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Building integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) systems may represent a powerful and versatile tool for achieving the ever increasing demand for zero energy and zero emission buildings of the near future, offering an aesthetical, economical and technical solution to integrate solar cells producing electricity within the climate envelopes of buildings. This...
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... pyramid texturing of a solar cell as illustrated in Fig. 7 is another option for more effective solar energy harvesting [27]. The great light trapping properties of the inverted pyramid geometry is due to the following three effects: (a) reduced front surface reflectance by providing the opportunity for a portion of the incoming solar rays to undergo a triple bounce, (b) increase in path ...
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Citations
... The curved surface of PVs is also related to mechanical and geometrical issues (increasing and optimizing the packing density) [14,62,69,71,[79][80][81][82][83][84][85][86][87][88][89][90][91][92][93]. The curved surface, generally a 3D curved surface (undevelopable), commonly seen in vehicle bodies cannot be covered by a flat plane. ...
Most equations and models for photovoltaics are based on the assumption that photovoltaic (PV) devices are flat. Therefore, the actual performance of nonplanar PV devices should be investigated and developed. In this study, two algorithms were developed and defined using vector computations to describe a curved surface based on differential geometry and the interaction with non-uniform solar irradiance (i.e., non-uniform shading distribution in the sky). To validate the computational model, the power output from a commercial curved solar panel for the Toyota Prius 40 series was monitored at four orientation angles and in various climates. Then, these were compared with the calculation results obtained using the developed algorithm. The conventional calculation used for flat PV devices showed an overestimated performance due to ignorance of inherent errors due to curved surfaces. However, the new algorithms matched the measured trends, particularly on clear-sky days. The validated computation method for curved PV devices is advantageous for vehicle-integrated photovoltaic devices and PVs including building-integrated photovoltaics (BIPVs), drones, and agriphotovoltaics.
... Many architects, designers, and manufacturers across the globe are investigating the usage of photovoltaics (PV) as a long-term energy source. Devices for solar charging on the go, solar lights [1,2], solar plants [3][4][5], farming [6][7][8], buildings with solar power [9][10][11][12], and full integration within the textiles sector [13,14] are applications of innovative PV materials design. Various parameters, such as photovoltaic module temperature, installation angle, shade, irradiance, and orientation, must be addressed to improve PV module performance [15][16][17][18][19][20]. ...
This paper aimed to investigate the temperature effect on photovoltaic (PV) cell parameters. The PV cell parameters such as series and parallel resistances, diode ideality factor, and diode saturation current, are not considered in the reported stepwise modeling. The present work aims to improve available models used in the modeling and simulation of PV modules to support the researcher and power project developer. All the required temperature-dependent parameters are determined to model the simulated PV module with high accuracy using Simulink/MATLAB software. To validate the method, a 36-cell-50W solar panel with different radii of curvature is set up to assess solar power outputs under varying irradiance and temperature conditions. For the present application, the Tabuk region (Saudi Arabia) is chosen based on its location and climatic conditions. The method provided conformity to the measured power outputs for varying Global Horizontal Irradiance (GHI) and temperature conditions. The maximum power output of the PV module increases from 14.4 W to 25.8 W when the received solar power density varies from 307 W/m 2 to 526 W/m 2 depending on the level of curvature starting from a semi-cylindrical shape to a vaulted shape to a flat shape. The curved PV module shows slightly higher power variation with temperature as compared to the flat one. Above 25˚C, the power output is about 20% less at a maximum temperature of 65˚C. When the temperature drops below 25˚C, the power outputs increase about 6% and 11.5% for corresponding temperatures of 15˚C and 5˚C, respectively.
... With efficient photon-harvesting outside of the visible region of the spectrum, (semi-)transparent absorbers can generate electricity from the ultraviolet or infrared part of the spectrum. In combination with transparent electrode materials, they can be integrated into windows for net-zero-energy buildings and greenhouses or into windows of vehicles or displays [1,[14][15][16][17][18]. ...
In this review, the current state of materials science and the device physics of semitrans-parent organic solar cells is summarized. Relevant synthetic strategies to narrow the band gap of organic semiconducting molecules are outlined, and recent developments in the polymer donor and near-infrared absorbing acceptor materials are discussed. Next, an overview of transparent electrodes is given, including oxides, multi-stacks, thin metal, and solution processed electrodes, as well as considerations that are unique to ST-OPVs. The remainder of this review focuses on the device engineering of ST-OPVs. The figures of merit and the theoretical limitations of ST-OPVs are covered, as well as strategies to improve the light utilization efficiency. Lastly, the importance of creating an in-depth understanding of the device physics of ST-OPVs is emphasized and the existing works that answer fundamental questions about the inherent changes in the optoelectronic processes in transparent devices are presented in a condensed way. This last part outlines the changes that are unique for devices with increased transparency and the resulting implications, serving as a point of reference for the systematic development of next-generation ST-OPVs.
... The PV system efficiency for the electric energy conversion is influenced by many factors like availability of solar radiation in the climatic locality, topographical features, shading obstructions and neighbouring buildings, etc. [10][11][12]. The BIPS installation depends on the PV system type (materials, grid-tied system) dimensions and geometry, tilt and orientation to the cardinal points [13,14]. ...
A high-rise building façade with integrated photovoltaic panels, located in the Central European region with temperate climatic conditions was tested. The PV façade was monitored for three years. Results of the PV system monitoring show that the façade positively influence the energy efficiency and reduction of carbon dioxide emissions from the building operation.
... Durability optimisation is helpful in reducing the replacement times of parts and achieving the purpose of material saving. Because the service life of the building envelope is not consistent with the main structure of the building, the BIPV envelope needs to solve the maintenance and replacement problems, and choosing high durability materials could reduce the requirement for replacement of parts [50]. The material life cycle is the main consideration in design as LCA helps determine the characteristics of the life cycle of different materials and achieves savings by using materials with long life cycles. ...
CO2 emissions of buildings have a critical impact on the global climate change, and various green building rating systems (GBRS) have suggested low-carbon requirements to regulate building emissions. Building-integrated photovoltaics (BIPV), as an integrated technology of photovoltaics and buildings, is an important way to reduce building CO2 emissions. At present, the low-carbon design path of BIPV from architecture is still not unified and clear, and there is a lack of BIPV research regarding GBRS or from the perspective of architectural design in China. The objective of this study is to propose a framework of indicators related to carbon emission control in BIPV, guiding the path of BIPV low-carbon design. This study makes comparisons among the Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED), Building Research Establishment Environmental Assessment Method (BREEAM), and Assessment Standard for Green Buildings (ASGB), mainly in terms of the scope weight, induction, and measure features. The BIPV low-carbon design involves energy, materials, environmental adaptability, management, and innovation, in which energy and materials are the main scopes with weights of 10.98% and 7.46%, respectively. The five scopes included 17 measures. Following the measures, the path of the BIPV low-carbon design was defined with six aspects.
... • Solar cell-based energy harvesting on buildings walls:Solar energy harvesting represents another economic activity that exploits building fa-cades and rooftops [40]. Building-integrated photovoltaic (BIVP) [41][42][43][44][45][46] is considered not only from financial concerns but also environmental concerns as well. Smart building can be designed for zero net power consumption. ...
Recently, Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces (RISs) have been introduced to provide the necessary flexibility for the design of the Smart Radio Environment (SRE), which can be optimally shaped to facilitate efficient signal transmissions. In line with the concept of smart cities, SRE needs to be carefully designed with respect to the city infrastructure and utilization of resources. In this paper, we provide our vision on RIS integration into future Smart Cities by highlighting the potential technical, environmental, and economic motivations of RIS deployment in harmony with various ecosystems at a city level such as buildings facades. To this end, we are pointing out some scenarios for mitigating the conflict between RIS realization and the existing building façade’s ecosystems such as advertising display and solar cells on building walls. Also, in this fashion, the proposed vision supports a win-win relationship between all stakeholders of different ecosystems. This study presents guidelines for not only enabling seamless economically accepted RIS widespread utilization but, also more technically sounding SRE by supporting enhanced RIS features and more advanced applications that cannot be attained by traditional passive RIS. Moreover, based on the current research directions, we offer promising insights for cost-effective mass production through motivating two scenarios of “all on silicon” and “all as metasurface” fabrication technology. With this study, we aim to encourage the metasurface researchers, that for a broad deployment of the technical solution, economic, environmental, and other commercial requirements should be planned together, early on in the design phase
... BIPV) into a building design could be addressed during the design stage since 20% of all design decisions done right at the design stages will affect 80% of all design decisions afterwards (Donn, 2009). Although, Jelle and Breivik (2012) report that the absence of technical knowledge lessens the adoption of BIPV systems at the design stage by architects. At present, there is no green maintainability assessment for BIPV conducted, and there is little research done on the maintainability of BIPV. ...
... Temperature and humidity High temperature affects the module's efficiency Kiss and Kinkead (1995), Wittkopf et al. (2008), Fedorova et al. (2010), Jelle and Breivik (2012), Long and Chew (2012), Luther and Reindl (2013), Salem and Kinab (2015), Biyik et al. (2017) Wind direction and intensity Heavy wind uplift may affect the installation components of modules Goossens and Van Kerschaever (1999) and type of material used (e.g. steel and copper) Kiss and Kinkead (1995), Omer et al. (2003), Chiang (2008), Hagemann (2011) (continued ) Kiss and Kinkead (1995), Chiang (2008), Long and Chew (2012), Ng (2014), Frontini et al. (2015 Preventive measures Considerations of water penetration and seepage, façade joints, soiling and staining, wire conditions and connections, inverter system, lightning, etc. Kiss and Kinkead (1995), Omer et al. (2003), Ikedi et al. (2010), Tabakovic et al. (2017) Accessibility Access provision during installation, maintenance, cleaning and repairs Long and Chew (2012), Tabakovic et al. (2017) ( ...
... Patchwork of modules should be avoided and the correct detailing of mounting systems is very important (Prasad et al., 2005). Conduct wind-driven rain exposure testing (Jelle and Breivik, 2012). ...
Purpose
The maintenance of green building technologies such as building-integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) is a challenge due to the non-existence of maintainability considerations during the design stage. This led to building defects which accounts to high expenditures throughout the building's lifecycle. The use of BIPV in buildings is an emergent trend, and further research is requisite for their maintainability. This paper assesses the performance and maintainability of BIPV façade applications based on the green maintainability design considerations.
Design/methodology/approach
Qualitative method is undertaken in this study, which includes field surveys, instrumental case studies and stakeholder interviews to probe the issues linked with the BIPV's maintainability.
Findings
Findings have shown some technical defects discovered in BIPV applications in tropical areas, as well as issues on cost, aesthetics and implementation are the main causes for the low adoption of BIPV in Singapore.
Originality/value
Understanding the research outcomes will embolden designers and allied professionals to team up in ensuring the long-term maintainability and sustainability of green building technologies. This research gives recent and important information in the design, installation and maintainability of BIPV, as well as good practices that would add value to facilities management and to the design of green building technologies.
... A lot of designers, architects, and manufacturers around the world are looking into the use of PV as a sustainable source of energy in their products. Innovative PV materials design is being used for applications ranging from portable solar charge devices, solar lighting [1,2], agriculture [3,4], solar energy in buildings [5,6], to full integration in textiles industry [7,8]. To enhance the performance of the PV module, various factors must be considered such as the photovoltaic module temperature, irradiance, shading, installation angle, and orientation [9][10][11][12]. ...
A unique procedure to model and simulate a 36-cell-50 W solar panel using analytical methods has been developed. The generalized expression of solar cell equivalent circuit was validated and implemented, making no influential assumptions, under Simulink/MATLAB R2020a environment. The approach is based on extracting all the needed parameters by exploiting the available parameters from the data sheets of commercial PV panels and by estimating the slopes at both short-circuit and open-circuit conditions of the current–voltage characteristic, usually provided by most solar panels manufacturers under standard test conditions (STC). The effects of solar irradiance and temperature were both considered in the modeling. A system of coupled nonlinear simultaneous equations for diode saturation current, diode ideality factor, and series and shunt resistances has been solved. To accurately model the PV module used in our simulation and analysis, the needed temperature- dependent parameters have been extracted for the first time. At STC irradiance of 1000 W/m², the modeled I-V curve was found identical to the experimental one which is provided by the solar panel manufacturer. The maximum power output of the PV module increases from 8.75 W to 50 W when irradiance varies from 200 W/m² to 1000 W/m² at STC temperature. At temperatures higher than STC and for the same solar irradiance, the power output of the PV module came down about 14.5% only when the operating temperature reached a value of 65 °C. However, as temperature is below STC, the power output went up of about 7.4% beyond the maximum power of the rated PV panel. The calculated power temperature coefficient was about −0.39%/ oC which is quite close to the one provided by the solar panel manufacturer.
... However, mono-crystalline technology is readily available across market segments of the world, including Nigeria. The PV cell (panel) is the most significant component of the PV system, and the most significant cost driver [32]. The rooftop integration of PV across buildings accounts for >80% of applications across the globe [19,33]. ...
The costs of clean-energy technologies are currently very high and their adoption in buildings is voluntary. This study evaluated strategies for improving the cost performance of photovoltaic (PV) electricity applied in buildings in Nigeria using a questionnaire survey involving 415 targets. The efficacy of each strategy and consensus in respondents' perceptions were determined using Fuzzy Set Theory and Kruskal-Wallis tests. The top four strategies for achieving PV-cost reduction are mandating green buildings, standardization of building designs and PV components, facilitating import licensing and massive public education. Developing these strategies to improve the PV value chain will increase the supply capacity of clean energy in emerging markets. Graphic abstract Low adoption of PV in building due to high costs Strong government intervention Collaborative PV supply chain Education, training and increased awareness Cost reduction policies Low cost PV Diffused adoption of PV in buildings
... It is widely accepted that BIPVs need to overcome various barriers consisting in cost-efficiency considerations, but also aspects concerning psychological and social factors [22], still acting as limiting factors for their spread. Nevertheless, they will play a role in the design of zero energy buildings (ZEBs) in the near future: to this aim, BIPVs will have to successfully comply with aesthetical, economic, and technical constraints before being considered to be fully suitable for integration in envelopes, since the early stages of design [23,24], being ready to fulfil the multiple requirements of BIPVs, acting as multifunctional building components [25][26][27]. Quite predictably, most relevant candidates for BIPV are those devices showing high transparency in the visible range of wavelengths, which is the main figure for architectural glazing. ...
... DSSCs, also known, worldwide, as Grätzel solar cells, contain a photoelectrode embodying a mesoporous semiconductor oxide (generally, titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ), but also Zinc oxide), sensitized by means of metalorganic or fully organic dyes, influencing light absorption according to their properties [40]. N719 is the commercial name of the most used ruthenium-based dye, showing its effectiveness along the visible spectrum; it achieves conversion efficiencies (η) that span from 7% exposed to standard test conditions, to about 11% in diffuse daylighting conditions [26]. Several ruthenium complexes-like N3, N719, N749-and black dyes have been designed and synthesized. ...
This paper holds a critical review of current research activities dealing with smart architectural glazing worldwide. Hereafter, the main trends are analyzed and critically reported, with open issues, challenges, and opportunities, providing an accurate description of technological evolution of devices in time. This manuscript deals with some well-known, highly performing technologies, such as semitransparent photovoltaics and novel photoelectrochromic devices, the readiest, probably, to reach the final stage of development, to disclose the manifold advantages of multifunctional, smart glazing. The complex, overall effects of their building integration are also reported, especially regarding energy balance and indoor visual comfort in buildings.
